Computer Assisted Language Learning

2. CALL
Three phases of CALL
Behavioristic CALL
1st phase
First phase of CALL, conceived in the 1950s and implemented in the 1960s abd
70s, was based on the thendominant behaviorist theories of learning. Programs
of this phjase entailed repetitive laguanges drills-
Model of computer as tutor ( Taylor)
Brifely putm that rationale is as follows:
- Repeated exposure to the same material is beneficial or even essencial to
learning.
- A computer is deal for carrying out repetted drills.
- A computer can present such material on an individualized basis.

3. 2nd phase
It was based on the comunintative approach to teaching which became
prominent in the 1970s and 80s. Proponents of this approach felt that the drill
and practice programs of the previous decade did not allow enough authentic
comunication to be of much value.
John Underwood main advocate
Acoording to underwood comunicative CALL:
-Focuses more on usiing forms rather than on the forms themselves.
-Teaches grammar implicity rather then explicity
-allows and ecourages students to generate original utterances rather than just manipulate
prefricated languages
- does not judge and evalute everything the students nor reward them with congratulary
messafesm lights or bells
-avoids telling students they are wrong and is flexible to a variety of student responses
-uses the target laguage exclusively and creates an environment in which using the target
language fel natural, both on and off the screen
-will never try to do anything that a book can do just as well

4. Steps toward integrative CALL: Multimedia
Integratuve approaches to CALL are based on two important technological
developments of the last decade multimedia computers and the internet.
What makes more powerful the multimedia is that is also entails hypermedia.
That means that the multimedia resources are all linked together and that
learner can navigate their own path simplu by pointing and clicking a mouse.
Hypermedia provide advantages for langues learning:
- A more authentic learning envirmonment is created
-Skills are easly integrated
-Students have great control over their learning
- A major advantage of hypermediais that it facilitates a priciple focus on the content

5. Steps toward integrative CALL: the internet
Computer mediated communication(CMC), which has existed in primitive form
since the 1960s but has only became wide-spread in the last five year in is
probably the single computer application to date with the greatest impact on
language teaching.
For fistr time, language learners can communicatie directly, inexpensively, and
convientky with other learners ir speakers. This comunincation can be
asychronous through tools such as email.
American short stories, assisted by three technological tools:
- Email communication
-Concordancing
-Audio tape
The history of CALL suggest that the computer can seve a variety of uses for
language teaching. it can be a tutor which offers language drills or skill
practice.

6. ICT AND DEVELOPMENT
ICT is viewed as noth a means and an end for development. With roughly two-
third of the world economy based on services, many developing countries
have accepted ICT as a national mission. Even within manufacturing and
industry. ICT has an increasing important role to play.
WSIS
The world Summit on the information Society phases brought to the forefornt the
role of ICT for develpment organized by the United Nations in conjuntion with
the ITU, this Summit emphasized the growing relevance of ICT in the global
domain.
A summary of the develoment target for 2015 emerging oyut of the WSIS

7. ICT and Developing Countries
The birht of internet and growth were in the USA, and this hadled, in part, to
large distortions in connectivity between the developed and developing
nations. Economics remains the obvious overaching reason for the
continuaiton of the divide. Much of this divide is due to legacy reasons, and
locations of hosts and users.
ICT challenges
The simplified model of ICT masks the challenges that require extensive
reaserch, noth in technology and in the socual sciences.
Digital divides- Awareness, Availabilitym Accesibility, and Affordability

8. INTERNET CONTROL, ARCHITECTURE AND ADDRESING
One of the major debates ongoing in the ICT and development communityis
over internet.
this history of the internet sheds some light regarding the problems faced by
users, both in developing as well as developed countries. The internet
was built to be "best-effort" and security. Today the move is to run
everything over the internet. Ultimately, internet governance and
protocols both need to be enhanced to expand its ubiquity and
inclusiveness.
The internet in of the future must be:
- trustworthy
- reliable
-globally inclusive
-vendor neutral
-easy to use
- affordable
-able to change rapidly
-innvative and capable of significant expansion
- transparenty and welll managed

9. Today´s estrucute of internet governance largely does not include issues relating
accountability, and various skateholders.
Competition has overwhelmingly helped consumers in the telecomworld, but
many developing countries regulate ICT restrictively. Incumbent telecom
providers in developong countries are often Goverment companies or PTTs,
and are relatively slow to adopt new technology. They have also oppose
Certain disruptive technologies, such as voice over internet protrocol.
When choosing technology, people often worry about backwards compatibility
and cite that as a reason not to deploy greenfield design. Many developing
countries, the installed nase is so modest and the growth rate of the near
future are so high that the extra cost of compatibily even with a leapfrong
technology should be less of a concern, but the story is different in developed
countries.

10. REFERENCE
Mark Warschauer. (1996). Computer Assisted Language Learning: an
Introduction. septiembre 11, de page Sitio web:
http://www.ict4lt.org/en/warschauer.htm
Michael Shamos. (unknown). Information and Communications Technology.
Septiembre 11, 2016, de Pdf Sitio web:
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rtongia/ICT4SD_Ch_2--ICT.pdf