Instructional Technology As A Problem Solving Tool For...

Instructional Technology As A Problem Solving Tool For...
Blended learning has been a popular topic in education over the past decade. With the rapid advancement of technology in recent years and the
ever–increasing demands on teaching staff, there is a scramble to find the golden goose – the key to harmonizing technology and education in order to
reach more students and ease the burden of teachers. It becomes more than just an issue of getting technology into the classroom because hundreds of
thousands of classrooms already have technology capabilities. It becomes an issue of how to train teachers to use instructional technology and truly
integrate it into curriculum. It becomes an issue of how to make technology a problem–solving tool for students of all ages and learning styles.
Some researchers believe blended learning to be the golden goose for education – which raises even more issues and many questions. What
instructional technologies can be useful in K–12 subjects? How can instructional technology be used in college and professional development for
adults? Is blended learning the future of education? Can blended learning influence various learning styles and create a deeper knowledge base? What
professional development programs can we offer to ensure that future teachers are prepared to operate technology in the classroom? The purpose of
this paper is to examine the aspects of blended learning and how instructional technologies can facilitate lessons across many subjects and age groups.
Blended learning is
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A Research Study On Learning Theory Essay
Since the history of the universe was searched, the inception of innovation about learning theory was seen as a practice, psychology and science was
found in the literature of scholars across the world. The Germany scholar named Lay (1903) studied the relationship between psychology and the
practice of teaching subjects in Language Arts and Literacy and math (Lay, 1903. P.1).
Based upon Lay (1903) she believed that educational subjects could benefit from an experimental approach that explored the relative sciences in
psychology, biology, and, anthropology. However, the economical, logical, ethical, and religious experiences concerning the student and his community
develop profound conclusions about the experiments (Lay, 1903, p. 2). Also, the observations, statistics and the experiment are substantial in the
conclusions.
Dewey (1897) was perplexed about how socialization played such a rewarding part in the educational process of children (Dewey, 1897, p. 24).
Thorndike (1903) wrote several textbooks about the psychology of educating, teaching, children so they will learn subject skills. In the textbook of
Educational Psychology, Thorndike investigated the influences about how mental development, environment, and genetics help children to mature and
grow with a healthy personality (Thorndike, 1903, para.3).
While developing a theory about education, Thorndike (1903) created a hypothesis about The Knowledge of original nature of children to be educated
and Knowledge of

Aspects Of Blended Learning : Technology Supports Diverse...
Aspects of Blended Learning: Technology Supports Diverse Classrooms Blended learning has been a popular topic in education over the past decade.
With the rapid advancement of technology in recent years and the ever–increasing demands on teaching staff, there is a scramble to find the golden
goose – the key to harmonizing technology and education in order to reach more students and ease the burden of teachers. It becomes more than just an
issue of getting technology into the classroom because hundreds of thousands of classrooms already have technology capabilities. It becomes an issue
of how to train teachers to use instructional technology and truly integrate it into curriculum. It becomes an issue of how to make technology a ... Show
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Blended learning is malleable. It can easily be reformed and adjusted to suit many different learning styles and many different grade levels. For
example, second graders may use reader software if they are struggling with dyslexia. Adults may use the same software if they are auditory learners
to follow along when reading a long article on a computer screen. The hypothesis of this paper is that blended learning is a viable solution to stalling
education methods because technology has the flexibility, real–world connection, and active engagement that supports successful learning. In this
paper, there are four terms used interchangeably: technology, learning technology,educational technology, and instructional technology. While there is
no universal definition for it, instructional technology can be defined as any tool used by an educator to support a lesson. There are two types of
instructional technology: audiovisual devices and a systems approach process. (Gagne 1987, p. 11) Audiovisual devices include technical equipment,
such as projectors and computers. A systems approach process means careful planning, development, execution, analyzation, and evaluation of
instruction with technology. Most people still consider audiovisual devices to be the main component of educational technology, but the systems
approach gives a more complete picture of the effort to create systematic instruction with technology. For the purposes

Visual Literacy Reflection
What part of Ron Bleed's article made the greatest impression on you and why? Please cite the part you are referring to.
I never thought of video games assisting in problem–solving skill development (Bleed, 2005, p. 4) this is a paradigm shift for me. I had not considered
the elements of visual literacy as it relates to the broader application of the gaming environment.
Another concept that struck home is the importance to become digitally literate and how the fast pace technological developments occur as a form of
visual literacy in the developmental stages (software and hardware advancements) and how the knowledge influences the use and learning of visual
literacy (Bleed, 2005).
Share with the class in detail how you intend to make changes in your instructional designs and teaching methodologies to include the use of "teaching
visuals" and technology in the future. Please be specific. What will you do to make your learners "visually literate?" Please refer to the list from the
enGauge report on 21st–century skills.
I intend to make changes in instructional design related to the video presentations students make to demonstrate their knowledge and application of
ASL. For example, in my ASL 101–course students are required to record themselves producing a story done in American Sign Language. I developed
a rubric which includes assessment of the story content and signing structure. Over the past three semesters of engaging in this activity the quality of
video presentations

Instructional Design Models Are Designed Systems That Focus
Instructional design models are designed systems that focus on the learner and educational objectives. Siemens (2002) defines instructional design as
"a systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning". Mercadal (2017)
stated that instructional design is "any process aimed at the creation of instructional education, typically with the objective of improving some aspect
such as efficiency or appeal to instructees." As I have studied the multiple definitions of instructional design, I have observed a common theme.
Instructional design should be planned and prepared in a clear and effective manner to bridge students' learning styles to state curriculum. The ... Show
As I have explored the different Cognitivism ID Models, I realized that I have been using concept maps as thinking maps. These maps provide students
the opportunity to create mental visual patterns for thinking.
One example of a concept map is a Tree Map. I often used this strategy with students to understand classification of different curriculum areas. For
example: place value can be broken down to represent numbers from 1 to 1000. Tree maps are also a great tool for science. Students can create a tree
map of the Georgia Habitats and then branch off into the different components of each habitat.
The next instructional design model we are going to discuss is the prescriptive model. This instructional model strives to identify the most effective
instructional strategies for students (Mutlu, 2016). After researching the prescriptive instructional design model, I feel the ADDIE model best suits the
success of students in middle school. Here are the steps my teachers and I would follow during our collaborative planning. The ADDIE model focuses
on five phases of planning: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. During the first phase, analysis, educators evaluate existing
data to identify and target the most important curriculum areas that need to be taught or retaught. The teacher examines the data to identify issues with
wording, vocabulary, etc. to make sure authenticity of

The Case for Technology Essay
Technology permeates our society. In work settings, employees are expected to use computers for such tasks as communication, information
management, problem–solving, and information seeking. Because technology is such an integral part of modern life, it behooves educators to prepare
learners to use it effectively.Technology also has a role in the instructional process for it can serve as a means of supporting and enhancing instruction.
Based on an analysis of the literature, Hopey (1998) noted that educational technology can––
Improve educational attainment and skill acquisition
Reduce the educational disparities created by race, income, and region
Improve the relationship between learning, assessment, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
35).
When educational technologies are used appropriately, their advantages far outweigh their disadvantages. The ability to support new ways of teaching
and learning is one of the most frequently cited reasons for using technology in education. For example, it provides opportunities for more
learner–centered instruction; it permits instruction to be contextualized; it allows students to explore, make mistakes, and learn from their errors; it
leads to more active and interactive modes of instruction; and it results naturally in greater collaboration, cooperation, and small group work (Gillespie
1998; Kearsley and Shneiderman 1998; Petraglia 1998).
These characteristics of teaching and learning should be particularly attractive to adult and vocational educators for they are frequently associated with
good educational practice in those fields. The key is using the technologies in ways that will enhance learning. Technology cannot simply be an add–on
but "must be matched by new imagination" (Koehler 1998, p. 36), new mental models (Dickson and Segars 1999), and infusion into the instructional
process (Sulla 1999). It must be accorded a presence in the classroom in its own right and used in ways that maximize the different strengths that is has
to offer (Koehler 1998).
Guidelines for Using Technology in Adult and Vocational

SAF Resonds with Transformations to Higher Expectations...
Background
The SAF is undergoing 3rd Generation Army learning transformations, where the learning environment needs to respond to the high rise in expectation
of the new tech–savvy generation in the SAF. The new generation cadets are increasingly exposed to the latest technology and new complexlearning
methods in school and the society. In order to engage and train these new batches of cadets, an efficient and effective pedagogical approach has to be
developed to facilitate the upcoming learning transformation and to support active learning among the cadets. Traditional methods of teaching are
slowly being replaced with the integration of new mobile technologies to develop the cadets' capacity and ability to learn beyond pedagogical ... Show
In the second part of the training, the cadets will be having hands–on session where they will be practicing with their peers. Practical was carried out to
allow the cadets to practice on what they had learned during the lecture. The cadets had to pay close attention on what the instructor was doing before
they start on their hands–on session. As the cadets do not have much prior knowledge in the usage of tools other than the demonstration provide by
them during the lecture they attended earlier, they are unable to perform as effectively.
The existing reference materials for the students are printed in hardcopy and cadets need to spend time searching for the relevant reference. Some
reference shows only still pictures and most of the notes given are in black and white. These information does not really help the cadets much in
understanding the procedure to be done for each basic first aid.
Reason for enhance
In order to trigger the interest of the cadets in learning and to be able for them to practice and learn on their own before attending the class, flipped
classroom practice was suggested. In this case, the cadets will be studying on the courseware created before attending the class and instructors will be
offering more personal guidance and interaction with the cadets instead of having long hours of lectures. After the lesson, cadets will require to do
feedback on the stuff that they had learned through online forum. With the

The First Potential Cause Of Learning Challenge For This...
a.The first potential cause of learning challenge for this scenario is that students are experiencing high cognitive load. As the description of the scenario
states, the students appear to be struggling because they are taking multiple classes with heavy content. According to Dembo and Seli (2013), working
memory is limited in capacity and duration. This is represented in the way that students are having issues applying the knowledge on exam essays,
because they can't apply knowledge that they didn't effectively learn when their working memory was taxed.
The second potential cause of learning challenge for this scenario is that there is ineffective instructional design taking place on the part of the instructor.
As the scenario relates, students having trouble with the literature review final, because they don't have experience with completing this type of
assignment. As we learned from Smith and Ragan (2005), as cited in the Unit 3 lecture, effective instructional design takes into account the
development level of students, as well as specific prior knowledge. Having students complete an assignment that they don't know how to do then, is
poor instructional design. According to the Kirschner (2009) article also presented in the Unit 3 lecture, this is extraneous cognitive load and does not
contribute to learning.
b.Since the cognitive load is intrinsic to the task (the description states that the content is heavy and the essay is a complex task), readings could be split

Instructional Design Paper: Dick, Carey, And Gagne
Instructional Design Paper: Dick, Carey and Gagne The art of instructional design takes a unique gift. An instructional design artist must be able to
artfully create a systematic structure for insuring the learning process. Through this paper, we will be exploring two educator artists' approaches: Dick
and Carey's and Gagne's.
Dick and Carey's Approach Many educators base their instructional design off of a theory for how the human learns. The Dick and Carey instructional
design is based on the cognitive theory of learning. There are two main principles of cognitive theory Dick and Carey based their approach on: one
organizes what he or she has learned; and newly learned information can be organized better for more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Impact of Dick and Carey Today
Impact of Gagne Today
Gagne has impacted the design of instruction today because he came up with nine instructional events that will provide the necessary conditions for
learning. Gagne also addresses the role of instructional technology in learning and how useful technology is in the learning environment. Robert Gagne
is considered the foremost researcher and contributor to the systematic approach to instructional design and training (Kruse, 2001). His ideas can be
implemented into e–learning as well. Gagne also has the same nine steps of successfully completing an e–learning task. Gagne is known as a
behaviorist, and his focus is on the outcomes or behaviors that result from his training (Kruse, 2001). His work has been inspired in a positive way
and proves how a certain event can help an individual's mental process. He had a book published, The Conditions of Learning, which was first
published in 1965 (Kruse, 2001). The book identified the mental conditions for learning (Kruse, 2001). By following Gagne's thoughts and ideas, a
person should be able to present a well knowledge paper and an education should be able to present the material in a successful way so the learners can
learn the material positively.
Conclusion
Robert Gagne and Dick and Chaney

Disadvantages Of Distance Education
1. Introduction Distance education (e.g., online course programs, e–learning programs), have presented challenges for both students and instructors,
leading to extensive research on the tenets of what constitutes quality learning in the differing virtual settings (Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, &
Stevens, 2012; Oncu, & Cakir, 2011). Preference of online learning has become the norm for over 25% of students who enroll in an online course at
some point during the completion of an undergraduate, graduate or postsecondary level degree (Young, & Bruce, 2011; Elaine Allen, & Seaman,
2007). Data gathered by the U.S. Department of Education 's Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) on Distance Education
enrollment from 2012–2014 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instructors gravitate towards systematized teaching approaches online in an effort to reduce confusion and increase course completion (Jimoyiannis,
2012). However little research has shown a direct link between course completion and structured organization of course content (Mayadas, Bourne, &
Bacsich, 2009). Studies over the past decade instead suggest bridging traditional face–to–face (F2F) classroom norms in an online setting by building
community in an effort to infuse proponents of social learning (Young, & Bruce, 2011; Cheung, Liu, & Lee, 2015; Garrison, Cleveland–Innes, & Fung,
2010). Researchers have argued that what motivates students to acquire new knowledge are interpersonal interactions within a classroom environment
(Castillo–Merino, & Serradell–Lopez, 2014; Yu, Tian, Vogel, & Chi
–Wai Kwok, 2010).
Findings have indicated that students desire for elements of personal agency have not changed (Castillo–Merino, & Serradell–Lopez, 2014; Kuo,
Walker, Schroder, & Belland, 2014). Zhan, & Mei (2013) connected student satisfaction with interpersonal elements of online learning environments,
indicating that students preferred online course options which incorporated social elements. Additional studies exploring academic outcomes and
increased presence of instructors and student discussions have found that students' motivation have been impacted by the level of interaction
experienced by the student (Robinson, 2011; Harmon,

Instructional Design Models And Learning Theories Are Used...
Sink, D (2008), claims that Instructional Design Models and Learning Theories are used after the needs of an organization have been identified (Sink,
D. 2008). Instructional Systems Design Models provide designers effective ways to identify solutions to support the needs of an organization. This
paper will discuss the characteristics of the Experiential Learning Model, Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction Model, and the Gerlach and
Ely Models along with providing a comparison and contrast of these models.
Characteristics of ELM, ARCS, and Gerlach and Ely Models
Experiential Learning Model (ELM): Based on early work from John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget, ELM was developed in 1974 by David A.
Kolb and Ron Fry in 1974. This model emphasizes the idea that learning occurs when the student takes interest in the subject matter and engages in
self–initiated learning. Learning is an on–going process that is based on experience, interactions with the environment, and involves obtaining
knowledge through social interactions. The ELM is composed of four elements: Concrete experience, observation and reflection, Forming abstract
concepts, and testing in new situations and five steps which consist of: Experience, Share, Process, Generalize, and Apply (Moore, Eric T. 2013).
Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) Model: The model was developed by John Keller in 1979 who believed that motivation of
students had direct correlation to their ability to

The Changes Within The Student Population At The Moment...
Abstract
Here we discuss the various changes that are happening around us because of the technologies that are to be made in order to discuss the changes
within the student population at the moment and the role which is played by technology. Then it is shown how the changes are being made in society
can affect the requirements for graduates who are about to be employed. These requirements are brought into light by the fact that technology
integration will play a larger role in changing our teaching environments for better teaching outcomes so that the support can be bettered for developing
top notch thinking skills essential for the 21st century. Which has led to the raise of emerging learning theories
Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also by the year 1999 it is found that an unexpectedly a larger percentage (96.95%) of kindergarten students can access computers either home or
school. Based on some statistics, even poor students who might not access the technology at home are utilizing it by either using the available
resources in the library of their school, or in a classmate's house. These statistics prove that technology has a vital role in the lives of students. It has
helped to verify why an educator presume the change is essential in teaching and learning methods. If students are so engaged in using the technology
outside the classroom, they value it. Then it would be logical to assume that if technology were merged into the classroom learning environment has to
be more purposeful to the students. Considering the fact that all parts of society are changed significantly in an unseen way by information technology
and has been continuing the change so that the future will not be neglected. Schools have to adopt these changes and research must advance with the
belief that technology is and will exist to be an expanding component in the educational system. This is the actuality why the students are so involved
when it comes to the usage of technology. It is a herculean task to progress in a world which is run by technology and not be affected by it.
As mentioned above the world has significantly been changed by the information

Essay For Purpose
I am writing to apply for the position of Continuing Education Instructor, English as a Second Language, in the San Diego Community College District
(SDCCD). I hold a doctor of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an
interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology from the Ohio State University (OSU). Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and
ESL learners English. I am confident that my educational background and teaching experience enable me to make contributions to the San Diego
Community College District in terms of enhancing ESL students' overall academic English competence and understanding of the Western academic
culture and developing professional... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The educational background and online teaching experience enable me to design English curricula, courses, and teaching materials and integrate
technology into my instruction in the future. Moreover, I also have experience in teaching adult learners, including college students, English in EFL
and ESL settings. When teaching adult learners English in Taiwan (the EFL setting), I taught vocabulary, grammar, reading skills, and structures of
essays through readings deriving from the news, articles in magazines, short fiction and non–fiction, and models of essays. When teaching writing, I
adopted graphic organizers, drawings, and guiding questions to introduce components of essays and assist students in developing their writing.
Moreover, I designed courses to allow students to choose topics that they were interested in or relevant to their daily lives for writing assignments.
Furthermore, I gave mini–lessons on grammar, especially when most students made similar grammatical mistakes. Additionally, I employed
Communicative Approach and selected popular topics (e.g., news, hobbies, travel, and favorite local and exotic food) to instruct students in English
speaking. For listening, I utilized popular English songs, news videos, and excerpts from TV shows and audiobooks to enhance their listening
competence. Since I

The Path Of An Instructional Designer Because
When I joined the United State Air Force in 2004, I quickly learned how easy it is to pass the blame. I noticed early in my military career, that
broken processes were often ignored. Meanwhile, the person at the tactical level of the process was blamed for the result. After all the punishments
are dealt out, new employees are assigned to the project, and all the smoke clears, the same problems seem to persist. When I suspect a process is
inefficient, I feel a strong urge to find out why these issues exist and then find solutions. This is often a pursuit that puts me at odds with some
supervisors, but cherished by some subordinates. It's not hard for me to recognize that most employees want to excel at their jobs. Unfortunately, their...
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Teaching students to work on the B–52 aircraft in Minot, North Dakota during the dead of winter bears some unique challenges. It takes a strong
leadership ability to motivate students to perform hands–on task while enduring 30 degree below zero temperatures. In the Air Force's
Non–Commissioned Officer Academy (NCOA) I was awarded the Distinguished Graduate for displaying that level of leadership.
I feel that underneath all the positional authorities of leadership, the true test is the ability to empower people. This is the reason why I want to not
only learn how to use technology in an education setting; I also want to improve the lives of students with leadership. I believe that the educational
technology leadership program at George Washington University is the only program that perfectly meshes the two together. In my opinion, human
performance is the key to learning. However, it seems as though education sometimes focuses on the information that needs to be taught instead of the
outcomes. Dr. Watkins' publication highlighted this theory in previous work by Robert Mager. Watkins (2010) stated "instructional designers should
move beyond determining what instructors should teach; rather, they should focus on understanding what learners should be able to do as a result of
the instruction." Technology can serve as an excellent starting point for student centered learning.
Technology and leadership are the two elements that draw me to this program. There are

Crash Course Paper
Crash course for new online faculty orientation Anssi Mattila Online Education Team Educational and Regional Development Unit Laurea University
of Applied Sciences Kerava, Finland Email: anssi.m.mattila@laurea.fi Abstract– In this paper, a generic outline for the content of a set of orientation
courses aimed at new online instructors will be presented. The new online faculty, who acts as students on these professional development online
courses, need to learn for example how to use the online learning tools efficiently, how to set the tone of discussion online and what is expected from
them as online instructors. Upon completing the orientation program described in this paper, the new online faculty will for example know how to
interact... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Help create the learning expectations for the course. Demonstrate understanding of syllabi as learning contracts. Discuss the characteristics of online
learners. Describe how to apply these techniques to your own online courses. Module2: Facilitation Skills and Discussion Board Management Upon
completion of this module, the learner will be able to: Evaluate Gagne's "Nine Events of Instruction." Discuss learning styles as applied to online
learners. Discuss the principles of the Socratic method. Distinguish between types of questions and the uses of each. Select a question and answer
format for different online scenarios. Be familiar with a variety of active learning techniques. Be able to apply these techniques to your own courses.
Module 3 – Collaboration and Technology Upon completion of this module, the learner will be able to: Discuss principles for fostering a learning
community. Assess ways to use technology to enhance your teaching. Evaluate several current technologies (including blogs, wikis, podcasting, and
social bookmarking) and the strengths and weaknesses of

Audio Narration And The Online Courses For Oil And Gas...
Yun Li Audio Narration Use in the Online Courses Training in Oil and Gas Industry Abstract The implementation of audio in the online courses is
universal in Oil and Gas industry. However, the effectiveness of the audio in the training is controversial. This study investigates the value of audio
narration embedded with on–screen text in the online courses. Participants were provided an online new hire orientation training course and
administered a survey at the end of the training course. The result indicates that no significant evidence is found to support the need of audio
embedment in the online courses for participants who are doers in the Oil and Gas industry. Key Words: Audio Narration, Online Course, Training,
Industry... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The job responsibilities for field engineers and technicians usually include inspect tools, repair and maintain the equipment, and manufacture the
specific instrument. These jobs all require high application abilities. While they are performing the inspection or repair on the equipment, they are
extremely concentrated. Any outside distraction or interruption on these field engineers and technicians would result in their job failures. Therefore,
the present research aims to survey the need of narration audio in online training courses in the global Oil and Gas Company where most learners are
field engineers or technicians and English is their second language. This paper contains the literature review articles emphasizing the audio effects and
the use of audio narration together with scripts in the online training courses. According to the literature review papers, there is a gap between the
literature and the research questions. Literature Review Using electronic databases such as Education Resources Reference Information Center (ERIC)
and PsycINFO, I searched for articles using keywords "audio" and "online courses" and found three articles regarding audio use in online courses.
These articles are Audio–based versus text–based asynchronous online discussion (Hew, 2012), Learning efficacy of simultaneous audio and on–screen
text online lectures (Debuse. J. C, 2009), and Audio Use in E–learning: What,

Instructional Communication And Critical Communication Theory
Instructional communication theory and critical communication theory sit on opposition ends of a pedagogical spectrum. Instructional communication
theory relies on the instructor providing students with knowledge while critical communication theory focuses more on students and instructors
building knowledge together. Both theories have value, but many instructors are squarely focused in one area or the other. Instructional communication
theory is the more traditional model utilized in large classes and by more classically trained instructors while critical communication theory appears
more in upper–level courses and is seem more in high–engagement classrooms. The most useful approach to education, however, relies on instructors
utilizing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They receive information from the instructor and process it into their own knowledge base. For these students, "the content or meaning enclosed retains
the same essential form it had at the time of production" (p. 118). Paulo Freire describes this model as the student being a "blank slate" onto which the
instructor writes information (Cooks, 2010, p. 296). Students are then expected to take what they consider the most useful information forward to
apply to their own lives and future careers. This model of education encourages students to learn from their instructors who are experts in the field to
help them begin to form their own ideas about concepts and theories presented in the class. Students in this model generally go to class and listen to
lectures about material while taking notes on those lectures in order to recall the information at a later date. They are tasked with the job of processing
and applying the material outside of the classroom. While this might seem problematic for some students, the outside of class application method can
help students to process and apply the information in the way that works best for them rather than the way the instructor expects them to apply the
information. Critical communication pedagogy takes a very different approach to education. The critical communication model does away with the
idea of the teacher as the expert providing information to the students. Freire says, "The

Educational Technology Essay
Exam Name___YVETTE TORRALBA–MOSES___________ TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1)
Technological literacy cannot serve as the primary rationale for integrating educational technology. 1) _T______ 2) One thing we have learned from
the history of technologies in education is that teachers rarely have time to develop their own instructional media for teaching. 2) __T_____ 3)
Research over the past 40 years has shown conclusively that technology–based methods are usually superior to traditional ones. 3) _F______
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 4) Educators who come from a vocational
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
16) _F____ 17) Having small groups work cooperatively to develop a hypermedia product is identified more with constructivist models than with
directed instructional ones. 17) ___T___ 18) One of the essential conditions for effective technology integration is adequate technical assistance for
teachers. 18) __T____ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 19) Which of the
following technology–based strategies might Skinner have considered an effective way to shape learned behavior? 19) ___C___ A) forming
responses through multimedia rewards for good behavior B) using visual examples to bridge adult/expert and child/novice levels C) drill and practice
that gives reinforcement for correct answers D) using Internet illustrations to stimulate recall of prerequisite skills 20) Which of the following might
be a kind of technology strategy based on constructivist learning models? 20) _C_____ A) Identifying skill weaknesses and targeting tutorial and drill
software to them B) Giving students a German language tutorial because a teacher is not available C) Showing video–based problems that students
solve through small group work D) Letting students write papers by word processing, rather than by hand 21) What two kinds of

Characteristics of the Online Learner
Characteristics of the Online Learner
Learners (specifically adult) engage in learning or training for various reasons, i.e., learning new skills to, add value to their qualifications, mandated by
their employers, optimize spare time etc. However, learners face the challenge of remaining motivated if they do not feel the training is relevant or
practical. To develop effective training when preparing a training plan/instructional material, trainers/instructional designers must be conscious of not
only performance and learning context, but also features of the target population. Not all learners are alike and differ in the way they learn. "The
process of identifying these specific characteristics is called assessing the relevant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are increased numbers of students who enroll in online learning program because of being living far from the preferred learning institutions
(Allen & Seaman, 2007).
Effective features of online learning students include internal locus control, self–directedness, learning styles, motivation, and other character traits.
Research displays that the adult learners enrolled in online programs tend to have strong internal locus control than that of students in traditional
in–residence learning programs. Furthermore, online learning adult learners are self–directed, and are driven by personal interests and desire to
succeed. Most studies indicate that online learners tend to be highly motivated in the pursuit of their courses (Barnett, 2010). They face learning from a
visionary perspective, knowing that their efforts will reap fruits of their labor.
These studies also show that online "non–traditional" learners are inclined to have less concrete learning styles than traditional students. They can learn
from mixed content types and activities, and they require less of interpersonal interaction in the educational environment than on–campus students.
Additionally, according to the Academic Technology Center, online adult learners tend to be more emotionally stable, compulsive, intelligent, trusting,
passive, self–sufficient, conforming, introverted, and expedient than on–campus students (Worcester Polytechnic

The Impact Of Technology On Student Achievement And...
For this study, researchers looked to see what the direct correlation of technology was to enhanced academic achievement and positive attitude towards
learning and school in general. The researchers believe that in order to succeed in the global community, technological literacy is of utmost importance.
Another potential advantage pointed out by the researchers is that when technology is utilized in the classroom, there is immediately a broader view
into the world that is brought straight to the students in the classroom that is not accessible my textbook alone. The researchers believe that to
successfully prepare students to succeed in the world, showing them how to use technology and is invaluable. For the purposes of this article, the
researchers define educational technology as tangible tools such as computers, smartboards, and overheads, and other technologies such as methods,
techniques, and activities.
The researchers set out to answer two big questions: What effect does educational technology have on student achievement, and what is the attitude
students have towards the educational technology?
The researchers studied all 7th grade math classes in a private school in Cyprus, divided into 3 experimental groups and 2 control groups, 41 students
received the experiment and 41 students did not. The experiment was measured using a pre–test and a post–test for all classes, both those who did use
instructional technology and those who used "traditional" methods. All the

Understanding Of Different Learning Theories
SRINIDHI CHENEGARAPU RAJESHWAR
UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENT LEARNING THEORIES AND THEIR IMPLICATION AND APPLICATION TO e
–LEARNING AND
ONLINE LEARNING
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to explain the understanding of different learning theories and their implication and application to e–learning and
online learning. These theories are classical conditioning, behaviorist theory, information processing theory or cognitive theory and constructivist
theory. The paper focuses mainly on how learners should learn from different learning theories and how technology can be used to leveraged to
enhance learning theory and move towards knowledge acquisition in one of the learning theory.
General words: Theory
Keywords: learning, e–learning, behaviorist theory, classical conditioning, cognitive theory and constructivist theory.
1.INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING THEORIES
Learning is defined as a behavior as a consequence of exposure to stimuli. There are four different learning theories namely classical conditioning ,
behaviorist, informative or cognitive processing and constructivist theory.
1.1 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
In Classical conditioning theory, Pavlov dog is taken as an example where a scientist named Ivan Pavlov experimented on a dog about its response to
a stimuli. Initially Pavlov observed that whenever he want to give food to his dog he hit the tuning fork first then provided food to eat and at that
moment it started salivating and gradually he

Online Course Design Advantages And Disadvantages
1. Introduction College course completion can occur anywhere and in any space. Preference of online learning has become the norm for over 25% of
students enrolled in an online courses at the undergraduate and postsecondary level (Young, & Bruce, 2011; Elaine Allen, & Seaman, 2007). Diverse
distant education options (online course programs, e–learning programs), have presented challenges for both students and instructors, leading to
extensive research on the tenets of what constitutes quality learning in the differing virtual settings (Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, & Stevens, 2012;
Oncu, & Cakir, 2011). The increase of dropout rates across community colleges and universities has compelled the review of instructional practices in
online settings (Lee, & Choi, 2011;2010; Xu, D., & Jaggars, 2013).
1.1Online Course Design
Modern courses apply traditional text–based instruction and lecture styles, where students typically participate in content saturated discussions by
responding to weekly module course work (assignments given in a folder online) and discussion board posts (content based questions in the form of
discussion forums) (Gillett–Swan, 2017; Jaggars, & Xu, 2016). Instructors gravitate towards systematized teaching approaches online in an effort to
reduce confusion and increase course completion, however studies have shown no direct link between course completion and structured organization
of course content (Jimoyiannis, 2012; Mayadas, Bourne, & Bacsich, 2009).

Instructional Design Analysis
Instructional Design Analysis
Linda Lee
AIU Online
Abstract
This analysis will analyze the process of instructional design. It will discuss the instructional design disciplines. There will be a discussion on
instructional design and how it aligns with scientific methods. The ADDIE model will be detailed in this essay. The difference betweeninstructional
theory and learning theory will be compared and defined. The most important component of the instructional design process will be visited. The task
that instructional designers perform will be discussed as well as the skills that he or she is required to possess. The conclusions drawn will be included.
Instructional Design Analysis The definition of Instructional Design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is evident when one component of the system is stimulated and it can be observed that all components of a system are responding. When a
process and the procedures are duplicated in order to prevent the entire system from failing this is redundancy. When a system can adjust to conditions
changes and monitor its environment, it is called dynamic. When the elements of a system can communicate efficiently in order to guide and govern,
it is called cybernetic. When all the elements of a system can achieve more than one element alone can, this is called synergistic. This means that the
whole is greater than the individual parts. When human talent and imagination can generate ideas so that the instructional designers can expand the
limitations of a system it is referred to as creativity (Merrill, Barclay, & Van Schaak, n.d.). Training is referred to as skills that are acquired for
specific situations that are to be mastered. However, training is necessary for many situations that are complex when the failure can be catastrophic.
One example of education is teaching a student to learn in an environment that is different, such as in an online virtual classroom. This scenario
describes a form of intentional learning. The discipline of instructional design is based on detailed assumptions. It is created by scientific principles
that are verified by empirical data. The instructional

Constructivism and Instructional Design Essay
Constructivism and Instructional Design
Constructivism is currently enjoying popularity as a "new theory" in education. In reality, the theory traces its roots through Piaget and Dewey to Kant.
Constructivists align their beliefs with Kant's writings on the interaction of the innate mind structures with the world. The individual can never know
the "world–in–itself," only the world as it is constructed in the individual's experience. Piaget traced his constructivist roots to Kant but Piaget sought to
identify the structures of the mind behind the cognitive behaviors characteristic of each stage of human development. (Noddings, 1995) While Piaget
wrote primarily on genetic development, Dewey stressed a student's knowledge grew and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Duffy, 1991)
Constructivism takes a different approach to developing instruction than the traditional approach taken by objectivism. Objectivist instruction
communicates knowledge by breaking it into component parts and then systematically presenting the components to learners. Objectivism begins by
deciding what the student needs to know and then constructing a task analysis of that knowledge. After analyzing the existing abilities of the learners,
the instructional designer develops a strategy to communicate the required information to the learners. Assessments are used to determine if the
communication process was successful. The process is usually conducted in an artificial setting, such as a classroom, to minimize distractions. By
contrast, constructivist instruction seeks to provide learners with their own means of constructing their own interpretation of a problem.
Constructivism begins by selecting a task relevant to the learner's lived experience. The instructional strategy provides tools for inquiring into the
problem and various means for collecting information about the problem in order to understand or construct solutions to the problem. The task is
usually accomplished better by working in a group than by working alone. The instructor helps the learner see multiple perspectives. No separate test is
required since constructivism believes successful completion of the task indicates successful learning. The emphasis is on showing

Learning Theories Provide Instructional Designers With...
Learning theories provide instructional designers with instructional strategies and techniques which facilitate learning. Each learning perspective
discussed in this essay is in terms of specific interpretation of the learning process. The information presented provides the reader with a comparison
and contrast of the differences in practical application in an instructional situation. The specific learning theories in this essay are behaviorism,
constructivism and cognitivism. The essay will compare and contrast how learning occurs in each theory, the roles of the teacher and the student, the
curriculum and learning goals, and lastly, assessments. Behaviorism focuses on behaviors and not cognitive or abstract activities. It involves thinking,
remembering and problem solving. Additionally, behaviorism relies on expressed, measureable behaviors and the repeat stimuli that cause behaviors.
Students respond to the conditions in the environment. Therefore, knowledge is given and absolute. Learning occurs when students are able to provide
the proper response to the given stimulus. The methods used by the teacher are the use of instructional cues, reinforcement (both positive and
negatively) and practice. When this learning theory is used, the students learn basic skills before moving on to more difficult skills. The role of the
teacher in the behaviorism approach is to be the transmitter of the knowledge. He/she is the expert that knows the material. The

Applying Malcolm Knowles Andragogy Model to Isd Essay
Applying Malcolm Knowles Andragogy Model to ISD
Abstract The way that an instructional designer defines learning and what is believed about the way learning occurs plays an important role in
situations where the facilitator wants to make a change in how people do a job or they need to learn something new on the job. This paper focuses on
Malcolm Knowles adult learning assumptions and how to apply them in instructional strategies and techniques for facilitating learning. It also explores
some of the critics concerning his assumptions. Knowles assumptions concerning adult learning are each addressed and an example provided on how
to apply these assumptions to ISD using technology. The information presented here provides the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knowles laid the groundwork that trainers needed to take into consideration before revising, developing, or presenting any training program targeted at
adults.
Knowles begins his assessments by asking several crucial questions about his learners and using a holistic approach in developing training in chapter
13 ASTD. He begins by addressing the climate and condition of the environment that he will be teaching in. His goal is to focus on collaboration
between the facilitator, the trainee, and their peers. He wants a comfortable atmosphere with the proper tools and accommodations that will help his
students learn in comfort. His methods are geared towards building a friendly, fun, and approachable learning atmosphere.
Diagnosing the audience needs can be done in many different ways, such as in Rothwell's learning assessment. Knowles on the other hand includes his
participants in diagnosing their own learning needs. Knowles proposes that learning is not a need unless the trainee perceives it to be and by allowing
them to participate in the planning of their own learning, he helps them want to learn what they need to learn. Knowles suggests an emphasis on
self–diagnostic procedures such as simulation exercises, assessments; competency based testing, and feedback. Once the learner has diagnosed

The Pros And Cons Of Sanskrit E-Learning
Sanskrit e–Learning is a project we are planning to implement. We are trying to tune our training program with latest academic trends in India and rest
of the word. In this article we are discussing issues involved in traditional learning, present classroom learning and e–Learning. As the present
classroom learning involves four basic elements – chalk, blackboard, lecturer and students and interaction, traditional Sanskrit learning is based on
Gurukula system.
Sanskrit is the mother of all languages. It is most scientific language in term of Syntactic and semantics. Think Sanskrit language is all about religious
texts, this is not true.Though the way all of Ancient Indian Scientific knowledgebase Astronomy, Chemistry, Mathematics,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, at this level, standards might be a consideration – Which standards to pursue? Or finding a way to stay current on developments in the
field. Other categories include: change management, knowledge management, communities, and copyright.
Resources
The final category of the Sanskrit e–learning model is focused on Resources. Developing technologies may impact e–learning, and awareness of these
is important. As well, research and resource sites are valuable in exploring the full depth of learning. These are also represented in this stage of the
model. Resources are divided into two areas: technology and general. This aspect of the model is largely used for reference.
Final Thoughts The whole picture view of Sanskrit e–learning is dynamic – it changes in response to trends in technology and practices. This model
will continue to evolve and

The Impact Of Media And Instructional Technology On...
Position paper on the impact of Media and Instructional Technology on Student Learning There have been many debates, among researchers, in the
past on technology and the impact that it has on learning. However, there is one debate that, after over nearly two decades, is still being discussed to
this day. The debate of Clark–Kozma has been of great significance to researchers in the past and present. As new and improved technology is
introduced, many researchers have focused their study on this debate to prove or disprove the findings of Richard Clark and Robert Kozma. Clark
and Kozma Over thirty years ago, Richard Clark researched the impact of technology on learning. "In 1983, Richard E. Clark published the results of a
meta–analysis that examined the influence of media on learning where he concluded that media do not influence learning under any circumstance"
(Becker, 2010, para. 3). Clark believes that media does not influence learning to any degree. He has stood firm in his research findings over the
past years. Just a few years later, Robert Kozma decided to oppose Clark's debate and complete his own research to decide if technology had an
impact on learning. Kozma was looking to find out why technology had failed to impact learning. "In order to establish a relationship between media
and learning we must first understand why we have failed to establish one so far" (Kozma, 1994, p. 2). Kozma believes that media does influence
learning. The Debate

Assignment 9
Task 9 – Critique of Game development in Construct 2 Training Course
Shannon M. O'Neill
Sam Houston State University
Abstract
This academic paper is a critique of the game development in Construct 2 Training Course from the Microsoft Virtual Academy in Introduction to
HTML5. The reviewed course consist of approximately 3 hours, 5 modules and 4 assessments of self–paced learning for user of all ages that interested
in becoming a game creator for the first time and designed specifically for 2D games. This critique was based on the instructional design aspects,
educational technology aspects, design layout and the accessibility of the training course. The instruction design aspect is broken up into 4 parts, the
instructional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each module has step–by–step instruction of learnable units that build knowledge with easy navigation at your own pace. No requirement for prior
computer experience is needed to engage in a fun and exciting way to build 2D games.
Instructional goal. The main instructional goal for this course is for those interested in gaining programming skills at an introductory level of game
development. The designers made this easy to learn by offering this course free and available on demand in carefully planned modules. This allows the
user to expand their expertise at their own pace and schedule.
Instructional method. The instructional methods described within gave the user other opportunities for furtur learning with additional developer
downloads and tools for Classic Windows desktop as well as for your tablet, phone, PC and gaming systems. Also included are links for free access to
host and create your game and self–assessment after each module. Additional information is provided with a Q&A log to allow the user to view
popular "frequently asked questions". Currently in the Q&A section, users are allowed to viewer to preview previous user's questions or comments but
would be beneficial to have part of this interactive for new questions.
Instructional Strategies. The instructional strategies within the site were clearly indicated

Change Management Essay
Change Management
Change is not something to be taken lightly. "This issue of change is one of the greatest challenges in the workplace today" (Fralix, P., 1998). One of
the pitfalls of change within an organization is employees' fear of what change will bring. Will implementing new technologies destroy my job? Will I
be able to keep up with the changes in my organization? These are some of the questions that bring about employee apprehension to changes in
business. This very apprehension can determine the success or the failure of change within that system. Yet change is inevitable. Much like the
Darwinian theory of survival, the company that can adapt with changes in emerging technologies will survive in today's society. So how ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since change is inevitable, ongoing process, these management levers must constantly be altered also (1997).
Even though this is not an altogether accurate definition from an instructional technology standpoint, it does contain factors about change management.
Most companies are concerned with aligning themselves with their marketplace. Who hasn't seen a PetSmart or a KayBee's commercial where the
consumer may order his/her toys for either pet or human online. These corporations have aligned themselves to their marketplace––Ebusiness. Another
factor in change management is the tools to accomplish this smooth transition. Most companies will agree that one must look at strategy, operations of
the actual and the optimal systems, culture of the work environment, and incentives to those who facilitate the smooth changes. Also change is an
ongoing process, so management of that change is also going to be an ongoing process. In order to prepare for change within the company, it is
important to identify any destabilizing forces that bring about change.
"Change can be stimulated by three specific forces external and three specific internal forces to the organization
External Forces
Society Political/legal environment Technological developments
Internal Forces
Membership in professional associations New organizational

Technology And Early Childhood Classroom
Technology in an Early Childhood Classroom
Marsha Kinsel
ENG122: English Composition II
Instructor Susan Luck
June 1, 2017
Technology in An Early Childhood Classroom Even though some experts feel children's physical health is at risk once they are introduced to
technology, it is a must, that early childhood educators do just that. In a world where technology is ever changing it is imperative that children are
exposed as early as two years old so that they are not left at a disadvantage for the future. Young children must be exposed to technology early so they
can explore its usage; it will help them become more interactive in their learning using hands–on technology; technology will help them become more
aware of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, technology exposure gives young children the advantage of being able to explore the world outside of their communities and help them
to become more environmentally aware. "Technology can provide children with the opportunity to experience the natural world virtually when it
cannot be experienced directly, for children who have limited access to the natural environment, technology can provide a realistic interactive
supplement or simulation." (Willis, Weiser & Kirkwood) (2013) Teaching staff will be able to use using a virtual tour to visit a zoo or other
unobtainable destination. According to Willis, Weiser & Kirkwood (2013) "Our goal is to examine the use of integrated technology within the
environmental curriculum that will support the development of environmental and technology literacies in young children 3–6 years of age." It can
also help children in poorer communities to experience things in their areas that are not a covered expense due to a low school budget. Children can
have the opportunity to explore other states or countries. Technology gives them the ability to view and learn about famous landmarks such as
Stonehenge and the Sydney Opera House. With the advancement of technology comes the option for virtual field trips. Children who live in a small
town may never get the opportunity to explore a museum, zoo or science center. In the same way, achild from the busy city may not get the

The Impact Of Technology On Technology Acceptance
Introduction
A range of studies has been conducted on instructional technology. Many findings show that technology has a significant contribution to the
improvement in teachers' competency and instruction effectiveness. However, not all applications of technology in the classroom lead to the desired
goals. There are numerous constrains that may contribute to this. The level of technology acceptance is one of these factors. However, what influences
technology acceptance among teachers? The article discusses a study conducted to determine the influence of gender on technology acceptance. This
article is important to my research topic. Many research studies conducted in the past have focused on the impact of technology on the effectiveness of
teaching or student learning. Few articles have focused on factors affecting technological adoption in learning facilities. These studies have found an
improvement in learners scores on tests associated with content covered in technology–assisted instructional packages. While the selection of suitable
technology is the initial step, employment of the technology by teachers determines its effectiveness. The effectiveness factor of instructional
technologies is often ignored. The reasoning is that teachers may be willing to utilize technology but may be influenced by other factors besides
availability of necessary technology. The problem calls for research as educators need to proactively take such factors into consideration when

The Theories Of Cognitive Development On The Curriculum...
This paper will briefly describe the targeted instructional setting that is the foundation for the discussion that follows. Then this paper will present the
implications of several theories of cognitive development on the curriculum and instructional strategies used within the targeted instructional setting.
These include the cognitive development theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, among others. Based on these theories, two recommended
adjustments to the curriculum content for the targeted instructional setting will be presented along with a justification for the recommendations. This
is followed by a recommendation of two instructional strategies for the targeted instructional setting and a justification for the recommendation.
Wy'east Middle School (Wy'east) is the targeted instructional setting for this paper. Wy'east is an urban middle school that serves grades six through
eight. Wy'east is a Title 1 school in Step 5 of the school improvement process. Wy'east has a population of approximately 851 students comprised of
449 male and 402 female students. There are 18 different home languages spoken. Approximately 54% of the students qualify for the free and
reduced–price lunch program. There are 84 students active in the ELL program (ELLs) and many more that have been exited from the program. There
are 146 students in the Special Education program.
The school day runs from 8:15 a.m. until 2:45 p.m. Students attend core classes (English Language Arts,

What is Instructional Design?
Research Portion What is Instructional design?
According to Dick, Carey & Carey (2009), instructional design is a systematic process of designing, developing, and delivering instructional materials.
What is the Addie Model?
The ADDIE Model is the instructional system development model which consists of five (5) phases which are the analysis, design, development,
implementation, and evaluation (Dick, Carey & Carey, 2009). The analysis phase has different parts that clarify instructional problems and objectives,
identifies learning environment and the learners existing knowledge and skills. As part of the analysis phase the learner is identified as well as their
characteristics. The analysis phase is when information is gathered about the audience, the tasks that need to be completed, and how learners view the
content and project goals.
The design phase describes the elements that are going to be part of the learning architecture (text, animation, graphics, video, multimedia elements,
resources, etc.). In the design phase media created comes to life. The design phase consists of logical and creative thinking. The developer in the
design phase has to be specific about different elements of a project. Plans developed in the design phase should be tested in the development phase;
the plan should be edited because editing allows for checking for misspelled words, allows for checking content and any images used that possibly may
require changing.
The development phase

The Curriculum Development And Instructional Delivery...
The Superintendent has an obligation to create and evaluate a comprehensive, rigorous, and coherent curricular and instructional district program, even
in the current financial situation. The curriculum development and instructional delivery theories being used should be appropriate and up–to–date.
Teacher performance must still be assessed. And district technology and information systems should be used to support and monitor student learning. In
this case, it is easy to document the new technology put into place with the new referendum. The issue now is with the wiring. Efforts must be made
to see what can be done immediately as well as in the long–run.
If I were superintendent, I would not be pleased upon hearing of this secret meeting. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solutions – both short– and long–term – have to be found.
I would talk to the administrative board privately. I would discuss my desire for a culture of collaboration and trust and share my disappointment upon
hearing of their meeting without me. I would ask that it not happen again. I would tell them that I want to be a part of the solution together with each
of them. I would also let them know that the word "spin" is the worst – it has an instant negative connotation. Then, we would get down to business.
If I answered the door to the press, I would think before I responded. One must always be careful in the public eye. Care must be taken to think before
one speaks, especially on camera. Vigilance is required in public, as, these days, every phone is a camera.
I would utilize the opportunity with the local press to address the public. I would bring up our efforts to provide instructional programs that are
conducive to student learning with high expectations. I would connect that to our current situation with the wiring and relate how we intend to address
it. I would refer to our shared mission to creating an educational environment which enables each student to achieve personal excellence and lifelong
learning skills to become a productive and responsible citizen. This would allow me to communicate how we are safeguarding the values of democracy,
equity, and diversity within the district. I would explain that, as education leaders, we must seek to

Advantages Of Instructional Technology
The use of instructional technologies has several advantages for both the teacher and the students. Instructional technologies motivate students, capture
their attention, and help explain complex concepts.
B.BARRIERS OF USING INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES INTO E–LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM
When we talking about the barriers of using instructional technology can recognize a number of factors as barriers to the adoption of instructional
technology. The fear of failure in using the technology is a factor that has been cited as an initial barrier (Hannafin & Savenye, 1993). [10]
Lacking resources, lack of equipment, insufficient facilities, lack of knowledge, lack of preparation time to integrate instructional technology to
teaching methods and students to use computers or the Internet for some instructional activities are main barriers of using instructional technology into
e–learning in classroom.
IV.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
Instructional design is a systematic process of analysis of learning needs and development of instruction. It is also known as (ISD) instructional system
design, systematic approach. Instructional design is art, science, reality, system, and technology. As an example it is a science because it is based on
learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism and it is an art because of the creativity of design process. [6]
Instructional design is a technology which used to create learning experiences and environments and can promote the instructional activities through
using it. [6]
The teaching and learning process is to be helped, the purpose of instructional design. The objective of the Instructional design is to support the
teaching and learning process by guaranteeing that education experiences are improved for specific learning goals.
There are many Instructional design models, techniques and learning theories. Some of they are,
пѓ The ADDIE Model
пѓ Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model
пѓ Seels and Glasgow ISD Model
пѓ Waterfall

Computer Based Learning
ABSTRACT
Learning is a process that is influenced significantly by the combination and interactions of three main areas of influence: agent, activity and world. A
number of writers have used other descriptions for these influencing factors. In the succeeding discussion of computer–based learning environments, we
have found it useful to describe learning using a framework of three mutually constitutive elements based on these factors which represent the actions
and activities of the different elements in the learning process: the learner, the teacher and the learning materials [Herrington & Oliver, 1996].
This framework of three elements provides a useful form for considering factors influencing instruction and learning in computer–based ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
[Herrington & Oliver, 1996]
The evolution of the World Wide Web, recent developments in interactive software, and the emergence of systems thinking provide a unique
opportunity to create interactive, web–based simulations that address student learning. This topic explores current theory of mental model formation
and its role in student understanding. It describes the potential of computer simulation to enhance student learning, defined as a change in a student's
mental model. As web–based simulations are newly emerging, further discussion is provided in hopes of exploring the opportunities.
DISCUSSION OF CURRENT ISSUES
Computer based learning, as it stands, has plenty of disadvantages, but many in business and educational arenas remain optimistic about its future.
There are two indisputable truths about computer–based learning, or e–learning. First, it will revolutionize education and second, such a future is just
around the block. Educational experts agree that most types of study are not yet effective when delivered purely online, mainly because of bandwidth
limitations, expensive set–up costs, continued resistance to the medium and a shortage of quality course content.
Despite these problems, e–learning has already established a strong foothold, albeit as an adjunct to traditional, instructor–led teaching. The main
success in e–learning, is the improved standard of support that students receive. [Sydney

Providing More Technology Training For Teachers
The need that prompted this project proposal is that of providing more technology training for teachers in order to address the ongoing desire for
increased student achievement rates in our school and district. In the upcoming school year, our district will be rolling out a 1:1 initiative to provide
devices for each student in our school (and all other schools in the county). The problem that comes along with this initiative is the lack of knowledge
and training that teachers have received to prepare for this roll out. Paul Gorski (2005) describes the "digital divide" that exists in schools as being
about more than just the physical access to technology but, more importantly, the equity of access to internet and technology. In his discussion about
the need for a systemic shift in thought and action, he suggested actions taking place such as providing more effective and more complete teacher
training on how to use computers and the Internet in progressive, pedagogically sound ways. Another action that should be present in this shift is
ensuring that all students and teachers have equitable access to up–to date software and hardware, and relevant training for how to use them. No matter
how many technology devices a school receives, they are ineffective if the students and teachers do not have relevant training for how to use them.
According to the ISTE standards (2008), teachers should be expected, among other strategies, to "engage students in exploring real–world issues and

Constructivist Learning Theory Essay
The very first thing one must know about the constructivist theory of learning is the premise that learners arrive at learning situations with prior
knowledge and proceed to take and active part in building new knowledge upon that prior knowledge as they experience new things and reflect on
those collected experiences (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2012). This theory directly contradicts the behaviorist learning theory in which learners
are believed to arrive at learning situations with "clean slates" of understanding. From a behaviorist's perspective, people learn because as they respond
to negative and positive stimuli in their environment (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2012). While that may change observable behavior ... Show
The purpose of a constructivist education, therefore, is to facilitate the process for learners in constructing their understanding. Constructivist learning
"fosters critical thinking and creates active and motivated learners," according to McClurg (2009). The educational emphasis is not on delivering
knowledge nor organizing that knowledge in a prescriptive system, but rather on teaching students how to build their own understanding within
meaningful contexts for lasting effect (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2012).
Lev Vygotsky is one of the earliest proponents of a constructivist learning theory. Although he only lived through the early 1930s, his work was largely
unknown in the West until the 1960s (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2012). His significant contributions to constructivist learning theory include
three important distinctions. First, he purports in Mind and Society: the development of higher mental process (1978) that "social interaction between
people plays the first fundamental role in the process of cognitive development" (explained in the Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2012). This
means we first learn by watching others and discussing new information with others, only then do we attempt to use our own cognitive systems for
storing that new knowledge individually. "Vygotsky focused on the connections between

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