Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim .docx

Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits
Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim
[email protected] 1
2
What is fluid power ?
• Fluid power is the technology that deals with the
generation , control ,and transmission of power using
pressurized fluids. It can be said that fluid power is the
muscle that moves industry. This is because fluid power
is used to push , pull ,regulate or drive virtually all the
machines of modern industry.
• Fluid power is subdivided into hydraulics using a liquid
such as mineral oil or water, and pneumatics using a gas
such as air or other gases

3
4
On this hydraulic excavator,
not only all working
movements (linear drives)
but also the propulsion of
the vehicle (rotary drive)
are hydraulically powered. 5
6
7
https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-
ts=1422327029&x-yt-
cl=84838260&feature=player_detailpage&v
=fcIitdkVr_A
Start from the 35th sec

8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl
ayer_detailpage&x-yt-cl=84838260&x-yt-
ts=1422327029&v=W7v4gLFSQsY
9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla
yer_detailpage&v=plh8xMpc44k
Advantages of fluid power
• 1-Ease and accuracy of control
• By the use of simple levers and push buttons, the operator of
a fluid power system can readily start , stop speed up or slow
down and position forces that provides any desired
horsepower with tolerance as precise as one ten- thousand of
an inch
10
Ref: fluid power with applications 4th edition,
Anthony esposito

• 2-Multiplication of force
• A fluid power system (without using cumbersome gears,
pulleys , and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently
from a fraction of an ounce to several to several hundreds
tons of output.
11
• 3-Constant force or torque
• Only fluid power systems are capable of providing constant
force or torque regardless of peed change. This is
accomplished whether the work output moves a few inches
per hours.
12
• 4-Simplicity ,safety, economy
• In general , fluid power systems use fewer moving parts than
comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus , they are
simpler to maintain and operate . This ,in turn, maximize
safety ,compactness, and reliability.

13
The available Power Source for the
mechanical machines (Actuators)
• 1- Diesel engines
• 2-Electical Drive
• 3-Pnumatic actuators
• 4-Hydrulic actuators
14
• The choice of using electric, hydraulic, or
pneumatic motion systems is a
fundamental decision that affects
performance, costs, maintainability,
safety, ease of use, flexibility, and
reliability the needs of the application
and the capabilities of the technology
must be carefully evaluated—and then
balanced with a cost-benefit analysis.
15

Small note before the comparison
• As systems, neither one is better than the other.
There is no "Better", only "More suitable for a
specific purpose." Car tyres are Pneumatic...
they're full of air. Air is compressible, which is
why it's used. If you filled your car tyres with
Hydraulic fluid (which is incompressible) you
would not only increase the weight of the tyres
dramatically (and hence increase the relative
tread-wear), but also make them hard,
decreasing their ability to absorb shock.
16
17
Ref :
http://www.boschrexroth.com.tr/country_units/america/united_s
tates/en/C
reative_Diversions/TopTenLists/TopTen_WhitePapers/BRUS_-
_Elec_Hyd_Pneu.pdf
Power
• Is the rate or speed at which the work is done.
It is divided by time.

• Expressed in watt (W) or horsepower (hp)
• 1hp=746 watts
• 1 hp = 550 ft lb of work done per second
• 1 hp = 33,000 ft lb of work per minute
• Whenever work is done energy is used
18
Power transmission
• If a force F_1 is applied to
an area A_1 of a liquid, a
pressure p results. If, as in
this case, the pressure acts
on a larger surface A_2,
then a larger counter-force
F_2 must be maintained. If
A_2 is three times as large
as A1, then F_2 will also be
three times as large as F_1.
• Hydraulic power
transmission is comparable
to the mechanical law of
levers.
19

20
Components for the hydraulic system
ve
21
Structure of a hydraulic system

• This simplified block
diagram shows the
division of hydraulic
systems into a signal
control section and a
hydraulic power
section. This signal
control section is used
to activate the valves in
the power control
section.
22
Hydraulic power section
• The diagram of the hydraulic
power section is complemented
in this case by a circuit diagram
to allow correlation of the
various function groups; the
power supply section contains
the hydraulic pump and drive
motor and the components for
the preparation of the hydraulic
fluid. The energy control
section consists of the various
valves used to provide control
and regulate the flow rate,
pressure and direction of the
hydraulic fluid. This drive
section consists of cylinders or
hydraulic motors, depending on

the application in question.
23
24
Interaction of components
• The animations show
the sequences in a basic
hydraulic circuit in
simplified form - the
actuation and spring
return of the final
control element (4/2-
way valve), the advance
and return of the drive
component (double
acting cylinder) and the
opening and closing of
the pressure relief
valve.
25
(Animation)
26

(Animation)
27
(Animation)
28
(Animation)
29
(Animation)
30
(Animation)
31

(Animation)
32
(Animation)
33
34
Hydraulic Actuators
Double acting cylinder
• In the case of double acting
cylinders, both piston surfaces
can be pressurized. A working
movement can thus be
performed in both directions.
• With double acting cylinders
with a single-sided piston rod,
different forces and speeds are
obtained on the advance and

return strokes due to the
difference in area between the
piston surface and annular
piston surface.
35
Single acting cylinder
• In the case of a single acting
cylinder, only the piston side is
pressurized with hydraulic
fluid. The cylinder can thus
carry out work only in one
direction. The fluid which flows
into the piston chamber causes
a pressure to build up the
surface of the piston. The
piston travels into its forward
end position. The return stroke
is effected by a spring, the
dead weight of the piston rod
or an external load.
36
Double acting cylinder with end
position cushioning
• Cylinder with end position
cushioning are used to
brake high stroke speeds

smoothly and prevent hard
impacts at the end of the
stroke. Shortly before the
end position is reached, the
cross- section for the
outflow of fluid is reduced
by the built-in cushioning
pistons and then finally
closed. The hydraulic fluid is
then forced to escape
through a flow control
valve.
37
End position cushioning
(Animation)
• The illustration shows first the
advance of the piston rod from a
mid-position to the forward end
position, with cushioning at the
end of the advance movement.
The non-return valve is open
during the return stroke.
• The animation shows the opening
of the pressure limiter after a
certain pressure has been built
up on the outlet side by the
cushioning piston.
38

End position cushioning
• The piston is a short distance
before its end position; the
hydraulic fluid on the piston-rod
side must escape via the
adjustable flow control valve
above the piston rod
• This type of end position
cushioning is used for stroke
speed between 6 m/min and 20
m/min. At higher speed,
additional cushioning or braking
devices must be used.
39
Telescopic cylinder
40
• This type contains
multiple cylinders
that slides inside
each other. They are
used where long
work strokes are
required.

Cylinder with double end positions
• Here the rod extends
out of the cylinder at
both ends. For
such cylinders, the
word extend and
retract have no
meaning
41
Hydraulic motors
• 1- Continues rotation
• 2- Limited rotation
42
Hydraulic
Motor
Single acting
cylinders
Double acting

cylinders
Hydraulic power unit
• The hydraulic power unit
(power supply unit)
provides the energy
required for the hydraulic
installation. Its most
important components are
the reservoir (tank) , drive
(electric motor), hydraulic
pump, pressure relief valve
(safety valve), filter and
cooler. The hydraulic power
unit may also act as a
carrier for other devices
(gauges, directional control
valves). 44
Hydraulic power unit: Reservoir
• The hydraulic reservoir contains
the hydraulic fluid required the
operate the installation. Within
the reservoir, air, water and solid
matter are separated out of the
hydraulic fluid.
• The size of the reservoir will
depend on the practical

application involved; for
stationary systems, the volume of
fluid delivered by the pump in 3
to 5 minutes can be taken as a
guide. In mobile hydraulic
systems, on the other hand, the
reservoir contains only the
maximum quantity of hydraulic
fluid required.
45
Externally toothed gear pump
• Develops flow by carrying fluid
between the teeth of two
meshing gears. One of the gears
is connected to a drive shaft
connected to the prime mover.
The second gear is driven as it
meshes with the drive gear. The
suction side is where teeth come
out of mesh , and it is here where
the volume expands, bringing
about a reduction in pressure to
below atmospheric pressure.
Fluid is pushed into this void by
atmospheric pressure because
the oil supply tank is vented to
the atmosphere
46

Internally toothed gear pump
• The inner gear is driven by a
motor. The teeth of the inner
wheel drive the outer gear wheel.
The rotary motion creates a
vacuum in the gaps between the
teeth, causing hydraulic fluid to
be sucked in. On the other side,
the teeth engage once more and
oil is displaced from the tooth
chambers.
• The design can deliver pressures
of up to approx. 175 bar.
Hydraulic motors represent the
reverse of the function principle.
47
48
Circuit diagram: Return flow filter
• An oil filter situated in the
return line to the tank has
the advantage that the filter
is thus easy to maintain. A
disadvantage, however, is

that contamination is
removed from the hydraulic
fluid only after it has passed
through the hydraulic
components.
• This configuration is often
used.
49
Circuit diagram : Pump inlet filter
• With this configuration, the
pump is protected from
contamination. The filter is,
on the other hand, less
easily accessible.
• If these filters have a too
fine mesh, suction problems
and cavitation effects may
occur. Additional coarse
filters upstream of the
pump are recommended.
50
Circuit diagram: Pressure line filter
• Pressure filters can be
installed selectively

upstream of valves which
are sensitive to
contamination; this also
enables smaller mesh sizes
to be used.
• A pressure-resistant
housing is required, which
makes this configuration
more expensive.
51
Circuit diagram: Contamination
indicator
• It is important that the
effectiveness of a filter can be
checked by a contamination
indicator. The contamination of a
filter is measured by the pressure
drop; as the contamination
increases, the pressure upstream
of the filter increases. The
pressure acts on a spring- loaded
piston. As the pressure increases,
the piston is pushed against a
spring.
• There are a number of different
display methods. Either the
piston movement is directly
visible or it is converted into an
electrical or visual indication by

electrical contacts.
52
Water cooler
• With this design of cooler,
hydraulic fluid is fed through
tubes over which coolant (water)
flows. The heat which is
discharged can be re-used.
• The operating temperature in
hydraulic installations should not
exceed 50 - 60ºC, since this
would cause an unacceptable
reduction in viscosity, leading to
premature aging of the fluid. In
comparison with air cooling,
operating costs a higher due to
the required coolant and the
susceptibility to corrosion.
Temperature difference of up to
approx. 35ºC can be handled.
53
Air cooler
• Hydraulic fluid from the
return line flows
through a coiled pipe

which is cooled by a
fan.
• The advantages here
are simplicity of
installation and low
operating costs. The
noise of the fan may be
a nuisance
54
Heating element
• Heaters are often required
to ensure that the optimum
operating temperature is
reached quickly. Heating
elements or flow
preheaters are used for
heating and pre-heating
hydraulic fluid.
• If the viscosity is to high,
the resulting increase in
friction and cavitation leads
to greater wear.
55
Circuit diagram: Hydraulic power
unit

• The illustration shows
the detailed circuit
symbol for a hydraulic
power unit.
• Since this is an
combination unit, a
dot/dash line is placed
around the symbols
representing the
individual units.
56
57
Properties of hydraulic oil
• The single most important material in a hydraulic fluid
itself. Hydraulic fluid characteristics have a crucial effect
on equipment performance and life.
• Essentially, hydraulic fluid has four primary functions:
1) To transmit power
2) To lubricate moving parts

3) To seal clearness between mating parts
4) To dissipate heat
58
To accomplish properly these primary functions and be
practical from a safety and cost point of view, a hydraulic
fluid should have the following properties:
lity

This is a challenging list
, and no single hydraulic
fluid possesses all of
these desirable
characteristics. The fluid
power designer must
select the fluid that
comes the closest to
being ideal overall for a
particulate application
Pressure relief valve
• In this design incorporating
a poppet valve, a seal is
pressed against the inlet
port P by a pressure spring
when the valve is in its
normal position.
• In this situation, for
example, an unloaded

piston rod is executing an
advance stroke and the
entire pump delivery is
flowing to the cylinder.
60
61
Circuit diagram: Pressure relief
valve
• As soon as the force
exerted by the inlet
pressure at A exceeds the
opposing spring force, the
valve begins to open.
• In this situation, for
example, the piston rod is
fully advanced; the entire
pump delivery is flowing at
the preset system pressure
to the tank.
62
PRV used to limit system pressure
• This illustration shows a

pressure relief valve within
a basic hydraulic circuit
(used to control a double
acting cylinder).
• The resistances at the
outlet (tank line, filter) must
be added to the force of the
spring in the pressure relief
valve. See also the
animation “Interaction of
components” (topic 5).
63
PRV used to limit system pressure
• This illustration shows
the same circuit as the
previous illustration,
but with the cut-away
view of the PRV
replaced by the
appropriate circuit
symbol.
64
Two-way pressure regulator
• This valve is normally open.
The outlet pressure (A) acts

via a pilot line on the left-
hand surface of the pilot
piston against an adjustable
spring force.
• Pressure regulators reduce
the inlet pressure to an
adjustable outlet pressure. It
is appropriate to use these
in hydraulic installations
only if different pressures
are required.
65
Two way pressure regulator
• In the circuit illustrated,
the piston rod of the
cylinder is executing an
advance stroke. The
pressure at the outlet A
of the pressure
regulator is less than
the system pressure at
P and constant.
66
Circuit diagram: 2-way pressure
regulator

but with the 2-way
pressure regulator in
the form of a circuit
symbol.
67
68
Directional Control Valves
2/2-way valve
• The 2/2-way valve has a
working port A, a supply port P
and a leakage-oil port L. In the
case of the valve shown here,
of slide design, flow from P to A
is closed in the normal position.
• A relief line leading to the
leakage-oil port is provided to
prevent a build-up of pressure
in the spring and piston
chambers.
69

2/2-way valve (2)
• The 2/2-way valve is
actuated and the
passage from P to A is
open.
• 2/2-way valves are also
available which are
normally open from P
to A.
70
2/2-way valve as by-pass valve
• This example shows a
2/2-way valve used as a
by-pass valve; when the
2/2-way valve is
actuated, the flow
control valve 0V3 is by-
passed, causing the
piston rod of the
cylinder to advance at
maximum speed.
71

Circuit diagram: 2/2-way valve as
by-pass valve
but with the functional
representation of the
2/2-way valve replaced
by a circuit symbol.
72
final control element
• In its initial position, the
cylinder is advanced. If the 2/2-
way valve 0V1 is actuated, the
entire volumetric flow passes to
the tank and piston rod of the
cylinder is reset by the external
load m. If 0V1 is not actuated,
the system pressure set on the
pressure limiter 0V2 builds up
and the piston rod advances.
• In the initial position, the pump
operates against the preset
system pressure, which has an
unfavorable effect on the
power balance of the circuit
shown.

73
2/2-way valve as final control
element (Animation)
the actuation and
release of the 2/2-way
valve, which causes the
piston rod of the
cylinder to advance and
retract.
74
element (Animation)
75
element (Animation)
76
Directional control valves can be classified according to:

• Number of ports
• Number of positions
• Actuating methods (later on)
Example: A 3/2 directional control valve would have three ports
and two spool
positions. Ports No. / Position No.
• Number of Ports
According to total number of entries or exits connected to the
valve through
which fluid can enter the valve or leave the valve there are
types like two way,
three way, four way valves.
• Number of Positions
Including the normal and working positions which a valve spool
can take there
are types like two position, three position and proportional
valves.
77
Ports labels in the directional control valves

• The pressure port is designated P and the return port R
or T (for tank). The two other ports are designated A
and B. Also, you can use numbers to label the ports, the
pressure port is numbered (1) and the exhaust port (3).
The other two are numbered (2) and (4)
78
3/2-way valve
• The 3/2-way valve has
working port A, a supply
port P and a tank port T.
Volumetric flow can be
routed from the supply port
to the working port or from
the working port to the tank
port. The third port in each
case is closed. In the normal
position shown, P is closed
and flow released from A to
T.
79
3/2-way valve
actuated; flow is
released from P to A,
the outlet T is closed.

• 3/2-way valves which
are normally open from
P to A and T closed are
also available.
80
3/2-way valve (Animation)
the actuation and
release of the manual
pushbutton for a 3/2-
way valve, which causes
the piston rod of the
cylinder to advance and
retract.
81
element
• The circuit shows the 3/2-
way valve in a functional
representation as a final
control element of a single
acting cylinder.
• The non-return valve
protects the pump in cases

where the 3/2-way valve is
actuated and the piston rod
is subject to an external
load.
82
83
final control element
but with the circuit
symbol for the 3/2-way
valve.
84
85
3/2-way valve

• The 3/2-way valve has a
working port A, a supply
port P and a tank port T.
The volumetric flow can be
routed from the supply port
to the working port, or from
the working port to the tank
port. The third port in each
case is closed. In the normal
position shown, P is closed
and flow is released from A
to T.
86
3/2-way valve
actuated; flow is
released from P to A,
and the outlet T is
closed.
• 3/2-way valves which
are normally closed
from P to A and T are
also available.
87
3/2-way valves as diverter

• In addition to their application
as final control elements, 3/2-
way valves can also be used as
diverters. In this case, port T is
connected to a further device,
to which a switch-over can then
be made. The part circuit
diagrams show the facility to
switch between the flow
control valves with different
settings and between heating
and cooling.
• The circuit symbol is drawn
reversed to simplify the
representation of the circuit
diagram.
88
4/2-way valve
• The 4/2-way valve has two
working ports A and B, a supply
port P and a tank port T. The
supply port is always connected
to one of the working ports,
while the second working port
is routed to the tank. In the
normal position, there is flow
from P to B and from A to T.
• In contrast to valves with three

pistons, 4/2-way valves with
two pistons do not require a
leakage-oil port (see topic 74).
89
4/2-way valve
actuated, and there is
flow from P to A and
from B to T.
• 4/2-way valves are also
available which are
normally open from P
to A and from B to T.
90
4/2-way valve
• This 4/2-way valve has two
working ports A and B, a supply
port P and a tank port T. The
supply port is always connected
to one of the working ports,
while the second working port
is routed to the tank. In the
neutral position, there is flow
from P to B and from A to T.

• 4/2-way valves with three
pistons require a leakage-oil
port, since hydraulic fluid
would otherwise be trapped
within the valve.
91
4/2-way valve
actuated, and there is
flow from P to A and
from B to T.
92
4/2-way valve
• The circuit shows the
4/2-way valve in
functional representation
as a final control element
of a double acting
cylinder.
• The non-return valve
protects the pump in
cases where the piston
rod of the cylinder is
subject to an external

load.
93
Circuit diagram: 4/2-way valve
• The illustration
shows the same
circuit as the
but with the 4/2-way
valve as a circuit
symbol.
94
4/3-way valve with pump bypass
• From the logic point of view,
4/3-way valves are 4/2- way
valves with an additional mid-
position. There are various
versions of this mid-position (in
the mid-position in the example
shown, the supply port P is
directly connected to the tank
T, see next illustration). In the
switching position shown, there
is flow from P to B and from A
to T.

• 4/3-way valves are easy to
construct as slide valves and of
complex design as poppet
valves.
95
• The 4/3-way valve is in its mid-
position; there is flow from P
to T, while A and B are closed.
Since the output from the
pump flows to the tank, this
switching position is called
pump bypass or also pump
recirculation.
• In the case of pump bypass,
the pump needs to operate
only against the resistance of
the valve, which has a
favorable effect on the power
balance.
96
• The valve is in its left-
hand switching

position; there is flow
from P to A and from B
to T.
97
4/3-way valve with pump
bypass (Animation)
• The animations show the
switching of the 4/3-way
valve into the three switching
positions and the
corresponding cylinder
movements. During the
advance stroke, movement
can be halted by switching to
the mid- position.
• As appropriate to the
application in question, a
circuit of this kind must be
equipped with a brake valve
to prevent damage to the
installation when the valve is
switched to the mid-position.
98

• The circuit shows the 4/3-way
valve in functional
representation as a final
control element of a double
acting cylinder. The valve is in
its mid-position; the pump
delivery flows via the by-pass
line within the pilot piston to
the tank.
• The non-return valve protects
the pump in cases where the
piston rod of the cylinder is
subject to an external load.
99
(Animation)
100
with pump bypass
valve as a circuit
symbol.

101
(Animation)
102
(Animation)
103
(Animation)
104
(Animation)
105
4/3-way valve with closed mid-
position
• From the logic point of

view, 4/3-way valves are
4/2- way valves with an
additional mid-position.
There are various
versions of this mid-
position (in the mid-
position in the example
shown, all ports are
closed in the mid-
position, see next
illustration). In the
switching position shown,
there is flow from P to B
and from A to T.
106
position
• The 4/3-way valve is in
its mid-position; all
ports apart from the
leakage-oil port are
closed.
• In this mid-position, the
pump is operating
against the system
pressure set on the
pressure relief valve.
107

position
• The valve is in its left-
hand switching
position; there is flow
from P to A and from B
to T.
108
position
• The circuit shows the 4/3-way
valve in functional
representation as a final control
element of a double acting
cylinder. The valve is in its mid-
position; the pump is operating
against the system pressure set
on the PRV.
• If, with an operational
installation, it is desired to
switch to pump recirculation,
this can be achieved by using
an additional 2/2-way valve as a
changeover valve

109
with closed mid-position
valve as a circuit
symbol.
110
4/3-way valve: overlap positions
• The illustration shows the left-
hand overlap position of a 4/3-
way valve with positive overlap
in the mid-position (closed mid-
position). This overlap position
is a mixture of positive and
negative overlap; P is
connected to A, B and T are
closed.
• With 4/3-way valves, the types
of overlap positions is generally
specified in the data sheet.
111

4/3-way valve: overlap positions
• The illustration shows the
“right-hand” overlap
position of a 4/3-way valve
with positive overlap in the
mid- position (closed mid-
position). This overlap
position, too, is a mixture
of positive and negative
overlap; P is connected to
B, A and T are closed.
112
Directional control valve
• Actual photograph of a
directional control valve
with lever actuation.
113
4/3-way module
• This 4/3-way module
with hand-lever
actuation is used in
vertical interconnection

systems (“modular
hydraulics”).
114
Actuating Methods:
Manually Operated
Mechanically Operated
Hydraulically or
Pneumatic Operated
Electrical (Solenoid)
Operated
Combined
115
116
117

118
Non-return valve
• Non-return valves block flow
in one direction and allow free
flow in the other. In the
direction of flow shown, the
sealing element is pressed
against a seat by a spring and
the hydraulic fluid.
• These valves are also available
in designs without springs.
Since there must be no leaks
in the closed position, these
valves are generally of poppet
design.
119
Non-return valve
• In the direction of
flow shown, the
valve is opened by
the hydraulic fluid,
which lifts the
sealing element
from the seat.

120
Circuit diagram: Pump
protection
• In this circuit, the non-
return valve is used to
protect the pump. This
prevents a load pressure
from driving the pump in
reverse when the electric
motor is switched off.
Pressure peaks do not
affect the pump but are
discharged via the pressure
relief valve.
121
• Pump Protection using
Non-return valve
122
123

Flow Control Valve
124
Flow control
Valve
125
• One way Flow control
Valve
126
Control the
cylinder
speed in
both

directions
127
It may required high
force to actuate the
directional control
valve . For that a
manual switch
(similar to the
directional control
valves) have been
used to actuate the
directional control
valve ,with less force
128
OR / Shuttle Valve
Activated when
any of its sides
activated
129
AND/Dual Pressure Line

Activated
when both of
its sides
activated
130
131
Conductors/Pipe
• Steel pipe is commonly used as a fluid conductor when
large volumes of fluid are involved, or where its lower
cost relative to tubing is a factor.
• For general hydraulic purposes, seamless carbon steel
pipe is recommended. It must be free from dirt, rust ,
scale and any machine debris before being installed into
any hydraulic system.
• Standard finish given to steel pipe is a lacquer coating
that is intended to prevent corrosion during shipping and
storage. This is referred to as “black iron pipe. Best is

pickled and oiled or just pickled only. Galvanized pipe
should never be used on pressure lines it is accepted on
return lines
132
• If we double the size of the conductor we
quadruple the area and the flow will be
quartered
• When changing conductors pay particular
attention to size
133
Examples: Crane
• Hydraulic motors
have been used in
the hydraulic
cranes.
• In these cranes
metallic rope is
used to carry the
heavy loads. Draw
the hydraulic
circuit required

control the
hydraulic motor
motion?
134
Hydraulic Motor
4/3 directional
control valve
One way Flow
control
Heat Exchanger
Filter
Pump
Reservoir
Pressure
Relief Valve
Tank
135
136

Look to the
following hydraulic
circuit ?. Also , try
to find how its
work and what are
the main
components in this
circuit ?
Hydraulic conductors
• Steel pipe
• Flexible hoses
137
Input and output power
• Various losses occur at the
individual devices within a
hydraulic control chain.
These consist essentially of
mechanical, electrical and
volumetric losses.
• After an installation has

been in service for some
time, there will be a change
in particular in the
volumetric efficiency of the
pump, as the result, for
example, of cavitation
138
139
Hydraulic circuit drawing using
AUTOCAD
140
AutoCAD is one the best software's that you can use to draw
the hydraulic circuits.
You have three different methods to that. The firstly you can
draw all of the hydraulic
symbols manually. Its good way but let use the other methods.
The second method
depend on the AutoCAD design center tool. This is a build in
library and inside it you
Can find different types of symbols. The following figures show
you how to use it.

Click on Insert
Then click on the
Design Center icon
141
Click on DesignCenter
Then click on
Hydraulic
Pneumatic icon
142
Then click on the required
symbol and drag it to the
AutoCAD screen
Unfortunately, you cannot find all hydraulic components in the
last method. There is external AutoCAD libraries that you can
use with AutoCAD. Just extract the symbols library on your
desktop. After that you can insert these symbols inside the
AutoCAD screen.

143
144
Click on insert, then Block.
After that the AutoCAD ask
you to browse to the
required symbol file.
145
All symbols' that we
have here in this
library were saved as
DXF files. For that ,
you have to change
the File of type to
DXF. After that you
can see the symbols.

Just click on the
symbol then open
then OK.
After that you can
place the symbol in
the required position.
You may need to make zoom for
the AutoCAD screen
146
The basic calculations in the Hydraulic systems
147
148

149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156

157
158
159
160
Other applications
Circuit without brake valve
(Animation)
• One application of pressure relief
valves is as brake valves; these
prevent pressure peaks which
may otherwise occur as the result
of mass moments of inertia when
a directional control valve is
suddenly closed. The animation
shows an (incorrect) circuit in
schematic form in which the
working line on the exhaust side

has fractured due to the absence
of a brake valve.
• The next animation shows the
correct circuit.
161
(Animation)
162
(Animation)
163
(Animation)
164
(Animation)
165

Circuit diagram: Brake valve
• This circuit incorporates not
only a brake valve on the
piston-rod side but also a
non-return valve on the
inlet side via which oil can
be taken in from a reservoir
during the vacuum phase
following the closure of the
directional control valve.
• The following animation
shows the events which
occur in the two working
lines.
166
Circuit with brake valve
(Animation)
• The necessity of the
brake valve can be
demonstrated by the
preceding animation.
167

(Animation)
168
(Animation)
169
Circuit diagram: PRV as back-
pressure valve
• Back-pressure valves
counteract mass moments
of inertia with tractive
loads. The illustration shows
a circuit with a back-
pressure valve on the
piston-rod side. On the
return stroke, the PRV is by-
passed by an NRV.
• The PRV must be pressure-
compensated and the tank
port must be capable of
carrying a pressure load.
170

Sequence valve
• The example shows a circuit
with a pressure relief valve
used as a pressure
sequence valve. The
pressure at the pilot piston
of the PRV rises via the
pressure regulator. The PRV
opens and the high-
pressure pump delivers
directly to the tank. As soon
as the 2/2-way valve opens,
the pressure drops. The
pressure relief valve closes
and the high pressure pump
is connected to the system. 171
Circuit diagram: Sequence valve
• This illustration shows
but with the cut-away
view of the sequence
valve replaced by the
appropriate circuit
symbol.
172

10 - *
Chapter 10
Buying and Disposing
By Michael R. Solomon
Consumer Behavior
Buying, Having, and Being
Sixth Edition
10 - *
Opening Vignette: RobWhat kind of background research did
Rob do on the car?What preconceptions did Rob have about his
ability to negotiate the deal?What were Rob’s perceptions about
the salesperson?Why did Rob feel that he negotiated well when
he paid more than he expected?
10 - *
Autobytel
10 - *
Situational Effects on
Consumer BehaviorConsumption Situation:Factors beyond
characteristics of the person and of the product that influence

the buying and/or using of products and servicesSituational
Self-Image:The role a person plays at any one time.
10 - *
Purchase and Postpurchase Issues
Figure 10.1
10 - *
Situation Influences ChoiceClothing choices often are heavily
influenced by the situation in which they need to be worn.
10 - *
Social and Physical SurroundingsCo-consumers:Other patrons
in the settingDensityThe actual number of people occupying a
spaceCrowding:Exists only if a negative affective state occurs
as a results of densityTemporal Factors:Time Poverty: A
consumer’s feeling that he or she is pressed for time
10 - *
Physical EnvironmentsMany stores and services (like airlines)
try to differentiate themselves in terms of the physical
environments they offer, touting amenities such as comfort.
10 - *

Temporal FactorsEconomic Time:Time is an economic variable
(i.e., it is a resource that must be allocated)Time Poverty: A
consumer’s feeling that they are pressed for timePsychological
TimeTime Categories
Flow Time
Occasion Time
Deadline TimeLeisure Time
Time To Kill
10 - *
Time PovertyTime poverty is creating opportunities for many
new products (like portable soups) that let people multitask.
10 - *
Drawings of Time
Figure 10.2
10 - *
Psychological TimeLinear Separable Time:Events proceed in an
orderly sequence and different times are well
defined.Procedural Time:When people ignore the clock and do
things “when the time is right”Circular or Cyclic TimeTime is

governed by natural cyclesQueuing TheoryThe mathematical
study of waiting in lines
10 - *
Antecedent StatesIf It Feels Good, Buy It…Pleasure and
Arousal:Two dimensions which determine if a shopper will
react positively or negatively to a consumption
environmentMood:Some combination of pleasure and
arousalConsumers give more positive evaluations when they are
in a good moodCan be affected by store design, weather, or
other factors specific to the consumer
10 - *
Dimensions of Emotional States
Figure 10.3
10 - *
Shopping: A Job or An Adventure?Reasons for
Shopping:Shopping Orientation: General attitudes about
shoppingHedonic Shopping Motives:Social ExperiencesSharing
of Common InterestsInterpersonal AttractionInstant StatusThe
Thrill of the HuntE-Commerce: Clicks Versus Bricks
10 - *
Customizing at Covergirl

10 - *
Pros and Cons of E-Commerce
10 - *
Discussion QuestionE-Commerce is changing the way people
shop. E-commerce sites like Bluefly give shoppers the option
of shopping without leaving home.What products do you not
feel comfortable buying online? Why?
10 - *
Retailing as TheaterRetail ThemingThe strategy of creating
imaginative environments that transport shoppers into fantasy
worlds or providing other kinds of stimulation.
Store ImageThe personality of a store including the store’s
location, merchandise suitability, and the knowledge and
congeniality of its sales staff.AtmosphericsThe “conscious
designing of space and its various dimensions to evoke certain
effects in buyers.”Landscape themes
Marketspace themesCyberspace themes
Mindscape themes
10 - *

FedEx Brand Position
Figure 10.4
10 - *
In-Store Decision MakingSpontaneous ShoppingUnplanned
buying: Occurs when a person is unfamiliar with a store’s
layout or when under some time pressure; or, a person may be
reminded to buy something by seeing itImpulse buying: Occurs
when the person experiences a sudden urge that cannot be
resistedImpulse items: Items conveniently placed near a
checkout
10 - *
Spontaneous ShoppingSmart retailers recognize that many
purchase decisions are made at the time the shopper is in the
store. That’s one reason why grocery carts sometimes resemble
billboards on wheels.
10 - *
One Consumer’s Image
of an Impulse Buyer
Figure 10.5
10 - *

Categorizing Shoppers
by Advance PlanningPlannersTend to know what products and
specific brands they will buy beforehand.Partial PlannersKnow
they need certain products, but do not decide on a specific
brand until they are in the storeImpulse PurchasersDo no
advance planning
10 - *
Point-of-Purchase StimuliPoint-of-Purchase Stimuli (POP)An
elaborate product display or demonstration, a coupon-
dispensing machine, or someone giving out free samplesSome
more dramatic POP displays:TimexKellogg’s Corn
FlakesElizabeth AllenTower RecordsTrifariCharminThe Farnam
Company
10 - *
Music SamplersMusic samplers that allow shoppers to check out
the latest music tunes before buying have become a fixture in
many stores.
10 - *
The SalespersonExchange Theory:Every interaction involves an
exchange of value.Commercial Friendships:When service
personnel and customers form relationshipsIdentity
Negotiation:A relationship in which some agreement must be
reached about the roles of each participantInteraction
Styles:Salespeople can adapt their approach according to
customer’s traits and preferences

10 - *
Postpurchase SatisfactionConsumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction
(CS/D):Determined by the overall feelings, or attitude, a person
has about a product after it has been purchased.Perceptions of
Product Quality:Consumers use a number of cues to infer
qualityQuality Is What We Expect It To Be:Expectancy
Disconfirmation Model: Consumers form beliefs about product
performance based on prior experience with the product and/or
communications about the product that imply a certain level of
quality.Managing Expectations: Customer dissatisfaction is
usually due to expectations exceeding the company’s ability to
deliver.
10 - *
Quality PerceptionsThis ad for Ford relies on a common claim
about quality.
10 - *
Customer Expectation Zones
Figure 10.6
10 - *
Acting on DissatisfactionThree Possible Courses of
ActionVoice Response: The consumer can appeal directly to the
retailer for redress.Private Response: Express dissatisfaction
about the store or product to friends and/or boycott the
store.Third-Party Response: The consumer can take legal action

against the merchant, register a complaint with the Better
Business Bureau, or write a letter to the newspaper. TQM:
Going to the GembaGemba: The one true source of information.
10 - *
Going to the Gemba
Figure 10.7
10 - *
Planet Feedback
10 - *
Product DisposalDisposal Options:(1) Keep the item(2)
Temporarily Dispose of it(3) Permanently dispose of itLateral
Cycling: Junk Versus “Junque”Lateral Cycling: When already
purchased objects are sold to others or exchanged for other
things.Underground Economy: Secondary markets (e.g. eBay)
10 - *
Consumers’ Disposal Options
Figure 10.8
10 - *
VolkswagenThis Dutch ad says, “And when you’ve had enough

of it, we’ll clear it away nicely.”
10 - *
Discussion QuestionHow do secondary markets created by such
sites as eBay affect the sales of new goods from traditional
retailers? What can they do to compete with these products?
10 - *
Used CD’sThe used recording market is alive and well.
10 - *
ReDo
Australian College of Kuwait
School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Assignment 1: Set Up Basic Hydraulic Circuit
(Date 16/03/2015)

Student’s name & ID
Lecturer’s name
Date/Time/Location
Unit code & title W5262 - Set Up Basic Hydraulic Circuit
National number MEM30010A
School/Division School of Engineering / Mechanical
Engineering
Learning Outcomes
tested
1,2,3
Result: Demonstrated / Not Yet
Demonstrated
Feedback: Action Plan to Develop Skills:
Lecturer’s Signature: Date:
Student’s Signature: Date:
Design a full hydraulic system that can be used to control the
following lifting

mechanism? [30 marks]
Lifting device for heavy loads is equipped with two hydraulic
cylinders. In order
for this mechanism to operate correctly, the two cylinders
connected to the table
must both advance and return at the same speed. By clicking on
a certain pedal
the table will move up, and by clicking on another pedal the
table will move
down.
1) Prepare list of all parts required in this hydraulic system, and
justify your
selection for each component.
2) Draw the full hydraulic circuit by using AutoCAD showing
all parts and
connections.
3) Add any kind of practical improvement(s) on the hydraulic
circuit of this
mechanism, and justify it clearly to your instructor. Also, you
must show
the improvement(s) on the AutoCAD drawing.

Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim .docx

Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim .docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim .docx

Similar to Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim .docx (20)

More from lesleyryder69361

More from lesleyryder69361 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim .docx