CARTILAGE, TENDON AND LIGAMENT

1. Cartilage, tendon and ligament
and joint
Day-3

2. Cartilage
• Cartilage/नरम हड्डी/ उपास्थि
• Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including:
Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles.
Ends of the ribs, Between the vertebrae in the spine, Ears and nose, Bronchial tubes or airways
• Cartilage is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes. chondrocytes produce large
amounts of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibres, proteoglycan, and elastin fibers.
• There are no blood vessels in cartilage to supply the chondrocytes with nutrients. Instead,
nutrients diffuse through a dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage (called the
perichondrium). Due to the lack of blood vessels, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly
than other tissues.

3. Tendon
Tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous
connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
and is capable of withstanding tension.
Tendons are similar to ligaments; both are made
of collagen.
Ligaments connect one bone to another,
while tendons connect muscle to bone.

4. Ligament
• A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue
that connects bones to other bones.
• It is also known as articular ligament, articular
larua, fibrous ligament, or true ligament.
• Other ligaments in the body include the:
Peritoneal ligament: a fold of peritoneum or
other membranes.

5. Diagram

6. Joints
• A joint is called an articulation or arthrosis
(between two bone /between bone and
cartilage/ between bone and teeth).
• A point at which parts of an artificial structure
are joined.
"seal the joint between the roof and the house
wall”

7. Function of Joints
• Serve as functional junctions between bones.
• Bind bones , strokes , and other related tissues
together.
• Allow bone growth to occur .
• Permit certain structures to change shape during
childbirth (i.e. pubic symphysis).
• Enable the body to have movements, lever
actions, and body posture.

8. Classification of the joints
1. According to the type of tissue at the joint
a) Fibrous joint -uses fibrous connective tissue to
articulate bones./ Suture between skull
b) Cartilaginous joint-uses hyaline cartilage
and/or fibro-cartilage to articulate bones.
c) Synovial joint -uses auricular cartilage,
synovial membrane, joint capsule, and
ligaments to articulate bones

9. Fibrous joint

10. Cartelageneous joint

11. Synobial joint

12. 2. According to the amount of movement at
the joint
a) Immovable joint. (Suture,)
b) Immovable joint. (A slightly movable joint)
c) Freely movable joint.

13. Summary of joint classification

15. Joint Motion
1.Types of joint movements should be studied in
the following diagrams.
2.For each movement, the definition and an
example should be learned.
3. One way to remember these movements is by
their opposite direction.

16. Types of Movements
•Flexion vs. Extension
•Abduction vs. Adduction
•Suspiration vs. Pronation
•Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar flexion
•Eversion vs. Inversion
•Protraction vs. Retraction
•Elevation vs. Depression

21. Disorders of Joints
1. Dislocation- displacement of articulating bones of a
joint, as a result of a fall or unusual body movements.
2. Sprain- results of overstretching or tearing of the
connective tissue ligament, or tendon at a joint.
3. Bursitis- inflammation of the bursa (a sac filled with
synovial fluid at the synovial joint) caused by excessive
use of a joint.
4. Arthritis- inflammation of a joint that causes swelling
and pain (rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmunedisease
where white blood calls attack the joint tissues; while
osteoarthritis is a natural degeneration of joint tissues).

22. Clinical Terms
•Arthroscopic surgery:removal of damaged cartilage from the
joint.
•Dislocation: bone out of alignment at a joint.
•Subluxation: partial dislocation.
•Bursitis: inflammation of bursa caused by trauma or excessive
friction.
•Arthritis: inflammatory or Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
that damage the joints.
•Osteoarthritis: non-inflammatory arthritis, mostly seen in
elderly.
•Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disease involving severe
inflammation of joints, very painful.
•Sprain:result from overstretching or tearing of connective
tissues, ligaments, and tendons associated with a joint.