Health management

1. BY:- DR. LALIT SHARMA
ASSOT. PROFESSOR
IGIPESS, B BLOCK
VIKASPURI
E-MAIL-
lalit.sharma@igipess.du.ac.in

2. The role of behavior in
health has been receiving
increased attention because
health related behavior
influence the likelihood of
developing chronic and
fatal diseases.

3.  Activity that people perform to
improve health.
 People’s health status influences
the type of exercises they perform
and their motivation to do it.(Karl
& Cobb, 1966)

4.  Various factors at any given point may
differentially affect different people.
 People’s life circumstances change as a result
of some experiences.
 People also change.

5. (A) Personal Factors
◦ People find healthy behavior less appealing.
◦ Habitual or addictive behavior is difficult to
modify.
◦ Need sufficient self efficacy to change.
◦ need to have knowledge & skill.

6. (B) Interpersonal Factors
It involves one individual giving moral support
to other individual to change it’s lifestyle.
(C) Factors in Community
Good behavior is promoted and encouraged
by:
 government agencies.
 health care systems.

7.  Heredity.
 Operant conditioning- change due to
consequences.
3 type of consequences are important:
◦ When we do something that brings a pleasant
consequence, tendency to repeat that thing
increases.

8. ◦If the consequences that
maintain a behavior are
eliminated, the response
tendency weakens.
◦When we do something and it
brings an unwanted
consequence, it’s a punishment.

9.  Friends & Family.
 Stress- person’s emotional state.
 Personality of the individual.

10.  Food components: carbohydrates, fructose,
starch, sugar, etc.
 Lipids provide saturated and unsaturated fat.
 Proteins are main source of energy.
 Vitamins. Like A, D, E, & K.

11.  Newborns can learn to like food they might
otherwise avoid.
 Some foods are more available than others at
home, school, offices, etc. depending upon
the conditions.

12.  More the fast food restaurant
in an area, more they eat.
 People observe persons in TV
commercials and they imitate
what they eat and drink.

13.  Diet and Atherosclerosis
 Risk depends on 5 factors:
Age.
smoking.
Blood Pressure.
Cholesterol level.
Heredity

14.  Diet & Hypertension
◦B.P exceeding 140/90 is
classified as hypertension.
Reduce sodium
Reduce caffeine.

15.  People put on weight at certain
times like during pregnancy or
during holidays.
 Physical activity and metabolism
decline with age.

16.  Negative emotion affect weight gain.
 Period of chronic stress and depression may
lead to overeating and obesity.
 Lifestyle factors. Eg- regular drinking.

17.  Encourage physical activities.
 Don’t eat unhealthy foods from unhealthy places.
 Decrease cholesterol consumption.
 Eat fruits, nuts daily.
 Make sure children eat a healthy meal.
 Check BMI regularly.

18.  Nutrition & exercise counseling.
 Self monitoring.
 Stimulus control techniques.
 Altering the act of eating.
 Behavioral contracting.

19.  Cognitive methods have also been used in
weight loss programme.
◦ Motivational interviewing.
◦ Problem solving training.

20.  It is an eating disorder, involving a drastic
reduction in food intake and unhealthy loss
of weight.
 People having this disorder have 15% less
than normal BMI.
 They have a distorted idea of their body
shape.

21.  It involves recurrent phases of binge eating,
followed by vomiting.
 People suffering from this use laxatives, and
other means to prevent their increasing body
weight by increasing exercises.

22.  Physiotherapy is more effective for bulimia
than anorexia as it includes cognitive
methods such as:
◦ Self monitoring.
◦ Re-enforcement.
◦ Cognitive reconstructing.

23.  Increases body’s production of endorphins.
 Enhances physical fitness for a life span.
 Prevents cardiovascular problems.
 Lowers blood pressure without hypertension.
 Improves HDL and lowers LDL.

24.  Regular exercises lowers stress and increases
self esteem.
 Participation leads to enhanced self concepts
of individual.

25.  Shortage of time.
 No convenient place.
 Environmental problems.
 Social influence by friends and family.

26.  PREASSESMENT.
 EXERCISE SELECTION.
 EXERCISE CONDITION.
 GOALS.
 CONSEQUENCES.
 SOCIAL INFLUENCE/SUPPORT.
 RECORD KEEPING.

27.  It is a method in practice of yoga that was
promoted by maharishi “Mahesh Yogi”.
 It has a broader purpose- mind awareness
and insight.

28. ◦FUNCTIONS OF
MEDITATION
 Monks can alter their metabolism and brain activity through
meditation.
 Blood pressure decreases while meditating.
 Stress is managed effectively.
 Enhances immune system

29.  ADDICTION: Condition caused by repeated consumption of a
natural or synthetic substance in which the person becomes
physically and psychologically dependent on substance.
 PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE: Exists when the body has adjusted to
a substance and cant function without it. This stage has 2
characteristics:

30.  Tolerance: Is the process by which body increasingly
adapts to a substance and requires larger and larger doses
overtime.
 Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical and psychological
symptoms people experience when they discontinue or
reduce the addictive substance.

31. Psychological dependence: State in which individuals feel
compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces.
It is diagnosed when one of the following happens:
◦ Failing to fulfill important obligations.
◦ Putting oneself or others at repeated risk of injury.
◦ Having substance related legal difficulties or being arrested
earlier for this.

32.  Reinforcement: Process whereby a consequence
strengthen the contingent behavior. It may be positive or
negative.
 Avoiding Withdrawal: People who have used a
substance long enough have problems to refrain from it.

33.  Substance Related Cues: When people use a
substance, they associate with that activity. The specific
internal and external stimulus that activate are called cues.
 Expectancies: People develop expectancies or ideas or
outcomes of behavior from their own experiences or watching
others use. The may be positive or negative.

34.  Psychosocial factors are the primary forces
that lead adolescents to start smoking.
 social environment is influential in shaping
their attitudes, beliefs, and intentions.
 Modeling and peer pressure are important
causes that lead to smoking.

35.  Low self esteem.
 Concern about body weight.
 Smoking parents.
 Perceptions that parents encourage smoking.
 Rebellious teens with low school motivation.
 Advertisements.

36.  Peer pressure.
 Positive attitude towards smoking.
 Belief that smoking wouldn’t harm their health.
 Believing they’d be able to quit after starting.

37.  People’s attitude towards alcohol and its use
are tied to their own characteristics and
backgrounds such as:
 Age.
 Gender.
 Social Experiences.

38.  Binge drinking: Consuming 5 or more drinks on a single
occasion at least for once in a 30 day period.
 Problem drinkers: Drinking heavily on regular basis and
suffer social and occupational impairments from it.

39.  Public Policy and Legal Approach.
 Health promotion and education.
 Family involvement.
 Stopping smoking and alcohol on one’s own.
 Psychosocial methods:
◦ Meditation
◦ Progressive muscle relaxation.
◦ Cognitive reconstructing.

40.  Alcoholics Anonymous(AA) is widely known self help
group founded in 1930 by people with drinking problems.
Basic views are:
◦ People who once use alcohol remain alcoholic even if they
don’t drink again.
◦ Approach is aimed at helping members to resist even one
drink. Complete Abstinence.

41.  Self Monitoring.
 Stimulus Control.
 Competing Response.
 Scheduled Reduction.
 Behavioral Contracting.

42. THANK YOU.