Fire Blight Research Paper

Fire Blight Research Paper
Name: Fire Blight
Scientific Name: Erwinia amylovora
Origin: Was first identified in Hudson Valley, New York in the 1780's. It spread throughout North America and accidentally got imported to England
and Egypt.
Present in:
New Zealand–1919~nurse trading
Bermuda– before 1938
Wales– 1956/57~food
England– 1956/57~food
Egypt–early 1960's
Effects/Causes: Erwinia amylovora is an exotic plant pest that causes fire blight that is becoming a serious threat to Australia's apple and pear
industry. Rain and insects are the main cause of the movement of fire blight. Open flowers are the most common are affected on a plant and are
vulnerable until the petals begin to fall. On pear trees, flower stems and bud turn black, whereas on an apple tree the flower
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Film Analysis : The Passing Of Grandison
African Americans have endured a considerable measure of bigotry and disdain all through society. In "The Passing of Grandison" the slave
Grandison outsmarted his masters and his family into achieving his opportunity to freedom. In the story, Grandison is not "passing" in the way
others have "passed", which means he is not viewed as white. He passes by faking his allegiance to his master, and by doing this he ends up
gaining his freedom, not only for himself, but also his family. The 1934 Version of the movie, Imitation of life, Mammy Image in Film shows
Peola as a mulatto character who passes purposefully to be acknowledged and accepted in society. The authors develop a contrast between
"passing" in different settings through the characters Grandison in "The Passing of Grandison" and Peola in Imitation of life, Mammy Image in
Film. The two works break down comparative subjects, for example, prejudice and separation of family and analyze different qualities of slave
accounts, for example, tragic mulatto in Imitation of life, Mammy Image in Film and trickster in "The Passing of Grandison". As indicated by Viktor
Osinubi, slaves did not engage in rebellion but instead moved toward becoming fugitives. "The Passing of Grandison" starts with Dick Owens, the
child of Colonel Owens, attempting to enable one of his father's Negro men to escape to Canada. In the mid 1850s the Fugitive Slave law was passed.
Some slaves were caught and returned to their masters due to the Fugitive

Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis Essay
The fight for civil rights and freedom is a reoccurring subject that has appeared throughout American history. Henry David Thoreau's "Civil
Disobedience" and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter From Birmingham Jail" were written over one hundred years apart. Although they are set in
different time periods, they discuss the rights the American people should have, while also criticizing the people with superior power in the
government. Thoreau's aggressive writing style and King's peaceful, calm style help to deliver their messages. Not only their writing style but also
their emotional appeals, tone, and other rhetorical strategies help to give their audience a sense of the social issues they are disagreeing strongly with.
Thoreau and King use rhetorical devices repeatedly throughout their writings to help them convey their messages to their audience. A rhetorical device
that is utilized most in these writings are three emotional appeals: pathos, logos, and ethos. In King's letter, his first two paragraphs contain ethos. He
is building his credibility as to why he is responding to the clergymen. He states some of the groups he is a part of and has affiliated with while
holding his position as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The group has organizational ties in many of the southern... Show
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King, however, approaches the situation with a better response. He does criticize the government and their abuse of power like Thoreau, but he does so
without attacking the government. King is respectful and calm through his writing and keeps his audience engaged throughout the letter. Thoreau
immediately attacks and does not give an explanation on how to fix the situation. Even though, their writings and approach to the subject are different,
they are still able to convey their message to their audience and to other who may read their

Personal Narrative Essay: Gender Stereotypes
I always wondered if I was Black enough. My hair is kinky, curly and sticks up in all directions when I wake up. My skin is a warm, tawny brown
with undertones of orange, which compliment my chestnut brown eyes. I kept especially educated on the oppression of Black people and the
continuous history that seems to be perpetual . The most obvious point, my mother is African–American. Yet, because of my White father, I am
considered almost everything but Black. I grew up in the melting pot city of Miami raised by my mother and father who each emphasized their
sides of culture. My father cooked traditionally Swedish dishes and played old Irish movies on Sundays. My mother played gospel music on
Sundays as we cleaned the house and danced to the rhythm. To fuse both sides of my ethnic groups, my parents would read the book, "Black, White,
Just Right," which followed a girl that looked similar to me and she too was biracial. As a young girl, with no strong representation of myself in media,
it was important that she brought clarification to me that I wasn't the only one, that being biracial was beautiful ... Show more content on
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My choir teacher decided to put on the musical, Hairspray, which discusses topics of race. The teacher scanned the class for the palest of skins to
put as the Corny Collins Show cast and I was sure the teacher would pass right by me. It wasn't until a girl raised her hand and said," Well, Ananda
is White too." As true as that was, I was also Black and would be considered a person of color. It kind of startled me that everyone preserved me in
this way. It kind of made me angry, no matter how cool headed I am, that someone could throw away everything that my ancestors went through for a
minute part in a play. Being the extremely shy girl that I was in my younger years, I put on a smile and put my feelings on the back burner. I learned
that no matter what anyone else had to say about me, I am who I

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer
Robert B. Reich, Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Reich starts his exordium with a distribution of where American workers
found themselves in the early 1990's in reference to where almost all American workers were just 20 years before. Reich placed most of the workers
that contributed to the economy during the Nixon administration as being in one boat, analogous to the famous quote by G.K. Chesterton, "We are
all in the same boat, in a stormy sea, and we owe each other a terrible loyalty." Under Reich's distribution you were still in a lifeboat, but the sea state
and your future could be rough or smooth sailing depending upon your chosen profession. To which boat one found his or her self was directly related
to how... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reich also uses a form and substance argument about occupants of the second boat, in that as demographics change as the decline in the birth rate after
the baby boom would propagate through and generate opportunities for older in–person servers that would not otherwise be available to them, he then
accurately predicts the situation current Americans find themselves, the increasing numbers of elderly people will

What Is My Racial Identity
If I could describe my own racial identity, I would describe myself as a twenty–one year old girl who is causation. I was born and raised in Northeast
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania my whole life with my two sisters. I come from a middle class working family. My cultural background is, I come
from the Irish and German heritage. I have green eyes, brown hair and my skin color is light. When it comes to my extended families, racial
history is most of my family members were from Ireland and came over the America to raise their families. My great grandmother was born in
Ireland, but she lived Czechoslovakia for a few years, before she moved to America. So my most of my extended family that I know are Irish on
my father's side of the family, my mother's family is German. My parents raised my sisters and I, in a house where religion was very important,
my parents raised us as Catholics. My parents were really strict and old school when it came to certain things. How I feel about my racial identity
is, I love the person I am and I would not want to change myself at all. I enjoyed the way I was raised; it helped me shape me into the person I am
today. My journey to increase my awareness of other races and become more culturally... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I can see if you are breaking the law and not cooperating with the police then maybe they should be treated that way, but if you cooperating with the
police, then I think it wrong the way some police officers treat African Americas. All this police brutality someone should put a stop to it. You can be
getting pulled over for speeding and just because of the color of your skin, the police think they have the right to harm just because your skin color is
different from them and they think they are in

How Communication Is Influenced By Varieties Of...
Our communication is influenced by varieties of circumstances and people. However, the most important thing which affects our communication is our
backpack, which means the environment that we raised in. we carry this backpack every time when we communicate with others, so in this essay I am
going to demonstrate my interpersonal communication behavior. First of all, I am going to demonstrate what about my communication is unique to my
specific circumstances. The way of communication is different when I was talking with Americans and Japanese. Whenever I talk with American
people, I try to be more open mind. Since I came here in NDSU, I have a lot of opportunities to communicate with Americans. I realized that Americans
are so friendly, so I made effort to adapt American culture. Instead of that, when I communicate withJapanese people, I will be more shy. In my
experiences, Japanese people tend to do not like the too friendly people at the first time. Thus, I pay attention to not so be friendly for Japanese
during the ice breaker. As a result, when I communicate with Japanese, I will be like a coconuts. It means that the first time is unfriendly like the
shell of coconuts but the inside is very sweet and flexible. Instead, when I communicate with American, I am like a peach. The surface of peach is
very soft but it has a hard core, so as a similar as peach, I can be more friendly but it is hard to show people how do I feel and think honestly. Moreover,
when I am

The Best Man Gets the Win
The Best Man Gets the Win Once upon a time in the middle of fall, leaves were falling from the trees like feathers. Bruce, a golden colored wolf, sat
on a rock looking at the city below him. Hoping that maybe this year would be the year he can prove himself worthy to Panthera, the Queen of
Sundham. Her old companion recently past and, it is time for a replacement. To take on such a position, one must a pass rigorous task, which will test
your strengths. The winner will be Panthera's husband Bruce will be her new husband.
The day is finally upon us Bruce put on his best clothes, and walked to the castle where he will face his opponent. Finally making it to the castle
Bruce sees Griffin the massive lion he will be facing in his challenge. Griffin walks to Bruce with his great canine teeth and says, " You should go
home now before I make a fool out of you!" Bruce towering over the lion replies " When you see me standing in arms with Queen Panthera, then
you will see who is really the fool." Griffin bumps into Bruce and his smile slides off his face as he slowly walks. Griffin and Bruce both lined up at
the courtyard, everybody roaring to the tops of their lungs, following after is silence, a silence that can only means the Queen's arrival. Walking
gracefully to the microphone a green cat eyes jaguar appeared to wear a red dress with a sheath on her waist. With one big gulp of air Panthera
announces " Hello my fellow citizens, you can only imagine how dreadful I have been

The Wife of His Youth by Charles Chestnut
Title
Author Charles Chestnut was one of the most influential and widely respected African American fiction writers in the United States. He was the first
African American writer of fiction to enlist in the majority white controlled publishing industry. Much of his work is based off of his examining probes
and indictments of racism. Chestnut expressed his grievances of the integration of African Americans into white culture in his short stories, novels, and
essays. He told most of his stories from prospective that would not offend, but instead, inform his white readers about African Americans and how they
are defining their identity in America. The question of identity becomes the focus for American Americans because most of their identity was lost
during slavery. Chestnut's approach to the matter of racial identity has been seen as ineffective to solving race problems. However, after an analysis of
his works and his overall vow to the African American community would suggest something else. One of Chestnut's works in particular "The Wife of
His Youth," tackles the issue of African American's mimicking the dominant culture in order to improve their rankings in society. "The Wife of His
Youth" voices the fears of African Americans losing their cultural individuality, pride in their heritage, and moral perception by integrating into the
dominant society.
In "The Wife of His Youth" the biracial protagonist, Mr. Ryder is trying to reinvent his identity in order to gain

American Elm Disease
The American elm, at one time was a popular shade tree along many city streets in the eastern United States ( Buyers, 1996). It was popular,
because of its vase shape, which provide good shade for houses along busy streets. The Dutch Elm Disease was initially discovered in the
Netherlands in 1921 (Buyers, 1996). It was around the early 1930s when it was first discovered in Ohio and a few other states in the East, and by
1973 it had spread as far west as California ( Buyers, 1996). People at the time didn't know the disease was spread by a fungus through the roots
grafting, which was discovered much later. The spread was known to be caused by at least two beetles. The two main carriers of the fungus are the
American native elm bark beetle, and the European bark beetle ( Haugen, 2014). They transfer the fungus through the xylem, which then goes to both
the roots as well as branches. Trees that get infected in spring or early summer die quickly, whereas plants that get infected in late summer often
recover from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the symptoms start in the lower crown and move up, it is more likely the infection was started in the roots. If the infection started in the upper
portion of the crown, it is often started at the end of an individual branch, referred to as flagging ( Haugen, 2014). Vascular Symptoms: The bark of
infected elms will often develop dark streaks under the bark ( Haugen, 2014). Examining the tissue under the bark for this kind dark streaking is a
means of determining the presence of the specific disease. It is most common for the brown streaks to be found in wood that has sap ( Haugen, 2014).
When the elm is having vascular problems, it can't transfer water through the xylem to the rest of the plant. This causes the foliar symptoms mentioned
earlier ( Haugen,

Westin Mt Laurel Research Papers
The Westin Mount Laurel offers an ideal location near the many exciting things to do in Philadelphia. From historical sites, to museums and sporting
events, there's something for everyone to enjoy. Our hotel is just six miles from downtown Philadelphia and minutes away from many of our nation's
most popular historical attractions including Independence Hall and The Constitution Center. Experience the best of Philadelphia during your stay
with us.
INDEPENDENCE HALL
520 Chestnut Street (Between 5th & 6th St.), Philadelphia, PA вЂЋ| (215) 965–2305
Independence Hall is the centerpiece of Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia. It is known primarily as the location where both the
Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has collections of more than 227,000 objects that include incredible displays of European and American paintings, prints, drawings, and decorative
arts.
THE RODIN MUSEUM
2151 Benjamin Franklin Parkway | Philadelphia, PA
The Rodin Museum contains the largest collection of sculptor Auguste Rodin's works outside Paris. For the first time since the museum opened in
1929, the doors were closed for a three–year, $9 million renovation which brought this museum back to its original splendour. Doors were reopened to
the public on July 12, 2012.
="Things
="Things
CITIZENS BANK PARK
1 Citizens Bank Way, Philadelphia, PA | (215) 463
–1000
Citizens Bank Park is a 43,651–seat baseball park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, part of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex, and home of the
Philadelphia Phillies. It is commonly referred to by locals simply as "The Bank" or "CBP".

SUGARHOUSE CASINO
1001 North Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, PA | (877)

The World According To Americans 2012 Summary
The world has a perception of the American people and it's not as flattering as we would like to be. In Yanko Tsvetlov's image "The World According
To Americans 2012" he illustrates in a brilliantly colored map exactly how that perception appears to the rest of the international community. Using a
map of the entire world, Tsvetlov somewhat comically and perhaps accurately labels countries or regions of the map in condescending statements or
stereotypes (Tsvetlov). These labels are Tsvetlov's interpretation of how theAmerican people, either through lack of education or culture or perhaps
simple misconception, see various regions of the globe. Our arrogance and ignorance as a nation has painted a picture for the rest of the world to easily
judge us by. From tourists misbehaving to soldiers acting foolishly abroad, the world sees too much of the wrong side of the American people. Tsvetlov
leaves his image open to much interpretation allowing the audience to draw its own conclusion about what exactly he's trying to suggest. ... Show more
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If interpreted in this fashion the map provides us with a simplistic Americanized view of the world according to Tsvetlov. We can see the reduction
of entire continents to comical phrases or the summation of whole peoples to on word (Tsvetlov). In fact, the continent nation of Australia was
referred to as "kangaroo riders" reinforcing the idea that Americans characterize the world into simple groups (Tsvetlov). Further evidence for this
mentality towards the world can be seen in the title given for all of Central America. Seven countries are degraded in to one offensive term
"Housekeeping" which perhaps explains why it's so easy for many foreigners to dislike Americans

Freedom Of Abstract Expressionism By Chuck Close
Chuck Close is a contemporary artist, known for painting monumental heads. For his subjects, Close used portraits drawn of himself, his family
members, friends, and fellow artists. He chose this selective group of people because they just regular ordinary folks. He felt that if he used celebrity
as subject matter, this would only distract from appreciating the beauty of his work. In addition all his portraits are title using only the first names.
Close explored the concept of visual language in his painting but eventually rejected it as he adopted his own personal style thus making the switch
from the freedom of Abstract Expressionism to a more figurative painting style which has more restrictive controls on his subject matter and his

Privacy In The USA
Everyone has their own secret and private things covering around; we only show the world some part of our lives and characters. Sometimes you
need time to think, do homework or time to be alone to realize what you love or what you need to do. People in the different nation has different
thinking about lifestyle. When I came to the U.S, I am so surprised and should learn more about the privacy. AlthoughVietnamese people do not have
and care about privacy too much, American custom about privacy is considered as a treasure and clearly show in the workplace and at home. And
then, I believe that when I write some detail about the private , it will help you understand and know how the privacy is important.
First, the privacy can be seen obviously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is privacy that brings many advances for a company. Next, people can bring the lesson of privacy to their home–education. Although Vietnamese
culture has its own reason for not being too private, the American seem not to like it. Anyway, every culture has its identity so that the world can be
more vivid and contain curiosity. The privacy is highly recommended for another country in the world. In my opinion, I think privacy is essential for
life. It should be maintained and promoted more in the other country. Privacy will help people be aware and more responsible for work, life and the
education of children in the family. Their children can live more independent when away from home. And I think we should apply it to our life now
and for future generations. Because who knows about privacy can help the country and society are increasingly more developed and

The Spread Of The Blight
approximately over 4 billion trees had died as a result of the pathogen. The spread of the blight continued with approximately over a million trees dying
each year.
Going forward to the mid–20th century, Castanea dentata is almost extinct in American forests. The blight infection has prevented the American
chestnut ability to grow to its full height, and only exist as shrubs that sprout from trees that were infected with the blight. Despite being from the same
species, different species of the chestnut responded differently to the fungal infection. For instance, the European chestnut (C. sativa) was slightly
devastated, while the Asian Chestnut was almost immune to infection C. parasitica; the American chestnut is the only species with ... Show more
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Having the natural ability to take over unoccupied grounds, the American chestnut reproduced naturally and ended up filling these areas. They were
used for timber in heavy construction as the wood was not as hard as oak therefore easy to work with. It was also a good source of fuel for
industries and homes in the region. Other unique properties were such as its ability to grow exceptionally fast, adding up to a centimeter or more in
diameter every year. The nuts from the tree were a good source of food for the wildlife (Burnham, 1988).
The blight infection The first case of infection was reported in New York in 1904. A scientist at the Brooklyn Park, Dr. Murril, has made attributions
to the initial diagnosis of Eutypella parasitica fungal infection on American chestnut trees. The infection begun by affecting the barks of the trees
before spreading to other parts and eventually killing the tree (Hepting,1974). Six years later, almost all the American chestnut trees in the New York
Zoological Park were dead. The fungus gets into a tree through damage such broken branches, claw marks, and holes. After getting inside the tree, the
fungus then multiplies beneath the bark until it develops into a canker, cuts out water flow, as well as nutrients to the tree therefore killing the tree.
The effect of canker is severe that a tree dies only four days after being infected by the blight. Also, the infection by C. parasitica was able to spread
very fast due to the way

Themes In The Passing Of Grandison
Passing as Seen Through the Lenses of Grandison and Peola
African Americans have suffered a lot of racism and hatred throughout society. In "The Passing of Grandison" the slave Grandison outsmarted his
master and his family into attaining his freedom. In this story, Grandison is not passing in the way others have "passed", meaning he is not seen as
white. He passes by faking his allegiance to his master, and by doing this he ends up gaining his freedom, not only for himself, but also his family.
Imitation of life, Mammy Image in Life displays Peola as a mulatto character who chooses to pass intentionally to be accepted in society. The authors
develop a contrast between "passing" in different settings through the characters Grandison in "The Passing of Grandison" and Peola in The 1934
Version of the movie, Imitation of life, Mammy Image in Film. Both works analyze similar themes such asracism and separation of family and
examine various characteristics of slave narratives such as tragic mulatto in The 1934 Version of the movie, Imitation of life, Mammy Image in Film
and trickster in "The Passing of Grandison".
According to Viktor Osinubi, slaves did not engage in a rebellion but rather became fugitives. The book begins with Dick Owens, the son of
Colonel Owens, trying to help one of his father's Negro man escape to Canada. In the early 1850s the Fugitive Slave law was passed. At times the
freedom of runaway slaves was short lived. Some were caught and returned to their masters because of the Fugitive Slave Law that allowed masters
to reclaim their runaway slaves (Osinubi, 2017). Dick Owens is described as a 22–year–old man who is intelligent, amiable, and indolent. "The Passing
Grandison" begins with Dick Owens informing his sweetheart Charity Lomax about the story behind a slave reaching freedom through a man's help
who is now seeking trial. Charity is attracted to the man on trial and Dick questions her reasoning. Dick wants to please Charity and makes it his
mission to win her love by engaging in something just as heroic (Stokes, 2011). This leads Dick to attempt to help one of his father's slaves to
freedom who happened to be Grandison. Colonel Owens assume Grandison was not smart, so he trusted him to go

Chuck Close Influences
Chuck Close an American photorealist artist who was born in the US during the 40's and as a result lived his teens & 20's through the emergence of
the American counterculture. As a result of the politics and world events at this time, much change was experienced by Chuck Close and he became
a part of challenging social norms. These ideas and experiences are influential on his work and impact in various ways on his unique style in his
artworks, as seen in his 1970 work called "Big Self–Portrait." During the summer of 1988, Chuck also suffered a sudden rupture of a spinal artery
which resulted in Chuck needing more assistance whilst he was working on his portraits. The "Incident" as he calls it, also led Chuck to a change in
style in his works. This, however, didn't mean he was going to change as a person as he continued to stay true to himself as an artist. This severe
injury was one of a number of health problems that Chuck endured including his Facial Blindness condition that he had obtained all his life. The
limitations that these conditions placed on him lead to the selection of subject matter, size of works and the exacting practice he employed to execute
them, seen in the image "Mark." As seen in the work "Mark" we see Chuck Close use a unique ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of Bosch's most notable works is that of "The Garden of Earthly Delights". This work is a specialised oil painting displayed on a beautiful oak
panel in the Prada Museum in Madrid, Spain. Bosch's work is broken up into 3 separate panels each describing a different image of the world. The
panel on the left shows the world shortly after its creation, the middle panel shows the garden of earthly delights whilst the final panel shows a clear
depiction of hell. Bosch has uniquely included his own views of the world into his work which plays a prominent impact on its

Chestnut Bark Disease
The Chestnut blight is a fungus which is also called the chestnut bark disease. The scientific name for this is Cryphonectria Parasitica (Murril) Barr.
The organism that assaults the American chestnut has the appearance of an extensive ulcer, and is regularly found on the tree trunk or other tree
surface range. It enters tree wounds and splits and develops in and under the bark, executing the territory around the tree twig, extension or trunk.
Yellow or orange spores (called pycnidia) radiate from the infection, and they are as little as a pinhead. The ulcer lodging the parasite could be either
swollen or sunken; with the recent being the deadly sort that executes the tree. From the start, the tree kicks the bucket over the ulcer, despite the fact
that it may keep on sprouting beneath it. As sprouts develop, they, too, get contaminated and pass on. In the long run, infections spread all around the
tree surface, murdering the tree. In spite of the fact that youthful trees may succumb to the ailment inside a year, experienced trees may take years to
succumb to the parasite.
The principal study that researched the wellspring of the scourge parasite ailment was charged in 1913 by the USDA. Candid Meyer, who headed the
study for the USDA, reported in that year that the malady was found on chestnut trees in bumpy uplands of China. Two years after the fact, in 1915,
Meyer likewise uncovered the curse organism ailment in Japan, in sloping reaches where chestnut trees were

Infections of the American Chestnut Tree Essay
Cryphonectria parasitica, a filamentous, ascomycete fungus, is the causal agent of the chestnut blight5,14 which was introduced to North America
from Japan circa 190412,14.The chestnut blight infects all members of the Castanea family14, and some members of the genus Quercus though C.
parasitica infections are superficial14. A C. parasitica infection typically begins at a branch node or wound in the tree's bark 14. Once a spore has
entered the tree, hyphal growth begins14. When the fungi's hyphae reach the cambium, the xylem and phloem are blocked, cutting off the transport of
water and nutrients and a sunken canker is formed14. Eventually, the lack of water and nutrients kills the tree above the point of infection14. As a
fungus, C. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One excellent use for blight–resistant American chestnuts is reclaiming surface mines. Though other species of trees can survive in the harsh
conditions typical of surface mines, they have little to no value as lumber and provide little for wildlife4. Chestnuts would also provide a fast growing
lumber source, one that is lightweight, strong, and moderately rot–resistant. Additionally, the large nut crops produced by the Americanchestnut would
increase the ecosystems carrying capacity for wildlife, and moderate population fluctuations that follow mast (nut crop) fluctuations. For these and
other reasons which space here does not permit, restoring the American chestnut is worthwhile endeavor.
Although C. dentata is not resistant to an infection by the blight fungus, it is not entirely defenseless. One attempt at warding off C. parasitica is the
growth of callus encircling the fungi's mycelium to prevent its spread (cite). This may or may not work, in either case the fungi will spread to another
site on the tree via sporulation. A second barrier to blight infection is the chestnut's relatively high levels of tannic acid(s) in the cambium (cite).
However, as will be discussed later, tannic acids may benefit the blight. The most promising method for increasing C. denata's blight resistance is The
American Chestnut Foundation's breeding program. To give the chestnut the advantage in its battle with its evolutionary foe, it is necessary to study
the factors that make C.

Jean Toomer Portrait In Georgia Poem Analysis
Over time, it has become relatively easy, almost second nature, for people to devise strict societal barriers and categorize people, cultures, and ideas
into separate boxes. In Jean Toomer's "Portrait in Georgia", however, this is exceptionally challenging for the reader to do so. With his poetic
paintbrush, Toomer describes a beautiful woman, but he intentionally blurs the racial lines of black and white in order to illustrate an underlying theme
concerning the deep–rooted problems of racism in America. To help convey this theme, Toomer utilizes the literary tool of imagery, and he does so
masterfully. Each image is meticulously placed and organized to provide the most powerful impact possible. While certain images emphasize the
beauty and grandeur of a woman, others bring up unbelievably violent, gory, and horrific images of death associated with the treatment of African
Americans during the time of Jim Crow Laws. Overall, Toomer's use of imagery brings "Portrait in Georgia" to life, grabs the reader's attention,
successfully demonstrates an extremely powerful message, and causes society's darker parts to be questioned.
Toomer's placement and choice of imagery is crucial in establishing what he wants the audience to see; if he had used different imagery, his poem
would not be interpreted in the same way. For example, the first line of his poem states, "Hair –– braided chestnut" (Toomer 1). By describing hair as
"braided chestnut", rather than simply saying "brown", the

Code Of The Street Summary
In the book "Code of the Street" introduction, the author Elijah Anderson gives you an outlook on how a city can go from wealth and poverty in just
five miles. Anderson's ethnographic portrayal of urban life in black America through a journey down Philadelphia's historic Germantown Ave, which
connects the appreciation of newly suburban Chestnut Hill and Philly's main line with the generally less civil society of Germantown proper and its
outlying ghetto's, where a code of the street old as poverty and oppression itself governs the interactions of both willing and unwilling members. The
story starts in Chestnut Hill which is often called "the suburb in the city," and finishes in the Northern Liberties subdivision.
The shopping area of Chestnut Hill progressively ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Does respect always lead to power? And is power typically rooted in respect? I feel respect is one path to attaining power, but more than just
having respect, power is rooted in playing the system. Earning respect is just one way to play the game. Here, I do feel like the development of the
code makes sense as an explanation for crime because growing up in Camden, NJ, an inner city, respect is social capital. Therefore, those who are
respected in the streets carry themselves as if they are wealthy, compared to those who aren't respected. In order to walk the streets of inner city
environments with some sense of security, one must feel respected. This leads to a social and cultural difference between the interpretations of
respect. I feel African Americans value street level respect in a way that outsiders do not consider valuable. In my opinion, the level of respect that
inner city African Americans strive for is the same level that power driven, corporate world individuals seek. The only difference is the name of game,
but the motivations of being respected, powerful, and financially wealthy are the

Independence Historical Park
The Independence National Historical Park is a 40 acres long park that consists of most of Pennsylvania's most important and visited historic sites.
Most of the park sites and historic landmarks are located within the neighborhoods of Old City and Society Hill. This historic national park is included
in the system because of the meaning that it has with the American Revolution and the formation of the country. The historic national park is home to
Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed and adopted. Liberty Bell is also located
here in the Liberty Bell Center. Some other important sites in the Independence National Historical Park include the First Bank of the United States,
Carpenters'

Chuck Close Analysis
Chuck Close is a modern American artist who has achieved success for his large–scale portraits. Yes, I would describe Close's work as a form of
language because it explored the established visual presentation from the portraits. The subject of his portraits has been drawn from himself, his
family, and friends. His works explain that it has been driven by his lifelong learning difficulties. His portraits tell everything about his struggle to
remember the faces while drawing. Also, the uses of the grid to break down every image that he paints into small incremental units showed that we
could easily focus on each part of his paintings. I would consider this exploration of an artist at work as good and well deserving artworks in exploring
the process.

Suzanne Lynch's Portrait In Georgia
When referring to the race of the body described in "Portrait in Georgia," Suzanne Lynch wrote "positioning this woman as neither black nor white,
within a world so polarized by color, makes her a destabilizing force within the power dynamics of the culture... If the poem strips this Georgia
woman of her wholeness and reduces her to a series of fragments, it also accounts for that effect by placing her in a social setting of violent white
dominance." In summary, Lynch's response is attempting to convey the subject of Jean Toomer's poem "Portrait in Georgia" is purposely not given a
race, and might be a black, mixed–race, or raceless woman to make the reader acknowledge his pigeonholing: "Just in case the reader...feels an
uncontrollable inclination ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her features remind him of her direct role in racism and the physical harm that could come his way. The speaker begins by describing her hair as
"braided chestnut, / coiled like a lyncher's rope" (Toomer 1–2). Lynch concludes the subject's braids symbolize the indelibly intertwined lives of black
and whites, "'braided' in a common southern experience." I consider the opposite, concluding these two lines represent the racial divide between the
speaker and the subject of the poem, rather than a union. The woman's hair is braided like a lyncher's rope and the color of her hair, chestnut,
describes a type of tree of which the rope might hang if the speaker interacted with the white woman. Similarly, and not mentioned by Lynch, the
woman's eyes are then figuratively compared to the burning of a body during a lynching, evident through Toomer's use of "fagots," or a bundle of
sticks intended to be lit (Toomer 3). The speaker cannot admire even her most mundane features, like hair or eyes, because it reminds him of the racial
division between the two. Her features compared to a tree, rope, and fire in that back–to–back manner further imply the representation of the speaker's
feasible gruesome

Environmental Effects On Environment
Shavonne Devine
Prof. Welsh
Eng 1A (6403)
18 Sept. 2017
Through industrial development we have diminished our soil, ruined farmland, trees and have caused extinction of various species. All of these
natural resources took over hundreds of millions years to form and Americans have destroyed them all for the need to build more. David Brower a
prominent environmentalist says "we have diminished our soil, fisheries, fossil fuels and we have changed the climate. We caused the extinction of
countless species by half." Over consumption has reached a point of harming Americans health and the overall environment. According to John De
Graaf, David Wann and Thomas H. Naylor "sixty–nine acres of prime American farmland are lost to development." Once you cut down and pave over
farms the land is gone forever. The very thing that humanity relies on is being taken for granted. Americas increase in consumption does have benefits
but the negative effects on the environment, American health and family outweigh the positive. What once was an abundance of natural resources is
now becoming hard to find. The magnitude that this type of industrial development has on the environment is irreversible. The damage we are doing
can never be undone. Through our constant need for more we have managed to change the climate. American Farmland Trust points out how "24
million acres of agricultural land has been developed since 1982." In Bloomington Minnesota on over 100 acres stands the Potomac Mills

Essay on The Malignant American in Surfacing
The Malignant American in Surfacing
Before traveling through Europe last summer, friends advised me to avoid being identified as an American. Throughout Europe, the term American
connotes arrogance and insensitivity to local culture. In line with the foregoing stereotype, the unnamed narrator's use of the term American in Margaret
Atwood's Surfacing is used to describe individuals of any nationality who are unempathetic and thus destructive. The narrator, however, uses the word
in the context of her guilt over her abortion and consequent emotional numbness. The narrator's vituperative definition of American as an individual
who is unempathetic and destructive is largely attributable to the narrator's projection of her own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emotional numbness is the logical cause for such behaviour, as a lack of empathy enables an individual to act heedless of negative consequences to
others.
The narrator's scathing treatment of Americans during the foregoing encounter is representative of the treatment she affords them throughout
Surfacing. Americans are variously described as "tapeworms" (129), "loon killers" (121), analogues to Hitler (129) and attackers (183). Although the
narrator frequently applies the label American to people who she thinks are citizens of the United States (US), she ultimately divorces the term from
nationality. When the narrator discovers that two men who wantonly killed a heron are Canadian, she states, "It doesn't matter what country they're
from, my head said, they're still Americans" (129). In the narrator's mind, American is a term describing those who are emotionally numb and are
capable of inflicting pain on others.
Given the intensity of the narrator's feelings about the term American, it clearly has special significance in her mind. This significance stems from an
abortion she underwent as a result of a relationship with a married man. The effect of the abortion is alluded to when Anna is reading the narrator's
palm: "'You had a good childhood but then there's this funny break'" (8). The abortion traumatised the narrator, leaving her with a

American Chestnut Research Paper
The American Chestnut and the Functions of Silviculture
It's incredible how many purposes silviculturists have to maintain forests. The main functions of silviculture include control, protect, facilitate and
salvage. Aspects of these functions can be observed at the Lafayette Field Station among the growing American chestnut trees. Silviculturists use
control to manipulate the growth of forests for certain benefits. Controlling a forest can be done by altering a tree's genes, adjusting its sunlight and
choosing its surroundings. Some desired outcomes would be a more diverse forest, trees with certain traits who are better adapted, or to attain a certain
age of trees. The chestnut trees at Lafayette field station were hybridized with the Chinese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to conserve a native species and protect it from extinction, scientists must battle viruses, unsustainability, invasives etc. that threaten the species.
For the example of the American chestnut, the young chestnuts are growing in gated areas. This protects them from animals or other intruders that
may disturb the chestnuts. The shelterwoods surrounding the chestnuts also serve as a defense. To facilitate is to make something easier. In
silviculture, this mostly involves regeneration. The American chestnuts were directly seeded, which certainly facilitated their growth. The final
function of silviculture is to salvage. In order to reap the most benefits of a forest, it must be maintained sustainably. This, in the long run, is more
profitable for both humans and nature. Many years ago, before the blight affected the American chestnuts, they were bountiful across the eastern United
States. They were greatly valued for their use in construction. If this new hybridized chestnut is a success, then perhaps it can be established once again.
The American chestnut research being done at Lafayette seems to have a promising future. The primary functions being used on the chestnuts is
control and protect. Hope for a better future for the American chestnut has been made possible, thanks to the functions of

Plessy V Ferguson Civil Rights Movement
Truly, the Civil Rights Movement was a period amid the 1950's and 60's to wipe out isolation and increase parallel rights. Thinking back on every one
of the occasions, and element figures it created, this depiction is extremely obscure. Keeping in mind the end goal to completely comprehend the Civil
Rights Movement, you need to do a reversal to its beginning. The vast majority trust that Rosa Parks started the entire social liberties development. She
did in actuality drive the Civil Rights Movement to uncommon statures at the same time, its starting point started in 1954 with Brown versus leading
group of Education of Topeka. Chestnut versus leading group of Education of Topeka was the foundation for change in American History in general.
Indeed,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time is regularly alluded to as the Nadir of American Race Relations, which just put implies that prejudice was best case scenario amid the day and
age of the Civil Rights Movement. Pulling together for uniformity turned out to be a tiresome assignment for Americans. Keeping in mind the end goal
to move into the future, one must relinquish the past, and numerous individuals were not willing to forsake the convictions that had been engrained in
them since birth. Racial separation was available across the nation however the over the top brutality of African Americans in southern states got to be
knows as Jim Crow Laws. Jim Crow Laws made it inconceivable for African Americans to be equivalents. It precluded Blacks from wedding
Caucasians, owning eateries that served individuals of different races, drinking out of a similar drinking fountain as whites, for all intents and
purposes isolating races on each comprehensible plane. These laws added layers to the weakening of Society making once race feel second rate
compared to another. The entire reason for the Civil Rights Movement was to desert along these lines of deduction and takes an excursion into the
obscure, which was solidarity. Albeit generally Jim Crow Laws were canceled in the 1970's for good, the thoughts, occasions, and emotions that rose
up out of this out of line routine of this law still

Analysis Of We Wear The Mask By Chestnutt
African American literature from the Colonial era through Reconstruction shows how African Americans were always treated differently and many
of them had to either ignore the awful things the white people said to them, or they had to hide behind a mask of someone everyone tells them to
be. One of these incidences of having to just ignore society was in the folktale "'Member Youse a Nigger" when John spend his days keeping quiet
and doing only the things that would set him free. While the story "The Wife of His Youth" by Charles Chestnutt and the poem "We Wear the Mask"
by Paul Laurence Dunbar were about the effects that society has on 'colored' people. Both stories showing how people feel it is okay to pretend to be
someone that they aren't... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He speaks the truth of the things that people hide every day about themselves and put on a silly mask that makes other think they are okay. The
Blue Vein Society in Chestnuts story is about black folk who want to be like the white people and have normal, wealthy and happy lives. But after
Liza Jane shows up every who was wearing a mask took their mask off for just that moment and even the woman that Mr. Ryder was planning on
marrying saw what really should have been seen. Finally, after moments of waiting for change everything in both "The wife of His Youth" and
"'member youse a Nigger" rapidly changed in the blink of an eye. Mr. Ryder's speech about a woman who was faithful for twenty–five years touched
the hearts of not just his own but to everyone who showed up to the ball. Also, as for John instead of him putting on a mask every day and working
hard to earn his freedom he finally got to take off his mask and embrace the black man that he truly was by walking away from his now former

Quotes From Bartleby The Scrivener
Lazy, stubborn, and strength are commonly construed with the American people. An American archetype is a person that represents universal
American human patterns. People have said that the character Bartleby from Bartleby, the Scrivener demonstrates resemblance to an American
archetype. The novella is set during the mid 1800's on Wallstreet. During this time period there was a rise in change and the world was moving at a
rapid pace. Bartleby struggle with change and relates to an American archetype by being lazy, stubborn and strong inside the work place. Bartleby is a
very ignorant man who commonly refuses to do the simplest tasks. He would often be asked by his boss to copy down a legal document and he would
just refuse. He resembles the human pattern of an American archetype that was unwilling to accept change. Bartleby displays his unwillingness to
change when he is given the choice to either move out of his office or go to jail and says "at present I would prefer not to make any change at all."
(Melville 26) He believes that his life was perfect the way it was. This was commonly seen in America during the time period when you had a battle
between the younger generation with new ideals and the older generation refusing change. Bartleby is acting like the older generation by ignoring the
need to move on and willingness to open up to new ideals. It is even seen in today's culture often seen with gay rights and the fight between Democrats
and Republicans on rights for

Chuck Close's Inventive Artistic Style
Chuck Close Chuck Close is a famous visual artist known for his ability to overcome challenges as well as his inventive artistic style. He is mainly
recognized for his large scale, photo realistic portrait paintings. Close has been very successful with other methods such as printmaking, watercolor,
finger painting, paper collage and pastels. He has degrees from extremely respected colleges despite his lack of educational interest in earlier life.
Over the year Close has experienced tragic, life changing, health issues but has persevered and learned to overcome those challenges to continue to
pursue his passion for the arts. Chuck Close was born in July 5, 1940. As a child Close had trouble paying attention due to his dyslexia, leading

My Experience In Poetry
A few years ago, I found myself at a local coffee shop for a poetry slam. It was around the same time that I was trying to come to terms with life
without my grandmother. She had been in the hospital for quite a long time, and I was surprised I found even a moment to show up to the poetry
slam between my regular visits to the hospital, school, and other commitments. Nevertheless, I still found myself before the coffee shop entrance.
The aroma and warmth from the inside were compelling, but I still hesitated. I had on a sweater and a jacket, but they were not quite enough. I
shivered as I nervously entered to shop, my poem clinched in the numbness of my hand. I had prepared a poem as a final goodbye to my
grandmother, but I felt like I needed it to be recited for practice before I read it to her. Part of me still hoped that I would not have to read it to her
at all. I found the nearest empty seat and waited anxiously for my turn to read my poem. When my name was called my heart falls to the floor, the
paper in my hand quivered loudly, and the room was quiet enough to hear it. I paced toward the stage and introduced myself and the title of the
poem once I got there. Then I began to read. At first I spoke with your basic monotonic "I'm frightened" style of presentation, but I choke up. I have
to pause for a second because there's no way I could continue without crying out every word on the page. I began to almost scream the words: "Ask
someone how they feel about death,

Michelle Alexander 's View Of The Book
Michelle Alexander 's view of the book was and still is efficient in respect to our general public today and our broader society. Michelle Alexander
thoughts was positioned around a framework and was set up from the earliest point beginning with denying citizenship, The racial Caste framework is
still to a great extent unaltered with just the dialect to legitimize its presence a movement in belief system, society and foundations. The essential
vehicle for the majority of this is the war on medications, which isn 't a reaction to a huge medication issue in the chestnut and dark groups, rather a
man–made good frenzy to lift a little issue. The station framework locks individuals up in the slammer actually and for all intents and purposes. The
rate of detainment is the biggest imprisonment rate on the planet. I think it expanded by like 800% in 2 decades. 700 for every 100,000 by the turn of
21st century. These truths are imperative about medication use Drug use was higher among whites than whatever other race be that as it may; CIA
admitted to fundamentally planting break in poor and dark groups to just about make the war on medications. These variables undermines the old Jim
Crow System dark examples of overcoming adversity undermined the rationale of Jim Crow, be that as it may they really fortify the arrangement of
mass imprisonment. Mass detainment depends for its authenticity on the across the board conviction that every one of the individuals who seem caught
at the base

Cause And Effect Of Plant Disease
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
________________________________________
1.1INTRODUCTION
Every gardener and farmer plants with hopes for wonderful flowers, fruits or vegetables, but due to disease causing organism plants get sick and dies
hence their hopes also dies. The study of plant disease is very important as they cause loss to the crops, which affects the cultivation and produce. The
disease causing factors are biotic (living), abiotic (non–living) or the combination of two. But this survey paper focuses on living agents i.e., biotic
factors.
There are many living creatures which damages the vegetation and they are fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and parasitic flowers. Some of the plant
disease brought about very serious influences of the society. A fungal sickness phytopthora overdue blight that purpose the iris potato famine, which
made 2 million people both starved or left their land. The devastation of French wine enterprise by way of the fungal disorder powdery mold and
downy mold till the prevention Bordeaux mixture found to govern the disorder the fungal disorder chestnut blight could be very dangerous and remains
as a hassle in the United States. It infects and kills the elm trees.
In the United States, fungal disease was accidentally introduced into New York City in the late 1800s on imported Chinese chestnut. Chinese trees were
resistant to fire blight, but American chestnut trees were not. In less than 40 years, 30

The Marrow Tradition By Charles Waddell Chestnut
Lovena Frazil
African American Literature
Professor Anderson
October 7th , 2014
The Marrow Tradition
The Marrow Tradition written by Charles Waddell Chestnut is novel that portrays the struggles that African– Americans face against white supremacist
in the south. It introduces many different characters and how each deals with these issues. It also exposes the different ideas white people has against
freed African Americans. There are several different instances they show their unchanging ideas that they are the superiorrace and they should be the
ones to rule. The marrow Tradition explores the many different aspects that prevent the south from moving beyond slavery and racism into an era of
equality and shared progress. On the other hand, it also depicts the many different opinions on how African Americans should resist white oppression
and win equals rights. Chestnut expresses these opinions by introducing two major characters; Josh Green and Dr. Miller as a way to expose the
different perspectives of the African American people against white supremacist.
Dr. Miller is an educated black man, who is part of the professional working class of the African people. He represents the voice of caution, reasons,
and believing in taking the higher ground will help make a difference. He greatly believed in changing the fate of his race, but only through uplifting
them by means of his hospital and institution. He is also practices and is the face of restraint against lynch mobs

Mountain Pine Beetle Research Paper
The mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a native insect of North America that induces pine tree mortality from bark boring
infestation. On average, the MPB lives for one year with four stages of development (egg, larva, pupa and adult). The MPB remains burrowed
within a host pine tree throughout all four stages of its life except in the late fall when the mature beetles leave a brood tree in search of a new
reproduction site. When a MPB finds an optimal tree for infestation, pheromones are released which attract a swarm of adult beetles. After
successfully burrowing into the Pine bark, egg galleries are created for the 75 eggs each female will lay, and these eggs develop into larvae that
feed on the host tree's phloem. The MPB can inflict extensive damage to a pine forest when optimum factors of growth are met. The first of three
main factors is, an overabundance of mature trees. The MPB will only bore into large diameter trees which are more prevalent since fire suppression
has become a primary practice for forest management. Eliminating fires also provides a large quantity of host sites. Tree density is detrimental to
forest health because interspecies competition for resources induces stress which makes more pines vulnerable to MPB attack. The final factor that has
made the MPB such a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to lake sediment samples, the MPB has inhabited this region for over 12,000 years, but in the last 15 years there has been a recent
expanse of MPB infestation. Since 1999, the MPB has integrated into subalpine ecosystems of the Rockies where it has devastated Whitebark pine
trees. High elevation forests are not the only new territory the MPB is attacking, in 2012 there was evidence of MPB infestation at the 60th parallel
north in the Northwest Territories of Canada for the first

Summary Of Fanny Trollope's 'The Domestic Manners Of The...
Fanny Trollope, an English novelist and writer, travelled to America in the early 19th century for a glimpse of life outside of England. In her work,
"The Domestic Manners of the Americans", Trollope captured her experience in countless opinionated, highly critical observations that judged
Americans based on their behaviors and practices. Many aspects of American life captured Trollope's attention, but these aspects were not seen in a
positive light. It was obvious through her story that Trollope did not care for the American life; however, there seemed to be much more to
Trollope's opinions besides petty distastes. Trollope found the American lifestyle repulsive because it seemed to revolve around pride in their
impolite and offensive behavior, creating an environment of arrogance and superiority over outsiders like herself. In the beginning of her stay in
America, Trollope was enjoying a cup of tea in her hotel when she was abruptly confronted by the hotel's landlord. He knocked on her door and
demanded that Trollope leave, saying "I cannot accommodate you on these terms; we have no family tea–drinkings here, and you must live either with
me or my wife, or not at all in my house" (Trollope 34). When Trollope tried to explain that she was a foreigner and unaware of American customs, the
landlord added "Our manners are very good manners, and we don't wish any changes from England" (Trollope 34). The landlord's actions were
uncalled for in Trollope's opinion; his authority and pride seemed almost comical. He was so adamant about control over the room, yet the room
itself was certainly not anything noteworthy. The room was described by Trollope as being subpar, as "it had no carpet, and was darkened by blinds
of paper" (Trollope 33). The landlord took great pride in American "manners" and seemed to think that any English practices were inferior. Ironically,
in other parts of her work, Trollope reported her experience in America to be one filled with awful–mannered people. She was disgusted with their
poor manners, like "the incessant, remorseless spitting of Americans" (Trollope 11). All of these factors combined led to her feeling totally unwelcome,
stating that "[the landlord], in truth, strongly resembled

How Does Hemingway Use Weather In A Farewell To Arms
"It is my mood which decides the weather, it is in my mood which brings the tiny changes to mankind." (Kalwar). A Farewell to Arms is about a
young American in Italy, serving as an ambulance driver in World War 1 . In the novel, there are many different symbols and ideas for a particular
idea, virtue, or character. A very interesting version of this, however would be the weather. Hemingway depicts weather realistically inA Farewell to
Arms, however he also uses it for symbolic purposes as well, to exploit many of the character's traits as well as the novel's plot in some instances.
Hemingway uses the weather as a shifter in the mood,to help weigh the importance of the setting and the reasoning of a particular part of the story.
To this day ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Hemingway writes in a way showing that snow and winter is a good thing. In chapter two of the novel, it is in fact snow that ends the
fighting in the first chapter, referring to that snow stands for safety. This is also seen in chapter three of the novel,when the main character speaks
with the priest about his hometown of Abruzzi. In the middle of the World War 1 the globe is in chaos. Henry wants to escape the scene of the war
and find a place that is safe, and the snow–blanketed town of Abruzzi presented that chance."I had gone to no place where the roads were frozen and
hard as iron, where it was clear cold and dry and the snow was dry and powdery and hare–tracks in the snow and the peasants took off their hats and
called you lord and there was good hunting." (Hemingway 11–12) The fact that the people of Abruzzi would have called on Henry as 'lord' suggests
that Hemingway could be comparing Abruzzi to

Cause And Effects Of Invasive Species
Invasive species are organisms that are not native to an ecosystem and cause harm to it. These organisms are capable of bringing about a great deal
of damage to the ecosystems they are foreign to. This can range from disrupting the growth of the environment it has taken over to completely
decimating other species. The introduction of invasive species to new environments often involves humans. The way that invasive species are
introduced to a new environment varies greatly. Invasive species may be introduced by something as simple as humans accidentally tracking species
into a new environment from the bottom of their shoes, or something bigger like destroying an ecosystem to clear the land, forcing the species that
lived there to flee to a new ecosystem that can be disrupted by the presence of a new species.
In most cases, it is difficult to relocate an invasive species, so there must be a different method to prevent the species from damaging their new
ecosystems. By the time the damage is done, it is often too late to reverse the damage and stop the spread of the invasive species. However, there may
be a way to cease the harm caused by invasive species using genetic modification.
One example of an invasive species is Xenopus laevis, or the African clawed frog. These frogs carry a fungus called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
Chytrid fungus infects amphibians with chytridiomycosis by attacking the part of a frog's skin that contains keratin. Frogs use their skin to

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