Reference

1. CLONING
 Clone isa group of geneticallyidentical cells
 Clone isalsoan organismwhichisgeneticallyan
exactreplicaof anotherorganism.
 Cloningistoduplicate acell or an organism,
usuallyasexually,whichisgeneticallyanexact
replicaof the othercell or organism
How Babies are Made?
1. Spermfertilizesovum.
2. Thistakesplace in fallopiantube.
3. Fertilizedovumisasingle cell. Itdividesafew
times.
4. The cell-clustertravelsdowntube,intouterus.
5. The cell-clusterattachestothe uteruswall.
6. Nine monthslater,ababyis born.
But . . .
 The processof fertilizationandcell-divisionis
verydelicate,andthingscango wrong.
 About40% of the time, the cell-cluster never
implantsin the uterine wall.
 It iswashedoutwiththe monthlymenstrual
flow,andthe womanneverknowsthatshe
almostgot pregnant.
But . . .
1 in12 couplesisinfertile,andtodaythisistreatedasa
medical problem.
Treatmentsinclude:
• scheduledsex
• fertilitydrugs
• IVF
Ethical Objections:
• It’sunnatural--we are “tamperingwithsacred
things.”
• the problemof the discardedembryos
• the slipperyslope
Leadingopponentsof IVF
Pope JohnPaul II
LeonKass PresidentBush’sEthicsAdviser
The Three Most Important FactsAbout HumanCloning
1. A clone wouldbe ababy just like anyother
baby.
2. There isno importantdifference betweena
clone andan identical twin.
3. You cannot duplicate yourself.
Wouldcloningserve anygood purpose?
• A couple hasa child,call himBobby.
• Bobbyis killed.
• Theywant to have anotherchild,
• but the man issterile.
• Bobby’stissue samplesstill exist.
• Theycan use SCT techniquestohave a child
withBobby’sDNA.
• Wouldthisbe wrong?
What is animal cloning?
A clone isa geneticcopyof anotherlivingorganism.The geneticmaterialof aclonedoffspringisdrawnfroma single
source,ratherthan beinga combinationof spermandegggenes.Insexual reproduction,half of the geneticmaterial of
an individualcomesfromafemale andhalf froma male.

2. Advantages of Animal Cloning
There will be anendlesssupplyof animalstoclone,andwe will neverrunoutof foodfromanimals,because we have
beenable toclone basedonpreviousefforts,the mostfamousof these wasthe firstevercloningof ananimal,Dollythe
lambwhichwas a successful cloningwhere Dollywasahealthylamb.
The animal inwhichwe intendtoclone will resultperfectlythe same asthe animal whichhasbeenclonedineveryway,
identical inall sensesof the word.The eyes,the nose,the ears,the face,everything!Dollywasaperfectexample of this
throughhowshe came out exactlythe same.Butthissheepisnotthe onlyanimal whichcloningcanworkeffectivelyon,
there are many animalswhichhave alsobeensuccessfullyclonedsuchashorsesandbulls,just notas famousas Dolly.
Throughanimal cloning,we cango intofurtherresearchintohow complicatedandintricate ourworldthatGod created
reallyis,andcoulddiscoverinformationthatwe’ve neverseenbefore.
One of the greatestbreakthroughsof all time,cloninghasbeendiscovered,somethingwhichcouldbe revolutionaryif
we use it to our advantage throughcontinuingonwithourresearchandstudiesintoit,withdiscoveriesthatcould
change our livesforever.
Disadvantages of Animal Cloning
Althoughthe clonedanimal will be identical.Itwill onlypossessabouthalf the lifespanof the normal animal whichhas
beencloned.Anexample isfromthe famous‘Dolly’ previousmentionedwhichonlylivedfor6years,whereasnormal
sheepcanlive upto about10 yearsof age, soa greatdecrease inage.
Reasonsforcloningaren’texactlyforkeepingresources,suchasfoodforthe future,butinfact we are basicallytaking
embryosfromthe animal forresearchand bydoingthisleavingthe animal useless.Thisissimilartohumansbeing
cloned,where there humanembryosare takenawayfromthemfor researchbecause theybelieve thatitisn’treallya
person.However,if itisalive andhaseverytraitthat a humanshas,thenhow can itbe calleduselesstous?
Evenif we can clone animalsandmake themperfectlythe same,isthiswhatGodwould’ve wanted?Forusto have the
powerto clone livingorganismssuchasanimals,andone day evenhumanbeings?
Many believe cloningisquite inhumane,especiallythatof religiousandsome governmental partieswhichdon’twantto
move forwardwiththisresearch.Theythinklife isjusttooprecioustotake away,evenif itisa clone inwhichwe are
testing.
CLONED ANIMALS
In 1996, Scottishresearchersshockedthe worldwiththe newsthattheyhadclonedasheep,whichtheydubbed Dolly.
Due to progressive lungdisease andarthritisuncommonforasheepof herage,Dollywaseuthanizedatage 6. (Her
taxidermiedremainsare displayedatThe National Museumof Scotland,shownhere.)Dolly’sbirthanddeathsparkeda
debate aboutthe ethicsof animal cloningthatcontinuestoday.Some see cloningasthe only hope forcertain,critically
endangeredspecies.Here’salookat some of the lesser-knownanimalscreatedthroughcloning. (Text:KatherineButler)
Indian bison,alsoknownas gaur,looklike a crossbetweenanox and a waterbuffalo.Theyare commonlyfoundin
Asiantropical woodlandsinplaceslike Cambodia,Laos,China,India,Nepal andVietnam.Ashumansencroachontheir
wildhabitats,theirnumbersare dwindling.In2001, Bessie,anAmericancow, gave birthto a gaur clone calledNoah in
Iowa.Noahinitiallyexhibitedpromise,andone of hiscreatorstoldCNN that"within12 hours of birth,Noah was able to
standunaided andbeganan inquisitive searchof hisnew surroundings."Butjust48 hoursafterbirth,Noahsuccumbed
to an intestinal disorderanddied.

3. The endangeredEuropean mouflon,alsoknownasa small,feral sheep,wasfirstclonedin2001 inItaly.Threatenedin
itsoriginal habitatof the Mediterraneanislandsof Sardinia,CorsicaandCyprus,the animal nearly diedoutacentury
ago. The mouflonwasclonedusingthe same techniquescientistsusedtocreate the sheepDolly — asomaticcell
nucleartransfer.Thisisalabtechnique usedtocreate an ovumwitha donornucleus.
The domestic ferretwasfirstclonedin2006through somaticcell nucleartransfer,inpartto produce testsubjectsfor
humanmedical research.However,the processmaybe usedtoprotect endangeredferretsaswell.The black-footed
ferretisamongthe mostendangeredmammals inNorthAmerica. A recentboominthe prairie dogpopulation,which
the ferretlikestoeat,has slowlybroughttheirnumbersbackup.However,aslandownersoftenblame the ferretfor
damagingcrops,theirsituationremainstenuous.
The water buffalo,alsoknownas the Asianbuffalo,isalarge memberof the bovini familythathshornsthat curve
backwardin a crescentshape andcan growto 6 feettall.These animalsenjoythe muddywatersof tropical and
subtropical Asia,andtheyalsoforage onaquaticplantsand grasslands.Theyare friendstohumansandhave been
domesticatedforatleast5,000 years.In 2005, the firstwaterbuffalo wasclonedinChinaina studyrun byGuangxi
University.
Rhesusmonkeys are what National Geographictermsan“oldworldanimal,”astheirrange includesAfghanistan,
Pakistan,India,SoutheastAsiaandChina.Some introducedmonkeysliveinthe wildsof Florida.Theyare social animals
that live infemale-ledcommunitiesfeaturinganoccasional dominantmale.
The banteng is a speciesof wildcattle foundprimarilyinSoutheastAsia.Banteng,whichare alsoknownasnative
Indonesiancattle,are listedbythe WorldConservationUnionas“severelythreatened”astheirnumbershave declined
as much as 85 percentinthe past 15 to 20 years.A large herdof bantengresidesinAustralia,wheretheyare largely
protectedshortof 40 malesthat hunterspayto shooteach year.In an efforttopreserve the species,twobantengcalves
were bornto surrogate cowsin Iowain 2003. The geneticmaterial toclone the calvescame fromthe SanDiegoZoo's
CenterforReproductionof EndangeredSpecies,where genetictissue fromendangeredanimalsisbeingarchived.
The African wildcat, whichisfoundinAfricaand the Middle East,is a bitsmallerthanitsdomesticcounterpart.Itisalso
one of the firstwildspeciestobe cloned.The AudubonCenterforResearchof Endangered Speciesannouncedin2005
that theirclonedwildcatshadbredanddeliveredtwolittersof kittens."Byimprovingthe cloningprocessandthen
encouragingclonedanimalstobreedandmake babies, we canrevive the genes of individualswhomightnotbe
reproductivelyviable otherwise,andwe cansave genesfromanimalsinthe wild,”Dr.BetsyDresser,wholedthe
scientificteamat the AudubonCenter,saidinaBBC article.
The Pyrenean ibexwasdeclaredextinctwhenthe lastof itskindwasfounddeadinitsnative Spainin2000. But in 2009,
reportssurfacedthatscientists hadpreservedDNA fromthe lastknownPyreneanibex.Fillinginthe blankswithDNA
fromdomesticgoats,a newbornibex wascreated,butdiedshortlyafterbirthdue tolungproblems.Thiswasthe first
time an extinctspecieswas“resurrected,”albeitforonlyashorttime.
It isnot justendangeredanimalsthathave receivedthe attentionof scientists.The white-taileddeerisextremely
commonin NorthAmerica.Nonetheless,researchersatTexasA&Mclonedthe firstwhite-taileddeerin2003. White-
taileddeerare the mostabundantbig-game livestockinAmericaandranchersmake a significantamountof moneyfrom
hunterswhopayto stalkthemon theirranches."Especiallyinthe state of Texas,there are a lotof ranches that make
more moneyontheirdeermanagement thantheydoon theirlivestock,"researcherMarkWesthusin,whohelped
create the clone,toldmsnbc.comWesthusinalsosaysthatcloningcouldpreserve someendangeredspeciesof deer.

4. Idaho Gem
The world'sfirstclonedmule,wasbornonMay 4. He is an identical geneticcopyof hisbrother,achampionracingmule
calledTaz,and the firstclone to be born inthe equine family.
Copycat
The world'sfirstclonedkitten,namedCc.Itwas createdbyscientistsinTexasusingacell takenfroman adult
tortoiseshell female(seenextpicture).The photo,takenonDecember22 2001 whenthe kittenwassevenweeksold,
was made publicinFebruary2002.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLONED ANIMALS
 Newresearchat NorthCarolinaState University’sCollege of VeterinaryMedicineindicatesthatclonedpigscan
have the same degree of variability inphysical appearance andbehaviorasnormallybredanimals.Twoseparate
studiesshowthatwhile clonesare geneticallyidentical tothe original animal,the similaritiesendthere.
 Thisdispelsthe commonlyheldnotionthatclonedanimalsretainthe physicalandbehavioral attributesof the
animal fromwhichtheywere cloned.The researchwasconductedbyDr.Jorge
EX. Overheadcomparisonof clonedpigsshowshairgrowthpatternvariation.
 Piedrahita saystheimplications are far-reaching.“Thetechnology of cloning hasbeen sold to the public as a way
of creating a group of identicalanimalsand,as such,thereare companiesthathavebeen set up around this
concept,especially forpet cloning.The implication is thatyourcloned pet is going to behaveand looklike the
oneyou already have– and thatwill notbe the case,”he said.
 “We demonstrated in ourbehavioralpaperthatthebehaviorof clonesis not identical. They are not
homogeneous,so you cannotexpectyourcloned petto behavelike youroriginalpet, even discounting
environment.We’vecloned animalsthatwere raised in thesameenvironmentand they still didn’tact thesame,”
Piedrahitasaid.
 Piedrahitasaysscientistsmustbe very carefulwith cloning,since genetic errorscan be introduced into the DNA
of the clone during the process.
 “While clonesare genetically identical, physicalcharacteristicssuch as size, weightand hair typemay notbe the
samebecausethe DNA hasbeen modified during thecloning processin such a way thatit affectsthe activityof
certain genes,”Piedrahitaadds.