Advantages Of Privatisation In Malaysia

Advantages Of Privatisation In Malaysia
The privatisation initiative in Malaysia was introduced at the correct juncture in the country's
development. It is undeniable that the basis for privatisation was in keeping with current economic
thinking. The rationale for privatisation is based on the premise that governments should restrict
themselves to governing and not venture into running businesses. There are several reasons for this
argument, including the undesirability of a large bureaucracy, the inefficiencies of centralised
planning and the crowding–out of private investment. The implementation of privatisation could be
undertaken in such a manner as to undermine the benefits that would otherwise accrue. The proper
conduct of privatisation requires that efficiency and transparency should be considered in the
implementation process. Otherwise, the outcomes might not be efficient and there will be an
extremely welfare loss. The implementation of privatisation requires that proper institutions be ...
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The PAP was reviewed annually with a view to identify measures to expedite the implementation of
the programme and to determine the entities to be privatised in the following two years. The PAP
was guided by a study undertaken by private consultants who were commissioned by the
government to review the advisability of privatising government–owned entities (GOEs). The
government at that time, did institute a plan for privatisation. The PMP did define its objectives
clearly; it also identified the activities that were to be privatised. The PMP did rank the priority by
which projects were to be privatised, indicating those that were of national importance. PAP was
instead, concerned with the different categories of activities to be privatised and the methods for
restructuring non–profitable companies. This document also outlined the stages in the
implementation of
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Building A Project For Public Welfare
INTRODUCTION
Public private partnership refers to an association between a Government agency and a private–
sector organization that intend to complete a project for public welfare. This relationship is basically
used to finance, build and purpose projects like public transportation systems, conference centers
and parks. Aiming for a project to be accomplished on priority or may be sooner can be allowed in
the association with public private partnerships.
Typically, the PPP can be referred neither a privatization not a partial privatization. Privatization has
usually been defined as a course of shifting the ownership, functioning or management of a service
or action wholly or partly, from the government to the private sector.
The key difference between the PPP and privatization is that the responsibility for delivery and
backing a particular activity lies with the private sector in privatization. The PPP, on the other hand,
involves full retention of responsibility by the government for rendering services. Under
privatization, all the risks inherent in the business rest with the private sector while, under the PPP,
risks and rewards are shared between the government and the private sector.
The Indian case
In the Indian circumstance, the term PPP is adopted for developing public assets in various forms as
explained in schemes and modalities. According to Ministry of Finance Government of India, "the
PPP project means a project based on a contract or concession agreement,

Pros And Consequences Of Privatization
What drives the movement for privatization? In the past few decades, countries around the world
have taken action to privatize their services. It is believed that privatization creates markets that
allow companies to compete, and contribute to the economy. The idea is to cede ownership of public
services to the private sector; where competition will drive innovation, and reduce costs for the
government and the taxpayer alike. That being said, in some cases privatization does not create a
real market where competition occurs, or is even feasible. Privatizing these services can deteriorate
quality and increase costs for those who require their use. This way, it is possible to limit a service to
those who can afford them. While privatization can, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As shown in "Prisons, Privatization, Patronage" by Paul Krugman, privatization can have negative
consequences. These privatized prisons are understaffed and poorly run. There are have been
convicts escaping prison and minor offenders suffering in the hands of other prisoners (Krugman).
These prisons also show very little reduction in costs, as opposed to state funded prisons and the
little savings come from understaffing and underpaying their employees (Krugman). In this case,
privatization was used for the benefit of private companies who are making a profit, as well as the
government who does not have to invest money in prisons. However, this is done at the expense of
those receiving the service.
Moreover, privatization can limit a service to a certain group of people. As argued by Gary Haugen
in "The Privatization of Justice", private services can be limited to the wealthy. In many developing
countries police enforcement is sometimes limited. In some areas, people looking to protect
themselves and their property hire their own protection (Haugen). This is great for companies who
now have access to this new market, allowing them to make money and create jobs. However, many
people cannot afford private protection, making justice available only for the

Political Functions Of Public Administration
One of the political functions of public administration is implementing the public interest. Public
interest is generally presumed to be commonly accepted good. In ideal world, clear eyes and rational
minds are common enough to produce what is commonly good. You are behind a veil and don't
know what group of society you belong to; you would make the best unbiased decision for common.
But in real world, where individuals have political leanings and self–interests, it is really difficult to
find a common accepted good. If we live in democracy where the legislative body is determined by
votes of citizens that form the society, we should assume that the legislative body will produce
public interest disinterestedly by considering constituencies' preferences. But we know it is nearly
impossible. Therefore, it is one the most controversial areas of public administration. Public interest
can be observed in two different phases: Decision–making process and implementation. How it will
be created and how it is implemented? In my opinion, here is the most important criteria is the time
and technology. Time changes perceptions of citizens and administrators. Technology increases the
individuals' access to information and makes it possible analyze the data faster. Today, citizens can
reach the information at the decision–making and implementation process easily. This fact changes
the attitudes toward public interest faster than the leaders or administrators would change their
attitudes on

Essay about Case Study About Pws
What challenges?
In order to figure out what challenges struggle Denny Brown; it is necessary to review his personal
experiences briefly. First of all, Brown is the chief information officer of the company Pinnacle West
(PWC), and its largest subsidiary is Arizona Public Service (APS). This company operated
businesses about providing energy utility to public; APS also partly owned and operated the Palo
Verde Nuclear Power Generating Station. According to the case, Palo Verde used to be the largest
power facility in the United States and played a significant role in power supplication for southwest
United States.
This case happened during the economy recession recently. Overall, the point views from the
company were claimed from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Otherwise, it is also possible to promote the process orientation among managers. Because of
managers' occupational power, grassroots employees can be guided by units' managers directly.
Promoting a grassroots strategy among business people is a mission that the company has to input
amount of cash flow and time to train employees. But the goal of popularizing process orientation is
to driven bottom–up and to be implemented, PWC did working on the grassroots strategy very well.
For example, PWC's process orientation for IT department showed that they built a framework in
APS. Security, budget management and service performance are three aspects of the foundation
which help to achieve high availability and high service levels. The motto "Technology drives
business. Business is a moving target" drove this strategy. Then, professional development and key
projects from core area in IT strategy framework help to achieving business process transformation.
At last, business transformation of innovation area always focused on creating process change
abilities, methodologies and equipment. All of three areas in IT process orientations represent that
this grassroots strategy was able to build a stable framework to develop and solve IT struggles as
clear as possible and business process transformation can also be handled comprehensively and

Iam Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and...
IAM Level 2
Certificate in Principles of
Business and Administration
Qualification handbook
2011 editionPublished by the IAM
© IAM 2011
Registered charity number 254807
Published 2011
All rights reserved.
This publication may not be reprinted or reproduced, or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Design by AyDesignWorks ©2011 IAM IAM Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and
Administration Qualification handbook 3
1 Introduction to the IAM Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and ... Show more content on
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Candidates must complete all three mandatory units, worth
11 credits and, in addition to this, achieve a minimum of two credits from the choice of optional
units. Barred combinations
Candidates can only complete either 204 Principles of supporting change in a business environment
or 307 Principles of contributing to innovation and change but not both.
Candidates may only complete one of the Principles of working in the public sector units. (Units
207 and 308)Introduction to the IAM Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and
Administration
©2011 IAM IAM Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and Administration Qualification
handbook 7
Qualification assessment
All of the units within the IAM Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and Administration will
be assessed through individual on–line multiple–choice question papers.
The number of questions and the length of the exam is dependent on the credit value (size) of the
particular unit.
Mandatory units
Unit no. Unit title

Privatization Of Public Assets For New Public...
On March 26th, Finance Minister, Mathias Cormann announced that the Government–owned health
insurance company, Medibank Private, would be sold on initial public offering. This announcement
made Commonwealth treasurer, Joe Hockey, confident toward selling billions of dollars of public
assets. In return, the Abbott Government will help unlock funding for new public infrastructure
projects through reinvestment of the sale proceeding from existing Government–owned assets. The
Commonwealth will provide states and territories incentive payments of 15 per cent of the sale price
of privatised assets, with the returns to be reinvested into new priority infrastructure projects. This
Privatization decision is actually a trick from the Government, ... Show more content on
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In consonance with opposition, the Government would lose Medibank's annual dividend payment of
about $500,000 and sale will increase the budget scarcity. Stephen Jones, ALP opposition assistant
spokesperson on health and convener of the save Medibank alliance, criticize the Government
decision of privatization, receiving unexpected support from Former Liberal Prime Minister
Malcolm Fraser, through a written letter in which Fraser clearly opposes the proposed sale of
Medibank Private in 2006. With this arguments, the article encourages the opposition of the sale of
Medibank, and that instead Medibank should be kept in public hands until future "people's
Government" can implement any new system of reforms and extensions for Medicare, Or else, the
entire Australian healthcare system, Medicare, will be infected with Privatization, Outsourcing,
charges and fees. On February 15, the rally was conducted at Sydney town, demanding to save
Medicare. Ian McCauley, writing in New Matilda, says, two third of our $60 billion revenue gap is
due to healthcare spending, but the decision of privatization must be fought or else the hospitals will
soon be too expensive. If Medibank Private is sold to big corporate,

Public Service Vs Traditional Public Services Essay
Governments every were are seeking new ways of reinventing their personnel systems to meet rising
challenges in the way public service is delivered ,this need has given birth to a set of contemporary
systems and these new systems are impacting the traditional civil service system and the way public
services are delivered. The aim of these changes is to; Reduce the role of government and the
number of public employees by using alternative organizations or mechanisms for providing public
services and to increase the flexibility of employment relationships for the public employee that
remain . Although these alternatives are not new, they are however becoming common and these
new alternatives are taking over the traditional public system of the ... Show more content on
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The increased use of temporary, part–time and seasonal workers and the increased hiring of exempt
employee through employment contracts. Employers are reducing cost and enhance flexibility by
meeting the minimal staffing requirements through permanent employees and hiring temporary,
seasonal and part–time workers to meet peak workload( these positions are usually low paid, no
benefit and are fired at will employees), which requires minimal skills, and when skills are required
such jobs are contracted out to avoid save money . Exempt positions means funds must be available
before such positions are filled, they are not classified within the civil service system, the terms and
conditions of these positions are specified through a contract listing pay and benefits and limiting
the terms of employment, they can be fired at will in the event of a change in management or
disagreement, this also means contract can be renewed or denied. This managerial flexibility allows
for agencies to reduce their overhead expenses without having to deal with civil service regulations
and collective bargaining and union issues.
2. Change in role of HR administration– In the civil service system the role of the HR administrator
is technical, record keeping and processing personnel issues but the alternative personnel system
have brought about a change in the job description of an administrator in that he is now involved in
brokering of deals and mediating of conflicts among competing personnel systems.

Privatization: Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority...
Privatization: Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority (MBTA) and the California State
Compensation Insurance Fund
According to Robert B. Denhardt, Public Administration an Action Orientation, privatization "is the
use of non governmental agencies to provide goods or services previously provided by
government." (P.95). Privatization comes in various degrees, from the outright selling or transfer of
government ownership of assets (for example public utilities), to, as is more common in the United
States – the contracting of goods or services to private firms.
Contracting is not something new in government. For example the Defense Department procures
new weapons systems from the private sector all the time and the Pentagon oversees ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two common areas of privatization, transportation and garbage collection. In Boston for
example, the Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority undertook a huge effort to privatize public
transportation. The result was a "private company and a coalition of unions each tentatively chosen
to run their own network of MBTA buses, at costs considerably below what the authority now pays
according to a Boston Globe article (Metro, Monday Feb. 3, 1997). How they arrived at this strange
equation is unknown but the stated goal was to cut costs though competition. "Such arrangements
reflect the belief that competition brings out the best among contenders–and that by inserting
government units into a competitive environment, service recipients stand to gain much while
risking little." (Ammons, D. and Hill D. pg. 12).
Opponents of privatization argue that "any cost savings are attributable to reductions in service
quality or to worker exploitation, especially through lower wages and fewer benefits." (Ibid. 14).
They argue further that "the free market has little sensitivity to the issue of equity...and if unfettered
may be expected to exclude nonpaying customers–even if the "public good" would be served by
universal access." (Ibid. 14). In a study on trash collection, while the contractual refuse collections
was found to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Commercialisation In Nigeria
In Nigeria, the issue of mismanagement and underutilization which led to huge wastage of resources
and manpower potentials gave the government of the day no other option but to pursue quickly the
privatization and commercialization program. They are about six hundred (600) public enterprises in
Nigeria, ran by or controlled by the federal government, many are controlled by the state
government. These companies take a sizable portion of the federal budget and account for over 5000
patronage. Transfers into these enterprises ran into billions on Naira. These transfers were in form of
subsidized foreign exchange import duty waves, tax exemptions and/or write off of unrequited
revenues, loans and guarantees and grants/subventions. These companies ... Show more content on
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In this definition, service delivery is not just viewed as an activity but also an occupation performed
by some individuals who are paid. The service provided are quiet welfare meant to be consumed by
human beings for their well–being. Mishan (1981) contributes that service delivery of that which is
invisible and for which a consumer, firm or government is willing to exchange something of value.
This opinion regards service as indivisible item, which cannot be touched, distributed by a
recognized body (example government). The service can be exchanged for something of value,
which is commonly money. He goes further to state that a public good is a good or service to which
the exclusion principle is not applicable and which is provided by government if it yields substantial
benefits to society. The government solely to leave outstanding impacts on the society provides the
public service or goods. This goes to mean that the evidence of public service delivery should be
seen in the public who are to be served. According to Ogunna (1999), who sees public enterprises as
enterprises set up by government to perform definite social and economic functions for the public .
Public service is a

Human Services Themes
Throughout the article there were many key themes discussed by the authors. The article is about
restructuring human services in Canada which can be a complex topic due to various opinions and
attitudes toward the services provided. The article studies the services provided to individuals with
development disabilities only, to me this would be a theme (Pedlar & Hutchison, 200). In my
opinion it would have been useful for the authors to explain why they chose to study only those with
developmental disabilities. Is it because they use the most services, were they simply interested in
developmental disabilities or was there another specific reason they chose this group? The second
theme that was discussed is how services are affected by funding. ... Show more content on
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It was the first time I had heard about this so I wanted to dig a little deeper to try and fully
understand what this meant for human services. The authors explain that a micro board is a group of
individuals, typically friends and family of the disabled that come together to support their loved
one in all aspects of their life (Pedlar & Hutchison, 2000). With that being said, looking at the
different types of theoretical frameworks, I was able to conclude that a micro board can be
considered a functional model. In my opinion this is the model that works best for this types of
service because it allows the individual to participate in everyday life, their choices will be
considered when making decision and they are not being removed from their current environment
(SWLF 3736, Unit 1, A Theoretical Spectrum of Disability Perspectives). The authors concluded
that the micro boards were a positive way to deliver services to those with disabilities. The providers
as well as the user were able to build a better relationship which help in delivery of services because
it was molded to the individual's specific needs (Pedlar & Hutchison, 2000). To me this seemed
slightly bias because they did not give specific insight on where they got this information. They had
quotes from individuals that use micro boards for their children or themselves but did not tell
readers where it was from. In my opinion, it would have been helpful to

The Role And Role Of Public Administration
Public administrators play a huge role in the government and are the bridge connecting the
government and the public. They are the public's voice and ensure that we as people, have our basic
needs met. This does not go without issues and dilemmas, which are faced almost daily. Multiple
areas of a public administrator's job need to be taken into account such as public interest, the
dilemmas of privatizing government functions, ethical obligations and administrative responsibility.
On the other end of the spectrum, some believe that the needs of the people cannot be accuratley
guaged because our world is ever changing, which would make the job of a public administrator
impossible. When public administrators are chosen for their job, it is believed that they are the best
for the job and that they will hold the public's interest at heart. Public interest is that which is the
best for the majority. While not all decisions will make everyone happy because, that is impossible;
public administrators ensure that the people's best interest is being heard. This group of people make
sure that regulations and services are passed that will help the people. While these might not be the
most relevant and up to date issues, public administrators are placed to make sure the basics such as
social security and where our tax money goes is in favor of the needs of the people. Public
administrators don't get a lot of credit because the things that they ensure are things that we take for
granted

Reflection on How Master of Science in Public...
My thoughts of public service prior to the MSPA program?
My thoughts about public service before I entered the Master of Science in Public Administration
(MSPA) program at California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), were most likely different
from those of someone who received an undergraduate degree in Public Administration. My
undergraduate degree was in Criminal Justice, and my thoughts of public service were conceived
from my personal interactions I had with public service agencies and media portrayals. My thoughts
on public service were that there was a massive hole in "customer" satisfaction, economic efficiency,
and effectiveness causing a lack of confidence in the system.
One major factor was my personal interactions with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Private companies have had huge campaigns over the past few years to stay relevant with their
consumers by engaging in social media and free apps, and transact on their smart–phones. Within e–
Government, there are four stages that can be met which are: Presence, Interactions, Transaction,
and Transformation (Garson, 2006).
A second contributing factor to my thoughts about public service was the Medias portrayal of
servants in public service. As early as I could remember there has always been scandals surrounding
public service and its servants. Most recently the corruption scandal in the City of Bell, where the
City Manager Robert Rizzo and five City Council members were charged in stealing more than $5
million from the City (Rogers, 2013). Similar cases like these have caused a huge loss in constituent
trust in their government. These types of scandals can cause decades of unrecoverable relationships
between the administrations and the constituents.
Recently, a third report was about the Los Angeles City Council member Jose Huizar. A story about
Mr. Huizar surfaced in the media where he was being sued by his former Deputy Chief of Staff.
Although, these were only allegations, and he had not been convicted of any wrong doing the fact is
that these allegations were definitely going to cause some headaches and possibly his re–election as
he was getting ready to campaign for his third four–year term as a council member (Zahniser, 2013).
With so

Information, Email And Online Commercial Without Leaving Room
Introduction
Information and communication technology has largely changed people's life in the modern world.
For example, studying abroad was too difficult to achieve in the past because of the long time taken
information delivery and transportation. However, now these problems can easily solved by online
information, email and online commercial without leaving room. ICT makes progressive for the
efficient for the public services providing through cutting the services providing cost, enhancing the
efficiency of the government and e–participation for citizens to take part in the election in a more
transparent way. E–government is defined by Kettani and Moulin (2014) as 'a process of reform in
the way governments work, share information and deliver services to external and internal clients'.
The UN identified e–government as 'utilizing the internet and the world wide web for delivering
government information and services to citizens' (UN, 2003). The first wave of office automation
between 1960s and 1970s allowed massive reductions by cutting clerical jobs, the second wave of
automation changes in the 1980s and 1990s reflecting the introduction of more complicated IT–
based procedures (Dunleavy, 2006:18). This essay will explore ways how ICT promote public
services in developed and developing countries and list suggestions to use IT systems efficiently.
In the first session, the essay will indicate that ICT promoted the efficiency with the development of
technology providing

Public Service Philosophy Essay : Public Services
Public Service Philosophy Essay
"Public service" is a very vague idea for me. To me, there isn't a definite definition that can
distinguish what is public service or not. From our reading, it was pointed out that what public
service used to mean, and what it now means has changed immeasurably. From Jobs That Matter,
Heather Krasna defines public service as significantly contributing "to solving problems in society
or the world." I think the idea of "significantly contributing" to society can be demoralizing to even
the most altruistic of citizens. If I had to pinpoint what public service is, I believe public service is
volunteering one's time and energy for the greater good of the society as a whole. It's the selfless
pursuit of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public service works can be found in both the public and private sector. Some obvious examples of
public service works would be a public school teacher, servicemen and women, and social workers.
These jobs tend to contribute to the public good. Intuitively, works that wouldn't be considered
public service would be jobs that principally intent to serve for the profit of private individuals and
conglomerates. With that said, I would consider private bankers and entrepreneurs as non–public
service work. I think there are apparent principle or a set of criteria by which we can distinguish
between public service work and non–public service work. The things to look out for are the
objective of the job and who it benefits.
On a different note, proponents of Capitalism would argue that non–public service work like an
entrepreneur would indirectly lead to public good. Their business endeavors can lead to many job
creation, and their products can benefit the public. This idea of an "invisible hand", coined by Adam
Smith, believes that an individual pursuing their own interest can ultimately benefit the public good
more than if the individual was pursuing the interest of the public. The same proponents would
argue that their work has contributed more to society than governmental, "public service" work.
Honestly,

The Ins and Outs of Public Administration
Leadership and Management POSDCORB: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating,
reporting and budgeting. These tools are necessary to perform the ongoing duties of a public
administration. POSDCORB emphasizes professionalism, executive control functions, and
organizational theory to governmental organizations for the sake of efficient management practices
(Chalekian, 2013).
Planning Planning involves the preparation for an organization to operate at desirable levels to
achieve desirable outcomes. Decision making is involved to resolve various issues that may confront
public administrators (Chalekian, 2013).
Organizing Organizing describes compiling the activities an agency or organization may offer and
create a reporting structure for the administration. Strategies for success are set in place to create a
hierarchy within an agency.
Staffing Staffing refers to the training of personnel to operate the agency's activities. Skill sets along
with the measurement of an individual's progress in certain tasks. The development of human
resources comes into play to acquire personnel for training, hiring and firing.
Directing This management function involves leadership and the motivation of individuals to
perform to the organization's expectations. Interpersonal skills are needed by the management to
lead the staff on a positive direction.
Coordinating Coordinating Entails the many functions of a company and "channeling" them into
one

Spanish National Health System Case Study
As a part of the so–called Welfare State, the Spanish National Health System (SNS, in the Spanish
acronym) was not reached until the end of the Franco dictatorship, emerging with a significant delay
compared to other European countries. At the full swing of the Spanish transition, with the Spanish
Workers' Socialist Party (PSOE) in government, Spain approved the General Health Act 1986
(GHA) inspired in Beveridge's models: universal access, free at the point of delivery and tax–
financed health system. However, the belated SNS came 40 years after the creation of the English
National Health System (NHS) –one of the most important between Beveridge's models– and in a
social and political context outlined by 1970s recession and the consequent ... Show more content on
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Developing the Catalan Health System (CHS), the regional government raised the choice between
expanding the own network transferred from the state (ICS) or strengthening external entities that
offered already services in Catalonia. The Health Map adopted in 1984 clearly opted for the second
option including under the public health network the transferred publicly entities with the organisms
belonging to municipalities or local commissions together with private non–profit bodies (Pastor,
2008). This structure configured a system where ICS managed 90% of primary care, but only 30%
of the specialized care, which was mainly operated by local public entities or private hands (Serna,
2009).
At the wave of the NPM, Western Countries policies and standards reinforced the new configuration
of CHS (Gallego, 2000), which on the other hand obtained an important social consensus in the
Catalan territory (Sabaté i Casellas, 2015). All health systems in the high–income world, being
Bismarckian, Beveridge, or even private models (such as the United States) were (and still are)
mutually influenced (Fletcher, 2014), applying NPM methods in health and other social welfare
different ways (Hood, 1996). Indeed, the UK NHS is a good example, experiencing at that time the
increase of consumerism, the establishment of services' standardization and competitive tendering
for ancillary services, inspired by the speeches

Prioritizing Mental Health : Service Provision Within...
Prioritizing Mental Health: Service Provision in Arizona's Public Schools The transition from
childhood to adolescents introduces several challenges to youths' socio–emotional, relational, and
mental health. Ranging from poor self–esteem, to friendship and family friction, to depression and
anxiety, all of these challenges constitute a significant need for psychosocial and emotional support.
Failure to provide such support has been associated with physical and behavioral co–morbidities
that affect health and wellbeing across the life course. The purpose of this paper is to expose the
current public health crisis surrounding the lack of mental health services available to students in
Arizona's public schools. After providing a general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background Mental health, like physical health, is not merely the absence of disease or mental
disorder. Rather, mental health encompasses emotional, psychological and social well–being,
ensuring that individuals are capable of: navigating life's complexities, developing fulfilling
relationships, adapting to change, using healthy coping mechanisms, and achieving their potential
(CDC, 2013; Osius & Rosenthal, 2009). Mental Health in Children and Adolescents The provision
of mental health support for children and adolescents is imperative for their healthy psychosocial,
emotional, and physical development. Approximately 5–9% of all school–aged children and 10–
20% of all adolescents have mental health problems (Kotch, 2013; American Academy of Pediatrics,
2015). Prevalence of disease does not vary significantly across race or ethnicity, however an
association does exist between poor mental health and low–income communities (Oisus &
Rosenthal, 2009). The transition from childhood to adolescence marks a stage in development
wherein one might expect to see higher rates of mental health issues, especially in the forms of
anxiety and depression (Hill & Lynch, 1983; Osius & Rosenthal, 2009). During this period, youth
are gaining autonomy and trying to determine who they are and how they fit into their social
realities; while their bodies and brains simultaneously undergo extensive development and their
social

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mock Group Essay
Mock Group Discussion: Should Indian Railways be privatized?
This document outlines the script for a mock group discussion. This mock group is planned to have
5 participants – Priyanka, Nitin, Lalit, Sonia and Meenu. The group will be moderated by Rajkumar.
Rajkumar: Good morning everyone. I, Rajkumar, am the moderator for this session titled – "Should
Indian Railways be privatized? You all will be judged based upon your involvement in the
discussion and expression of thoughts. Please refrain yourself from commenting dark and loose to
other members.
With this, I welcome you all and all the best to all members. Let's start with introduction from all
you members present here!
Priyanka: Good morning Rajkumar and hello everyone! My name is Priyanka and I am a freelance
writer with a knack to research. With this discussion, I aspire to ... Show more content on
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Am a graduate and am working with a private firm. I enjoy analyzing numbers and drawing
inferences from the available stats.
Lalit: Good everyone. My–self Lalit – am an experienced professional working as Manager in a
private firm. I am a people's person and I have an eye to details which has always brought me
laurels.
Sonia: Hello all. I am Sonia and am a home–maker. Today, I am the face of every single family
which travels through Indian Railways. I hope to have an enjoyable ride with you all today!
Meenu. Hey folks! I am Meenu – a student studying in Delhi University. I will be representing the
today's youth. (–– removed HTML ––) >.
Priyanka: Though, the Railway Minister Mr. Mahesh Prabhu has been constantly ruling out the
prospects of Indian Railways privatization; in my opinion, this is one such possibility which needs
to be dig deeper and analyzed further for practically understanding the possible avenues for its
growth.
Lalit: Priyanka, I think more than about the growth of the railway sector its more about the
redevelopment of the existing infrastructure of Indian

Differences Between Public and Private Sectors Essay
The Differences between
Public Sector and Private Sector
[pic]
by
Robyn Z. Abdusamad
Dr. Deborah LeBlanc
PAD 620 – Research Paper
August 23, 2010
The Differences between
Public Sector and Private Sector
SUMMARY
When we examine public sector versus private sector, plenty of differences come to mind. In
defining each, we learn a private sector in an economy consist of all businesses and firms owned by
ordinary members of the general public. It also consists of all the private households in which
people live. The public sector in an economy is owned and controlled by a government. It consist of
government businesses and firms and goods and services provided by the government such as the
national health service, state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, government organizations that are funded through market sales or user charges
often have concomitantly greater autonomy from governmental controls."
Majority of public sectors are managed under a bigger chain of command and control, while private
sectors mostly operate in a corporate setting. As for the differences with their policy decisions, the
activities in the public sector have a goal of adhering to what is indicated by law, while the private
sector is driven by the rules of shareholders and corporate owners. Schmidt (2008) states, "The
research agenda of companies is more focused and targeted and therefore perceived as easier to
handle for managers. Also, the decision–making process is different. Managers of private enterprises
can faster and easier change orientation, focus and targets. This implies, according to some
managers, that the instrumentation used in the private sector is different from the one used within
public research." [pic][pic]Finally, the beneficiary of the services provided by the public sector, is

the general public. These goods and services are sometimes provided free and in other cases
consumers have to pay a price. The goal

The Decision For And Against Privatization Of Public...
INTRODUCTION
As most consumers assume, typical product pricing relies on the basic rules of supply and demand.
But you may sometimes pay more or less for a product because the company that produces it has
implemented different, highly strategic pricing tactics. One of these tactics is called product–cost
cross–subsidization. Through cross–subsidization, the government is able to harmonize the
divergent socio–economic groups in society in providing their basic needs. This paper seeks to
explore the consequences of cross–subsidization. The argument for and against privatization of
public enterprises is brought to the fore as the paper examines the effect of equity and efficiency on
national social security systems.
CROSS–SUBSIDIZATION
This is a situation where the profits from one activity are used in paying for another activity that is
losing money or bring less revenue. Product–cost cross–subsidization is the strategy of pricing a
product above its market value to subsidize the loss of pricing a different product below its market
value (Price, 2015). In order to cross–subsidize your products, you'll need to have a good idea of
how the product should be priced prior to cross–subsidization. While there is a plethora of pricing
strategies that businesses employ, your pricing will depend on the goals of your business and the
market. Because your profits will need to cover all of your expenses, your pricing will need to
reflect your product cost, operating expenses, rent, site

Funding Infertility Treatment: The Impact of New Public...
Introduction Almost all humans have a biological urge to have a child. However this biological urge
is not always easily fulfilled for some humans because they suffer from infertility. Currently one in
six Canadian couples is categorized as being infertility (Government of Canada, 2013). The World
Health Organization defines infertility as a "disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure
to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
(World Health Organization, 2014). The inability to have a child naturally is a devastating medical
diagnosis and many infertility couples will only have a biological child with medical intervention.
The most effective medical treatment for infertility is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). IVF is the process
of collecting a women's eggs, and fertilization them with sperm then replanting the eggs into the
women's uterus (Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, 2011). IVF is an expensive
medical treatment that many infertilitie Canadians will need to use to fulfill their urge to a child.
Even though one in six Canadian couples is define as infertilities the majority of Canada's provincial
governments do not fund infertility treatment through their health plans. Section one will examine
New Public Management style of public administration. This section will look at why New Public
Management developed. Who was the first government to use NPM. The benefits and cons of NPM.

Public Services Privatization Essay
Youness Elhamidi
PADM – 610
Public Management
Research Paper (Week 8)
Privatization of Public Services
Dr. Timothy Bagwell
Department of Public Administration
American Public University
Author Note
Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Youness Elhamidi, Department of
Public Administration, American Public University System, 111 W. Congress Street, Charles Town,
WV 25414. E–mail: yelhamidi@apus.edu.
Abstract
There two main means of providing and producing public services in the United States at the
different levels of government. The first mode is knows as in–house production by direct
government workforce and contracting out to the private sector, which we refer to as privatization.
Privatization in the United States mainly implies contracting out of public services to the public
sector. Examples are local governments like the city or the county contracting out services like street
cleaning, garbage pick up and a disposal, education, healthcare, etc.
During the last three decades, privatization has become increasingly popular in our government.
This noticeable growth of privatization of public services has generated lots of discussions and
debates among many scholars and left many of asking the questions.
In this paper, I will define privatization and explore different published articles that discuss
contracting out to the

My Passion For Service And Community
I was raised up believing in the importance of service and community as I saw my family members
and neighbors selflessly help and be in community with people in need. It is therefore no surprise
that I discovered my passion for service and volunteerism while still young. In my hometown
Nairobi, Kenya, I did community service through various ways, including my involvement in the
charity walk for Street Children and Orphans in Kenya in 2003 and the 2007 Brookside Freedom
from Hunger Campaign. I participated in the charity walk for these causes and helped raise money
to support street children, orphans, ending hunger, and was recognized as one of the top three people
to raise the most funds. In high school, I volunteered at the St. Nicholas Children's home in Kenya,
where I served, played, and was in solidarity with the children. In 2013, I earned the President's
Bronze Standard award given to me by Honorable Mwai Kibaki, the third president of Kenya for
being a young person equipped with positive life skills and a change maker in my community,
country, and globally.
Understanding where I have come from and how blessed I have been to have an opportunity to
attend college is what drives me to excel academically. It is also what makes me feel I must give
back.
While at Xavier, I continued my passion for service by gaining leadership positions in various
organizations, including the Students Government Association; African Students' Association; Black
Students' Association, and

Analysis : ' The Sociopolitical Theory Of Neoliberalism '...
Valerie Mangulabnan
Prof Marcellini AH 362
6 December 2016
Claire Fontaine is Neoliberalism Society is entranced with the consumer driven values that have
steamed from a post–industrial era. This consumerist society fuels many multibillion dollar
companies as well as keeps a certain few in power. Neoliberalism is a political theory that is
considered to be right–winged and often associated with laissez–faire government policies. Many
theorist, economist, and social activist criticizes the neoliberal ideology. Claire Fontaine is collective
artist founded in Paris 2004. She considers herself a readymade artist working in neon, sculpture,
painting and text. Her work confronts and criticizes the communistic**I think maybe you meant
consumerist?** society and issues of neoliberalism in her work. Claire Fontaine embodies
Neoliberalism within herself as an extension of her criticism. **Good thesis** The sociopolitical
theory of neoliberalism began as the combination of traditional laissez–faire markets with some
state or government involvement to prevent another economic collapse like the Great Depression. In
a neoliberal society the state would have a minimal roll which redefined how the state was seen and
works. When these ideas started to get implemented in the 70s, there was a privatization of
previously state–owned industries, contracting out former state doings and the formation of
collective goods. Neoliberal societies shift from centralized government to a privatized

Essay The Role And Functions Of New Zealand Government
The New Zealand Government has made significant changes to the economy throughout the last 15
years. The operation and organisation of business activity in New Zealand has been affected by this
changing economy. All aspects of the New Zealand Government have been altered. The reason for
this change was to improve the performance by being more efficient. The key reforms are
privatisation and corporatisation of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and restructuring government
agencies.
The most significant change was the election of the Labour Party in 1984, which ended the Muldoon
Administration. At this time, New Zealand was in a rut because of poor economic management by
the previous Government. Unemployment was high in 1983 and still ... Show more content on
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Some restructuring and reforms affected these sectors.
The New Zealand Government owned many enterprises such as State Insurance, Air New Zealand,
New Zealand Rail, The Bank of New Zealand, and Telecom. In 1987 most of these assets were sold.
By doing this it meant the Government could pay off large accumulated debts and allow these
companies to become more efficient. After the sale of these SOEs that the New Zealand
Government has become more efficient too, they can focus on their primary task by providing
essential services. Some of these services include public hospitals, education, benefits, and
emergency relief.
From the reforms came a radical change in New Zealand trade. In 1984 the Government devalued
the New Zealand Dollar by 20%, then in 1985 introduced a floating exchange rate. Along with that,
the removal of agricultural subsidies and import tariffs. It allowed New Zealand to be a fairer
country to trade with. As a direct result, the trade competitive index jumped from 0.72 on 1985 to
0.98 in 1987. Foreign investment increased as the New Zealand Dollar strengthened against the
'green back' and the pound. Consequently, importing and exporting firms benefited from the change
in policies.
The services that the New Zealand Government provides have ongoing restructuring (which means
altering an already established department) in the State Sector. The State Sector Act 1988, "which
departmental Chief Executive is fully

The role of a public administrator in the United States Essay
The role of a public administrator in the United States today is as varied as it is essential.
Government spending will approach nearly four trillion dollars in two thousand eleven, which
means that qualified public servants must be in place to oversee the efficient implementation of
government policies. (Andrews, 2011) "Public administrator" is a term which encompasses a wide
range of possible job titles; public administrator's range from parole officers to policy analysts, and
each works day to day to help promote the welfare of society through government spending. These
civil servants do not have an easy job; in almost any public administration job there are a plethora of
ethical quandaries which will have to be confronted, analyzed, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to this, Border Patrol agents often have to arrest and deport people who they are quite
sympathetic towards. Until the Mexican government straightens out the country, the situation is
destined to repeat itself many times over with no easy answers. Another public administrator who
faces conflicting ethical obligations on a daily basis is those who run the education systems. These
school administrators are confronted with many issues, none more serious than the budget. With
state governments across the nation facing deficits and decreased tax revenue, inevitably school
programs will see their budgets cut. A school administrator is often forced to choose which
programs will see the chopping block. They have to decide just how valuable extracurricular
activities are, and which ones deserve to continue to receive the limited funding available. An
administrator might have to choose between hiring a new teacher to improve the teacher to student
ratio, or cutting the soccer teams budget for that year. Each choice has its benefits as well as
drawbacks, and a school administrator must fully consider the merits of any decision. With the
economy still struggling, it is clear that qualified school administrators will have to make difficult
choices many times in upcoming years. The struggling economy does not merely

The Impact of Emerging Technology on the Public Sector Essay
The Impact of Emerging Technology on the Public Sector
The impact of information technology has been tremendous within the public sector. Over the years,
the growth and development of technology has caused the public sector to change. One of the most
significant changes in technology has been the evolution of the information systems and how their
development has reshaped the way the world uses technology. "It has been just over fifty years since
the worlds first programmable computer became operational. It cost millions of dollars to build and
processed an unprecedented 5,000 instructions per second. By 1971, Intel was able to pack 25 times
that power into a single, two hundred–dollar chip. Today's personal computers process ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E–mail
Electronic mail is utilized by various local, state and federal entities. E–mail provides a high level of
convenience and accuracy in communication. "Over 40 million workers correspond via e–mail and
that number is increasing 20% per year".[ii] Electronic mail (e–mail) is a form of correspondence
that has become a popular form of communication in the public sector. Given its ease of use and
convenience, e–mail is becoming the correspondence of choice through local, state and federal
governments. E–mail is used to coordinate various levels of government, communicate information
rapidly and disseminate information to a wide variety of persons in the quickest manner possible. E–
mail also delivers cost benefits when compared to the cost of postal services.
Computerization
In today's public sector environment virtually all federal, state and local government use computers.
Computerization has streamlined repetitive processes, promoting a more cost effective and efficient
use of information technology. " Studies suggest that managers look to information technology to
streamline work processes, enable easier access and retrieval of information, provide better products
and services, save money by avoiding workforce expansion, speed up transactions and provide
better data security."[iii]
Electronic Services
In previous years, accessing

Advantages And Cons Of Outsourcing
2.1 Outsourcing
Kamensky and Morales (2006, 45) define outsourcing as a management strategy that contracts out
organizational activities to vendors or suppliers who specialize in these activities in order to perform
them more efficiently and effectively. Outsourcing is defined as the practice of turning over entire
business functions to an outside vendor that can supposedly can perform the specialized tasks better
and less expensively than the organization choosing to outsource. Outsourcing differs from
privatization in that outsourcing, the work load is shifted from in–house government providers to the
private sector, but no transfer or sale of assets has occurred. Outsourcing needs the government to
remain fully responsible for the provision of all services and management decisions. Other
transactions include direct vendor delivery, hiring long term trained staff, etc.
2.2 Public private partnerships
Haarhoff (2008,14) states that private public partnerships "PPP" can be defined as a concept
involving the public and private sectors working in co–operation and partnership to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The alternative service providers vary from public–private partnerships to usage of municipal
agencies and other parties outside the public sphere (Peters, 225). These services or goods will then
benefit the public or the human resource of the public sphere. Auriacombe and van der Waldt (2014:
70) state that this method assists the government to achieve all desired goals of reengineering,
restructuring, right sizing, renewal and ensures the government to deliver its specialized services in
an effective, efficient and economical manner. The government now focuses on the things it does
best whiles delegating other functions to other sectors to distribute other services and tasks.

Canada 's Health Care System
Maintaining the health of the nation is one of the priorities of societies throughout the world.
Canada 's health care system is an essential value for Canadians because it provides them equal
rights when getting access to government–funded medical care. However, the system is a subject to
severe criticism. A variety of factors, such as technological development, an aging population, and
economic climate are a heavy burden on the health care budget. This, in turn, leads to limitation of
certain types of medical care and its availability, for instance, the lengthening of waiting time for
some kinds examinations and treatments. On the other hand, there is a category of the population
that is willing to pay for these services, but the present legislation does not allow for the opening of
private clinics. Another matter is that privatization will cause inequalities in the health system. Thus,
it is vital to explore the effectiveness of partial health care privatization as the solution for some
existing problems throughout the prism of Canadian values, possible health outcomes, and
improving of the health care quality.
Since 1984, the Canadian health care system is based on five principles of the Canada Health Act:
universality, accessibility, portability, comprehensiveness, and public administration (as cited in
Madore & Tiedemann, 2005). This federal document introduces a frame how the public health care
has to be delivered across the country. The delivery of the health care

Combating Rampant Corruption Of Italy
The Law
In November 2012, the Italian Chamber of Deputies passed Anti–Corruption Law 190 for the
purpose of combatting rampant corruption in Italy. The law established the Commissione Nazionale
per la Valutazione, la Trasparenza e l'Integrità delle Amministrazioni Pubbliche as the anti–
corruption authority in Italy. The law and authority go hand in hand.
Purpose
This national anticorruption authority (CIVIT) was tasked with implementing and overseeing
standards on public officials to prevent corruption. The authority was also constructed to ensure that
public officials would comply with all initiatives and guidelines set by the authority. It was also to
determine the causes of public sector corruption and the necessary steps to fix consistent problems.
It also needed to cooperate with international anti–corruption bodies and report to parliament on the
effectiveness of its initiatives. It is held accountable for progress made in the fight in Italy's public
sector corruption.
Implementation
All public administrations are required to create an anti–corruption plan and adopt a code of conduct
for employees to prevent corruption. A compliance officer is then placed to ensure that all guidelines
are followed and that the created plan was implemented. The officer also makes sure the plan
complied with the authority. If the plan was not respected by employees, it would lead to sanctions
and further disciplinary actions.
New Penalties Under 190
Bribery became an offence

Effectiveness of Public Service Announcements
Running Head: Effectiveness of Public Service Announcements
Submitted by
Your Name Goes Here
University Name
September, 2011
Contents
Introduction 2
Literature review 2
Research Question 3
Research Methodology 3
Conclusion 3
Works Cited 3
Introduction
Celebrity endorsements are one of the most famous methods of marketing used today. Celebrity
endorsers are being used in about 25% of all the advertisements that we can see on the television.
Marketers are investing large sums of money to have a contract with the celebrities as they believe
that celebrities can affect the chances of success of a product. (Erica Weintraub Austina*, 2008)
Kiakati ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Petty and Cacioppo (1981) have developed the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion which
explains the peripheral route to persuasion and the central route. In the peripheral route, persuasive
influences are more tangential to the issues at hand. For egg– in a PSA targeted against smoking in
youth, the peripheral route will show the teenagers having a better sex life after quitting smoking.
(William G. Shadel, January 2009) Central processing occurs when the person at hand is aware
about the main message of the PSA and is motivated to consider its content. We will analyze the use
of celebrities for both these routes of persuasion and try to find out the effectiveness in each case.
A PSA is usually not presented to the audience at the time of action. A PSA is supposed to make the

audience think and act on the message later. Thus human memory plays a very important role in the
success of a PSA. (Shen, Monahan, Rhodes, & Roskos–Ewoldsen, 2009) If the audience is attracted
by a PSA, likes it but is not able to recollect it later the whole exercise ends in futility. Many
researchers have found that for the message to be effective, retained and used highly credible
sources of delivering the message have to be used and these sources of delivery should be able to
create a personal connect with the audience. (Joseph B. Walther1, 2010)In this context if we are
using a public celebrity; he has his own personality and a public image. We will try to

Three Currents Affairs Affecting Public Services
CURRENTS AFFAIRS
|Course Tutor – Ali Calthorpe |Year – 2012/2013 |
|Unit – Unit 3 Citizenship and Diversity |Tutor – Ali Calthorpe |
|Assignment Title – The media, current affairs and support within the public services |
|Handout date – w/c 20/05/2013 |Submission date – w/c 03/06/2013 |
|Outcomes Covered |
|Outcome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You must illustrate that you can |
|report on current affairs and their impact upon your police service in a balanced approach. You will
be required to attend an |
|assessment centre and complete various tasks in order to successfully be appointed in the role. |
| |
|Task One: (P7) (P8) |
|Your first task is to write a special news article where you must report on three examples of current
affairs that affect |
|public services and citizens (P7). In the final part of your article you should present information on
how the media reports |
|current affairs involving public services (P8).You should include in your article how the media have
reported these different |
|current affairs and the public services' response.Consider if the media coverage differs in different
newspapers or television|
|channels. For example, if some reports are favourable to the services and others not. |

The Importance Of Public Administration
To become a public administrator, you must have the ability to work with different people from
different background, different age groups, and various economy classes. A Public administrator
cannot be biased towards one group of people and turn around and be favorable towards the other.
As an administrator, you have to be transparent to everybody that you encounter, even people that
you will be working with, and people that you are working for. According to the publication,
"Ethical Dilemmas in the Public Service," by the Commonwealth Association for Public
Administration and Management, describes that the ethical issue that government officials face in
any organization is nepotism and bias. The reason why this event occurs is that some of the
individuals in the public administrative positions are not transparent in the workplace and are also
influenced by personal gain.
According to the ethical dilemma on one of the cases that I found on NYTimes, they denied jobs to
people around the age of 50 and older who applied to because of their age. According to the article,
"You're How Old? We'll be in Touch," the organization's reason behind this is because the applicant
was too old. It is unethical to deny jobs because most of these people who have the passion for
working in jobs that they are applying to because they qualify. In this case, the organization wants
people who are younger and faster. The article illustrates that "51–year–old Uber driver taking me to
Los Angeles

Ict And The New Public Management Principles Long Term Action
With the coming of information era, people has changed their lifestyle by using Internet and
communication technology. ICT has made the process of providing health services, transport
system, dealing with governance issue and delivering information in an efficiency way. First and
foremost, since the1980s, the liberalization and privatization of transport services has been fiercely
discussed in many European countries and concluded with new combinations of public–private
arrangements(Weber et al., 2014).this contribution of diminish role in public sector is from the New
Public Management principles long term action. Since more than twenty years we can observe a
shift in the European that a stronger part now private sector provided in ... Show more content on
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Secondly, in the health services, information used commonly online with register, making an
appointment and searching for the general symptom. Using national health services in UK, much
more easier to get access with the doctor and no need to queue in a long line. According to Datta
(2011), Four in five Internet users search the Web for health information. With the convenience of IT
brings, patients can known how the pain caused and which medicine can choose. However, Datta
(2011) also claims that health information online is also faced with to varying levels, incomplete,
incorrect, oversimplified, and misleading.
Last but the most important part is that ICT brings efficiency to governance and may also led to an
IT revolution in not only public services but also government. Automation makes massive work
done by computers which released human beings from simple work. IT system is critical for
contemporary government organizations. According to Dunleavy (2006,p.10), there are four main
causes:
'The importance of initially paper–based and later electronic information systems in constituting
modern bureaucracies as a socio–technical system;
The impact of IT on the organizational structure of 'machine bureaucracies' especially;
The pervasive importance of IT for the contemporary tasks of government;
Why most policy changes and public management reforms now focus in their timing and scope on
shifts in IT and information

Public Services Research Paper
Mengyi ZHOU
POSC497
Professor Christopher Reese
Spring 2017
Assignment #7
As a public service system, there is much more interactions going on between the organization and
the public. It is more complicated than sell–and–buy relationship in the market of private
companies. A public organization is more associated with obligation when delivering service and
goods. Not saying that the private organizations has no responsibility to the customers, however, in
addition to everything between sellers and buyer, it is also our liability to provide what the citizens
demand for since they've offered their trust and tax dollars.
In Chapter 7 of the PA Companion, the author mainly talks about the feasible method to understand
public opinion and dissatisfaction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the government, PERT is especially useful when the tasks are executed by multiple agencies or
independent divisions with specialized expertise while it usually points out the most effective way to
coordinate. Since time is the key issue of PERT, it relies on the subjective estimates of the managers
and the accuracy of timekeeping. The process of PERT has to clarify time commitments, outputs,
and interrelationships among participants for the comprehensive evaluation. Yet, a PERT network is
a graphic representation of simple process but it has limited capability to explain detailed
information. Hence, a flowchart, developed from PERT network is adopted to represent a process
with sequencing of steps and relative information and data. A complete flowchart may serve as a
tool for developing process with higher efficiency, and for improving coordination and
communication leading to better

The Pros And Cons Of Public Services
Under the NPM umbrella, public sector has also been experiencing a shift to greater competition.
The need to remove monopoly of service delivery and create contestability, through privatization,
public tendering, and term contracts, justifies the adoption of competition principle (Dunleavy 1994;
Hood 1991). Insisting to do bureaucratic provision on public services instead of contracting them
out, knowing that private sector can deliver them better, it is believed would only force governments
to lose comparative advantages on price, efficiency, and effectiveness (Dunleavy 1994. p.49). This
way, governments are able to fulfil their responsibility in providing services and the financing, while
simultaneously stimulate greater competition among providers under market dynamics. However, it
is hard to instigate public service ethos in private parties. Therefore, the capacity of private entities
to act consistently with the public interest is greatly questioned in this scenario. Are concerns such
as public health and safety, environment sustainability, and social equity likely to be sacrificed
underneath market mechanisms? When power is shared with organizations which have business
objectives apart from government's goals, the fundamental issue is how to detect which missions
they are carrying out. Many public services being delivered by third parties are targeted for
vulnerable sections of the community which can pose a higher risk of potential abuse, neglect,
exploitation, and

Anti Corruption Watchdog Transparency International Ranks...
Corruption is a treacherous plague that has a wide range of volatile effects on societies; it
undermines democracy and the rule of law, which leads to violations of human rights, distortion of
markets, and it erodes the quality of life allowing for organized crime, terrorism, and other threats to
human security. Corruption is universal, as it is found in all countries, yet it does the most damage to
the developing world. Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately by diverting funds intended for
development, undermining a government's ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and
injustice and discouraging foreign aid and investment. Corruption is rampant in India, as it has taken
a prevalent role of Indian politics and bureaucracy. Corruption in India has been one of the most
interesting and discussed problems in modern political history. Anti–corruption watchdog
Transparency International ranks the national perception of corruption in India to be 85th in the
world out of 175 positions, indicating that India's governance is corrupt and isn't accountable to its
citizens. There is a plethora of factors encouraging corruption and not every factor can be discussed,
or else the narrative would run into volumes. Only a few factors can be identified to highlight the
impact of corruption (Shekhawat, 2005). It may seem that the presence of widespread corruption
throughout the India conjures notions that the country is inherently dysfunctional, but for politicians,

Pros And Cons Of The NHS
In our society, the controversial issue about the privatisation of the NHS is been debated a lot
recently. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have the NHS prvatised?. Recently I
have been researching about what our society thinks about this, there are advantages but also
disadvantages. Ultimately, my goal is to demonstrate the fact that the NHS shouldn't be privatised.
There may be points that will automatically make you think "yes we should privatise it" but, I
cannot accept the overall conclusion of it being privatised.
Firstly, you should know about the outstanding history about NHS, since the launch in 1948, the
NHS has developed to become the world's largest publicly funded healthcare system it's also one of
the most economic and most trusted services.The NHS was born to serve the people. A good
healthcare system like this should be available to everyone, regardless of wealth, a principle that
remains at the heart of the NHS.
When Health Secretary Anewin Bevan opened Park Hospital in Manchester it was a turning point of
an extreme ambition to provide great healthcare to all. For the first time hospitals, doctors, nurses,
pharmacists, opticians and dentists were to provide us all with these services for free at the point of
delivery.
To have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is also a downside, I consider if it was privatised the equal healthcare which is been
received currently wouldn't be received by all, it would be received by people who can afford the
treatment, there will be no equality and everything the NHS currently stands for would be lost.There
will also be a much bigger chance of the doctors getting sued because the operation could go

Advantages Of Privatisation In Malaysia

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