Mango is a tropical fruit that is native to South Asia. India is the world's largest producer of mangoes, contributing over half of global production. The mango tree grows well in hot, humid climates between sea level and 1100 meters above sea level. Mangoes are propagated through seeds or grafting and are available seasonally between March and August depending on the variety and region. Major pests and diseases of mango include mealybugs, fruit flies, and anthracnose fungus. Proper harvesting, grading, packaging and storage help maintain mango quality after harvest.

1. MANGO

2. INTRODUCTION
• Scientific name: Mangifera indica L Family Anacardiaceae.
• Origin: Indo Burma region
• tropical fruits
• It is known as the, “King of fruits”,
• National fruit of India‖
• India grows it to the maximum, contributing about 11 million tonnes,
roughly 58% of the world production of 19 million tonnes. In India it is
cultivated in an area of 12.3 lakh hectares occupying
• 22% of the total area under fruits in India and with a production of
about 11 million tonnes constituting about 23% of total production of
fruits.

3. USES
 source of Vitamin-A and C.
 The immature and green fruit is used in pickles and chutneys.
 Ripe mango slices and pulp can be preserved and canned for
use when the fresh fruit is out of season.

4. CLIMATE
• Found to be growing upto an elevation of 1100 m MSL but for better
production its cultivation limited upto 600 MSL
• It does best in regions which receive good rainfall in hot weather from
June –September followed by a more or less dry spell in the subsequent
period
• Rainfall-125 cm in monsoon is suitable
• Time of rain is more important
• Rainfall during flowering and fruit setting (Feb-April) is harmful as it
interferes with pollination activities
•
• Temperature- 24-27 C during growing season with high humidity
• Wind free area-----as wind cause fruit and flower fall and mechanical
injury to tree

5. SITE &SOIL
• Long lived tree------ so need Pre-planning, systematic lay-out,
selection of planting material
• Orchards should not be planted in the close vicinity of brick
kilns (cause black tip disease)
• Soil---deep and well drained, loamy texture
• There should not be any hard pan
• Both soil and sub-soil should be examined thoroughly before
planting
• Soil pH-5.5-7.5

6. COMMERCIAL MANGO VARIETIES
• Andhra Pradesh---- Banganapalli, Suvarnarekha, Neelum and Totapuri
• Bihar------ Bombay green, Chausa, Dashehari, Fazli, Gulabkhas, Kishen Bhog,
• Himsagar, Zardalu and Langra
• Gujarat---- Kesar, Alphonso, Rajapuri, Jamadar, Totapuri, Neelum, Dashehari and Langra
• Haryana ---Chausa, Dashehari, Langra and Fazli
• Himachal Pradesh ---Chausa, Dashehari and Langra
• Karnataka ---Alphonso, Totapuri, Banganapalli, Pairi, Neelum and Mulgoa
• Madhya Pradesh ---Alphonso, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fazli, Langra and Neelum
• Maharashtra ---Alphonso, Kesar and Pairi
• Punjab--- Chausa, Dashehari and Malda
• Rajasthan ----Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari and Langra
• Tamil Nadu---- Alphonso, Totapuri, Banganapalli and Neelum
• Uttar Pradesh ------Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari and Langra
• West Bengal ------Fazli, Gulabkhas, Himsagar, Kishenbhog, Langra and Bombay Green

7. AVAILABILITY OF MANGO
FRUITS
• In India, mango is available from March to mid-August. The north
Indian cultivars are alternate-bearer whereas south Indian ones are
generally regular-bearer.
• Andhra Pradesh March to mid – August
• Bihar May-end to mid-August
• Gujarat April to July
• Haryana June to August
• Himachal Pradesh mid-June to mid- August
• Karnataka May to July
• Madhya Pradesh Mid-April to July
• Maharashtra April to July
• Rajasthan May to July
• Tamil Nadu April to August
• Uttar Pradesh Mid-May to August
• West Bengal May to August

8. PROPAGATION
• Mango is a highly heterozygous and cross-pollinated crop.
• There are 2 types of mango varieties
.(Monoembryonic and polyembryonic)
• Most of the varieties in south are polyembryonic and thus
give true-to-type seedlings.
• In north, the varieties grown are monoembryonic and need
to be propagated vegetatively.

9. PROPAGATION METHODS
• 1. Seeds
• 2. lnarching:
• 3. Veneer and side grafting
• 4. Epicotyl /stone grafting:
• Mango is propagated on mango rootstock.
• For raising rootstock, the seeds of mango are sown within 4-5
weeks after extraction otherwise they lose their viability.
• For sowing the seeds, raised beds are prepared with a mixture
farmyard manure, red soil and sand
• Or raise seedlings in polybags
• Seedlings then grafted

10. inarching
Epicotyle grafting

11. PLANTING AND HDP
• Systems- square, rectangular, hexagonal
• Time- June- Sep
• Pit size- 1X1x1m
• Spacing----depends on the vigour of the variety and the cropping system.
• High-density planting helps increase the yield/unit area. In north India, mango
Amrapali is found amenable for high-density planting with a spacing of 2.5m x
2.5m.
• The polyembryonic mango Vellaikolumban when used as rootstock imparts
dwarfing in Alphonso.

12. AFTER CARE AND
MANAGEMENT
• Training and pruning-
• important practice during the first few years to give shape
• essential to space the branches properly to facilitate intercultural operations.
• Manuring and fertilization
• Nitrogen-73g
• P2o5-18g
• K2O-68g from the age of 1 -10 years
• After 10 YEAR
• Nitrogen-730g
• P2o5-180g
• K2O-680g in two split doses- July Aug and Sep -oct
• Spraying of Borax (0.5%) after fruit set twice at monthly intervals and 0.5% manganese
sulphate after blooming corrects boron and manganese deficiencies respectively
• Intercropping-
• blackgram-wheat-mango and brinjal-onion-mango gives better monetary benefits.

13. HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST
MANAGEMENT
• Mangoes should be harvested with pedicel.
• Avoid Injury to the fruits during harvesting
• An average mango tree yields 8 tonnes /ha.
• The number of fruits per tree doing its bearing age generally various
from 1000 to 2000 fruits.
• Grading and packaging
graded according to their size.
To maintain the quality, proper packaging is a must.
 In western region, bamboo baskets are used for packing. A basket contains 50-100
fruits. Straw is used for packing.
 Wooden boxes are also used in some place.
perforated cardboard are generally used.
In these boxes either fruits are individually wrapped with tissue paper before packing
or paper shavings are used for cushioning.
Sorage
The temperature of 5-16°C for different varieties is ideal for storing
Mangoes are highly susceptible to low temperature injury

14. DISORDERS IN MANGO
• 1. Alternate bearing- heavy crop one year, little or no crop next year
• North Indian varieties more prone(Dusehari, Langra, Chausa)
• Amprapali---DusehariXNeelum (regular bearer)
• Use-200ppm ethephon with 0.1 percent urea
• 2. Mango malformation-(mites, virus or fungus Fusarium
moniliformae var.Subglutinans)
• Two types- vegetative and floral malformation
• Spray 200 ppm NAA in October and pruin the affected part

15. PACKING

16. MANGO MALFORMATION

17. BLACK TIP DISORDER

18. 3. Fruit drop- only 0.1 % flower develop into mature fruits (pin
head drop, post setting drop and May drop)
• Spray 20 ppm 2,4-D in April-May
4. Black Tip- in Orchard located in vicinity of brick kilns (sulphur
dioxade),
• fruit never reach maturity and fall earlier
• Avoid such place near kiln
• Spray 0.6 % Borax before flowering, at fruiting along with
2:2:250 bordeaux

19. • 5. Spongy Tissue- common in Alphonso
• Non-edible, sour, yellow sponge like patch
• Cause-Solar radiations keeps soil much heated and heat
emitted by soil by convective flux cause spongy tissue
• Mulch soil with paddy straw during hot months
• Hybrids---
• Ratna and Arka Puneet
• free from this disorder

20. PLANT PROTECTION
• Insect pest-
• Mango mealy bug- suck juice- use alkathene slippery bands, apply
50% methyle parathiondust to kill nymph
• Mango hopper-suck sap eat tender leaves
• Apply Hexavin 50 WP, 800 ml Malation EC
• Mango fruit fly- maggots feed on pulp- Use light trap, Spray
malathion
• Stem borer- methyl parathion 50EC for plugging holes with cotton
and mud.
• Disease
• Powdery mildew-
• Spray 0.1 % Karathane
• Anthracnose/ die back- Apply bordeaus paint, spray 2:2:250
bourdeaux.