Betty Neuman’s system model provides a comprehensive flexible holistic and system based perspective for nursing. It focuses attention on the response of the client system to actual or potential environment stressors. And the use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention intervention.

1. PRESENTEDBY: SunainaSharma

2.  Betty Neuman’s system model provides a
comprehensive flexible holistic and system
based perspective for nursing.
 It focuses attention on the response of the
client system to actual or potential
environment stressors.
 And the use of primary, secondary and
tertiary nursing prevention intervention.

3. Born in 1924

4.  She completed BS in nursing in 1957
 MS in mental health, public health
consultation, from UCLA in 1966.
 She holds a Ph.D. in clinical
psychology.

5. HOLISTIC CLIENT
APPROACH:
Here the clients are
viewed as whole
whose parts are in
dynamic interaction.

6. BASIC STRUCTURE/ CENTRAL CORE:.
 The basic structure or central core is made
up of basic survival factors that are
common to the species.
 These factors include: normal temperature
range, genetic structure,response pattern,
organ strength or weakness, ego structure.

7. OPEN SYSTEM: A system in which there is
continuous flow of input, output and
feedback. It is a system of organised
complexity where all elements are in
interaction. E.g. stress and reaction to stress.

8. INPUT AND OUTPUT: The matter, energy and
information exchanged between man and
environment, which is entering or leaving the
system at any point in time.
FEEDBACK: The process within which the matter,
energy and information as a system output
provides feedback for corrective action to
change, enhance or stabilise the system

9. FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENCE: A
protective, accordion like
mechanism that surrounds and
protects the normal line of defence
from invasion by stressors.
NORMAL LINE OF DEFENCE: It
represents what the client has
become over time, or the usual
state of wellness. It is considered
dynamic because it can expand or
contract over time.

10. Line of resistance: The series of concentric
circles that surrounds the basic structure.

11. DEGREE OF REACTION: The degree of
reaction is the amount of system
instability resulting from stressor
invasion of the normal line of defence.
 ENTROPY: A process of energy
depletion and disorganisation moving
the system toward illness or possible
death.

12. NEGENTROPY: A process of energy conservation
that increase organisation and complexity,
moving the system toward stability or a higher
degree of wellness.
Prevention as intervention:- Interventions
modes for nursing action and determinants for
entry of both client and nurse in to health care
system.

13. RECONSTITUTION: The return and maintenance of
system stability, following treatment for stressor
reaction, which may result in a higher or lower level
of wellness
STABILITY:
 A state of balance or harmony
 client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain
or maintain an optimal level of health.

14. PREVENTION:
According to Neumann’s
model, prevention is the
primary nursing
intervention. Prevention
focuses on keeping
stressors and the stress
response from having a
detrimental effect on the
body.

15. LEVELS OF
PREVENTION
 Primary prevention
 Secondary prevention
 Tertiary prevention

16. STRESSORS:
These are the environmental
factors, intrapersonal (emotion,
feeling), interpersonal (role
expectation), and extrapersonal
personal (job or finance pressure)
in nature, that have potential for
disrupting system stability.

17. WELLNESS/ILLNESS:-
 Wellness is the condition in
which all system parts and
subparts are in harmony with
the whole system of the
client.
 Illness is a state of
insufficiency with disrupting
needs unsatisfied.

18. FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS ARE:
MAJOR
CONCEPTS
PERSON
ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH
NURSING

19. 1.PERSON:
The focus of the
Neumann model is
based on the philosophy
that each human being
is a total person as a
client system and the
person is a layered
multidimensional being.

20.  Each layer consists of five person variable or
subsystems:
DEVELOPMENTAL
SPIRITUAL
SOCIO-
CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL

21. 2. ENVIRONMENT:
The environment is
seen to be the totality
of the internal and
external forces which
surround a person
and with which they
interact at any given
time.

22. INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
CREATED
ENVIRONMENT

23. 3.HEALTH:
 Neuman sees health as
being equated with
wellness. She defines
health/wellness as “the
condition in which all parts
and subparts (variables) are
in harmony with the whole
of the client (Neumann,
1995)”.

24. 4. NURSING:
 Neuman sees nursing as
a unique profession that
is concerned with all of
the variables which
influence the response a
person might have to a
stressor.
 .

25.  Neuman defines nursing as “action which
assist individuals, families and groups to
maintain a maximum level of wellness, and
the primary aim is stability of the
patient/client system, through nursing
interventions to reduce stressors.’’
 The role of the nurse is seen in terms of
degree of reaction to stressors, and the use
of primary, secondary and tertiary
interventions.

27. 1.Reed S Karen, “Betty Neuman (The neuman
system model), Notes on nursing Theories”,
SAGE publishers, Pp: 1-29.
2. Basvanthappa BT, “Nursing Theories”2nd edn,
Jaypee publishers, Pp: 225-241.
3.Sultan Bushra.Application of betty neuman
theory in case of strokr paitent.Annuals of
nursing and practice.2018;5(1):1092..

28. 4.http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/neuma
n.html