Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b
Odor control pm2.5 talk-oct-2015 final
1. Presented by
Stephen R. Temple
Howard E. Whitney
Steen Research LLC
Steenresearch.com
U.S. Poultry, Proteins and Fats
Presentation
October 2015
STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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2. Cooking Fresh or Decaying ProteinCooking Fresh or Decaying Protein
Generates Odiferous and Toxic VaporsGenerates Odiferous and Toxic Vapors
ProblemProblem
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Common SenseCommon Sense
3. STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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Odor and ToxicityOdor and Toxicity
SourcesSources
Primary SourcesPrimary Sources Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources
Common SenseCommon Sense
4. STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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Primary SourcesPrimary Sources
Infall BayInfall Bay
Cooker and Hydrolyzer (Fugitive Odors)Cooker and Hydrolyzer (Fugitive Odors)
Non-ConNon-Con
Screw PressScrew Press
CentrifugeCentrifuge
Odor and Toxicity SourcesOdor and Toxicity Sources
Common SenseCommon Sense
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Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources
Cooker and HydrolyzerCooker and Hydrolyzer
CondensateCondensate
Evaporator CondensateEvaporator Condensate
W/W Bio ReactorsW/W Bio Reactors
Aeration Ponds and BasinsAeration Ponds and Basins
Milling RoomMilling Room
Odor and Toxicity SourcesOdor and Toxicity Sources
Common SenseCommon Sense
7. Three Phases of Odor and ToxicityThree Phases of Odor and Toxicity
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ScienceScience
8. Nature of Odor and ToxicityNature of Odor and Toxicity
Gas-Phase VOCsGas-Phase VOCs
Aerosol Fats & OilsAerosol Fats & Oils
Water Vapor and MistWater Vapor and Mist
Solid ParticulatesSolid Particulates
SmokeSmoke
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Odor and Toxicity SourcesOdor and Toxicity Sources
ScienceScience
21. Water SolubilityWater Solubility
Compounds Affinity For WaterCompounds Affinity For Water
VolatilityVolatility
Compounds Affinity For AirCompounds Affinity For Air
AdsorptionAdsorption
Compounds Affinity For SolidsCompounds Affinity For Solids
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ScienceScience
Physical Properties
Gases
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Gases
ScienceScience
Water Solubility
Temperature Sensitive
Low Temp = High Solubility
Volatility
pH Sensitive
Alkaline pH Sulfur Compounds
Acidic pH Nitrogen Compounds
Neutral pH Oxygenated Compounds
23. STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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Gases
ScienceScience
AdsorptionAdsorption
Aerosolized Proteins, Fats Oils Greases,
Solid Particulates and Smoke
Contain:
33. STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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Engineering Constraints of Multi-Phase
Wet Gas Rendering Waste
EngineeringEngineering
120- to 300-degrees F120- to 300-degrees F
High Humidity and Aerosolized Water VaporHigh Humidity and Aerosolized Water Vapor
Smoke and Solid ParticulatesSmoke and Solid Particulates
Aerosolized Oils, Fats, Greases, Tallow, Proteins, etc.Aerosolized Oils, Fats, Greases, Tallow, Proteins, etc.
Gas-Phase Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Complex of Odorous and Toxic OrganicsGas-Phase Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Complex of Odorous and Toxic Organics
Non-Uniform and Variable Flow Density Patterns In Pipe NetworksNon-Uniform and Variable Flow Density Patterns In Pipe Networks
Difficult to Quantify Total Mass FlowDifficult to Quantify Total Mass Flow
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Engineered Mass Reduction Methods:
Temperature Changes and Transfer to Water
EngineeringEngineering
Air-Cooled Condensation (Non-Con isAir-Cooled Condensation (Non-Con is NOT TRUENOT TRUE))
Spray Venturi Removal of large Particulates, Aerosols and Water Soluble GasesSpray Venturi Removal of large Particulates, Aerosols and Water Soluble Gases
Advanced Condensation, Precipitation and Wilson Cloud Formation on CCNAdvanced Condensation, Precipitation and Wilson Cloud Formation on CCN
Electrostatic Ionization of CCN-CloudElectrostatic Ionization of CCN-Cloud
Packed Bed Wet Scrubbing For CCN-Cloud Condensation and Water SolublePacked Bed Wet Scrubbing For CCN-Cloud Condensation and Water Soluble
GasesGases
Thermal Oxidation (TO/RTO/RCO/Boiler) For Complete VOC DestructionThermal Oxidation (TO/RTO/RCO/Boiler) For Complete VOC Destruction
38. PM 2.5PM 2.5
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39. STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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PM 2.5
Micro-Particulate
Pollution
USEPA Mandated Testing
under National Ambient
Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) and Prevention
of Significant
Deterioration (PSD)
increments for the
secondarily formed
component of PM2.5
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PM 2.5
Air pollution and children: neural and tight junction antibodies and combustion metals, the role of
barrier breakdown and brain immunity in neurodegeneration.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147109http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147109
First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth
outcomes in Allegheny County, PA.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544506http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544506
Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) and the risk of acute ischemic stroke.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399501http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399501
Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and ischaemic heart disease morbidity and
mortality.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341536http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341536
Toxicity beyond the Lung: Connecting PM2.5, Inflammation, and Diabetes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341536http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341536
Exposure to fine airborne particulate matters induces hepatic fibrosis in murine models.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26220751http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26220751
Why Worry? Downwind Liability for:
45. But We Have a PermitBut We Have a Permit
The Third Circuit recently concluded that obtaining aThe Third Circuit recently concluded that obtaining a permit under the Clean Air Actpermit under the Clean Air Act
Does NOT ShieldDoes NOT Shield a company from liabilitya company from liability for damages caused by the plant?for damages caused by the plant?
The Supreme Court refused to take the case on appeal so the decisionThe Supreme Court refused to take the case on appeal so the decision
standsstands.. Bell v. Cheswick Generating StationBell v. Cheswick Generating Station, 734 F.3d 188, 190 (3d Cir. 2013), 734 F.3d 188, 190 (3d Cir. 2013) cert.cert.
denied sub nom.denied sub nom. GenOn Power Midwest, L.P. v. BellGenOn Power Midwest, L.P. v. Bell, 134 S. Ct. 2696, 189 L. Ed. 2d, 134 S. Ct. 2696, 189 L. Ed. 2d
739 (2014)739 (2014)
Why is this relevant? It is important because otherwise the company would argue thatWhy is this relevant? It is important because otherwise the company would argue that
the permit shielded it.the permit shielded it. The permit shield allows a company to hide from
Regulatory Liability for unknown discharges if it has a permit.
So, for example, If I have a permit that has limits for NOx, CO2, SO2, and is quiet onSo, for example, If I have a permit that has limits for NOx, CO2, SO2, and is quiet on
Co, cobalt, there is an assumption that even if I discharge Co I am not in violation ofCo, cobalt, there is an assumption that even if I discharge Co I am not in violation of
the permit. However under this third circuit ruling, the permit shield only protects youthe permit. However under this third circuit ruling, the permit shield only protects you
against regulatory enforcement.against regulatory enforcement. It does not shield you from liability for harm to
people or property.
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PM 2.5
Kills More thanKills More than
AIDS, malaria, breast cancer, and TBAIDS, malaria, breast cancer, and TB
3 to 7 Million Deaths Each Year3 to 7 Million Deaths Each Year
Rendering Creates PM2.5 byRendering Creates PM2.5 by
Burning Grease, HBurning Grease, H22S and NHS and NH33
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PM 2.5
Filterable PMFilterable PM2.52.5
Solid or liquid material at stack temperature andSolid or liquid material at stack temperature and
higher (measured at ~250higher (measured at ~250oo
to 1800to 1800oo
F)F)
Stable in atmosphere and collected on ambientStable in atmosphere and collected on ambient
samplersampler
Condensable PMCondensable PM2.52.5
Vapor or gas at stack temperatureVapor or gas at stack temperature
Condenses to liquid or solid at stack exitCondenses to liquid or solid at stack exit
Stable in atmosphere and collected on ambientStable in atmosphere and collected on ambient
samplersampler
Components of Direct PMComponents of Direct PM2.52.5
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EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
Title V Fresh Pork Processor
New RTO Stack Test PM2.5 Emissions ~ 90-tpyNew RTO Stack Test PM2.5 Emissions ~ 90-tpy
Violation of Air Permit (Violation of Air Permit (more than 12 times the
allowable discharge)
Reduce PM2.5 Emissions or Production CapacityReduce PM2.5 Emissions or Production Capacity
Filterable and Condensable PM2.5 Sampling Results
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EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
H2S + 2 O2 = H2SO4
H2SO4 + 2 NH3 = (NH4)2SO4
Formation of Ammonium Sulfate PM 2.5
By Thermal Oxidation of High Intensity Vapors
How PM2.5 is Formed in Animal Rendering
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EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
Pre-Trial Conditions
Condensable Input to RTO = 1.92-lbs/hr
Condensable Output from RTO = 18.71-lbs/hr
~10-times PM2.5 Increase
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EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
Reduce PM Generation Potential in
High Intensity Vapors
Venturi Scrubber pH ControlVenturi Scrubber pH Control
Venturi Scrubber Temperature ReductionVenturi Scrubber Temperature Reduction
Increase Freshwater Makeup TDS ReductionIncrease Freshwater Makeup TDS Reduction
Reduce Vacuum at Pickup PointsReduce Vacuum at Pickup Points
Isolate Hair HydrolizerIsolate Hair Hydrolizer
Reduce Air Cooled Condenser Temperature SetReduce Air Cooled Condenser Temperature Set
PointPoint
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EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
Trial Results
Pre-Treated Vapor Condensable Output from RTO = 2.5-lbs/hr
~87% Reduction of Condensable PM2.5
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EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
Solution
Patent Pending TO/RTO and Boiler Pre-
Treatment Using Steen Research’s Super
Scrubber Technology
Featuring Dual Scrubbing with RADOX
55. STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
Innovations in Chemistry and Engineering
EngineeringEngineering
Case StudyCase Study
Starve PM2.5 Precursors with RADOX Single or Dual Scrubbing
H2S + 2 O2 = H2SO4
H2SO4 + 2 NH3 = (NH4)2SO4
57. Masking Agents, Enzymes and ScavengersMasking Agents, Enzymes and Scavengers
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Engineering
58. Masking AgentsMasking Agents
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Adds VOC’sAdds VOC’s
EnvironmentalEnvironmental
SensitivitySensitivity
No Feedback ControlNo Feedback Control
Based on LoadingBased on Loading
High Water UseHigh Water Use
Bio-FoulingBio-Fouling
Engineering
59. EnzymeEnzyme
withwith
Masking AgentMasking Agent
Patent TextPatent Text ReNewReNew
http://www.google.com/patents/US20120219480http://www.google.com/patents/US20120219480
Minimal Reduction of H2S and NH3 compared to straight water w/o pHMinimal Reduction of H2S and NH3 compared to straight water w/o pH
modificationmodification
Enzymes - Slow Reaction TimeEnzymes - Slow Reaction Time
Masking AgentMasking Agent
VOC GenerationVOC Generation
Foaming (anti-foam agents spoil biodiesel use)Foaming (anti-foam agents spoil biodiesel use)
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Engineering
60. Triazine ScavingerTriazine Scavinger
Old Oil Field TechnologyOld Oil Field Technology
Nitrogen Loading to WWTNitrogen Loading to WWT
No Loading Feedback ControlNo Loading Feedback Control
High Water UseHigh Water Use
Triazine → Thiadiazine, → DithiazineTriazine → Thiadiazine, → Dithiazine
BioFouls to Insoluble PolymerBioFouls to Insoluble Polymer
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Engineering
62. OHOH the Hydroxyl Radical and the 2the Hydroxyl Radical and the 2ndnd
strongest oxidizer known to man.strongest oxidizer known to man.
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Engineering
Relative Oxidation Of Reactive Species
Oxidizers
63. Bleach and Chlorine Dioxide ClOBleach and Chlorine Dioxide ClO22
Weak, Temperature Sensitive OxidizerWeak, Temperature Sensitive Oxidizer
Volatile at low temperatures (Like Bleach which flashes at a lowVolatile at low temperatures (Like Bleach which flashes at a low
temperature, 100 Degrees F, Chlorine dioxide flashes at 110 Degrees F)temperature, 100 Degrees F, Chlorine dioxide flashes at 110 Degrees F)
When free chlorine interacts with proteins environmentally detrimentalWhen free chlorine interacts with proteins environmentally detrimental
compounds are such ascompounds are such as haloamines, and trihalomethaneshaloamines, and trihalomethanes, THM’s are, THM’s are
produced.produced. (THM’s are toxic and known carcinogens)(THM’s are toxic and known carcinogens)
Addition of salts to the water systemAddition of salts to the water system
Has a negative effect on waste waterHas a negative effect on waste water
biological systembiological system
ClO2 Engineering
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64. Purate 2-Part ClO2Purate 2-Part ClO2
Low pHLow pH
Insoluble about 110 FInsoluble about 110 F
Acid Scrubbing onlyAcid Scrubbing only
Toxic blow down to bio pondsToxic blow down to bio ponds
Produces CarcinogenicProduces Carcinogenic
CompoundsCompounds THM’sTHM’s
Extreme Fire HazardExtreme Fire Hazard
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3-Part ClO23-Part ClO2
Better pH rangeBetter pH range
Insoluble about 110 FInsoluble about 110 F
Toxic blow-down to bio pondsToxic blow-down to bio ponds
High Salt LoadHigh Salt Load
Produces CarcinogenicProduces Carcinogenic
CompoundsCompounds THM’sTHM’s
Extreme Fire HazardExtreme Fire Hazard
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Ozone OOzone O33
Toxic GasToxic Gas
Induces BioFoulingInduces BioFouling
Low Solubility in Water Requires Over-Low Solubility in Water Requires Over-
DosingDosing
Low Solubility Decreases More withLow Solubility Decreases More with
Increasing TemperatureIncreasing Temperature
Low Solubility Decreases More withLow Solubility Decreases More with
Increasing pHIncreasing pH
Increases VOC’s in air scrubberIncreases VOC’s in air scrubber
Gold Kist Ball Ground, GA Case studyGold Kist Ball Ground, GA Case study
O3
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Engineering
Ozone Solubility vs. TempOzone Solubility vs. Temp
The chart above shows ozone solubility vs. temperature for different ozone
concentrations. The water pressure is at atmospheric (0 PSIG).
(35 Degrees C = 95 Degrees F) Engineering
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Ozone Solubility vs. pHOzone Solubility vs. pH
Engineering
69. OZONE
Toxicity, CDC, OSA (Toxicity, CDC, OSA (Known CarcinogenKnown Carcinogen))
Does Ozone Cause Precancerous Changes in Cells?Does Ozone Cause Precancerous Changes in Cells?
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/2314http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/2314
OzoneOzone
https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_259300.htmlhttps://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_259300.html
Health EffectsHealth Effects
http://www.epa.gov/glo/health.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/glo/health.html
Destroys Packing And PlasticsDestroys Packing And Plastics
Low Solubility (Low pH Only)Low Solubility (Low pH Only)
Weak, Temperature SensitiveWeak, Temperature Sensitive
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Engineering
70. Fenton Radox ReactionFenton Radox Reaction
Hydroxyl Radical the second strongest oxidizer know to man.
Secondary Fenton chemistry reaction is the generation of peroxide free radical.
FeFe2+2+
+ H+ H22OO22 → Fe→ Fe3+3+
+ OH+ OH −−
++ OHOH
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Fe3+
+ H2O2 => Fe2+
+ H+
+ HOO0
The peroxide molecule formed in this reaction (HO2
0
) is a powerful free
radical which oxidizes organic compounds.
Engineering
71. Characteristic Radox ReactionCharacteristic Radox Reaction
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Highly ReactiveHighly Reactive
Destroys All Odor Compounds, Toxic VOC’sDestroys All Odor Compounds, Toxic VOC’s
Effective At Any pHEffective At Any pH
Very High Solubility in Scrubber WaterVery High Solubility in Scrubber Water
Not Toxic or CarcinogenicNot Toxic or Carcinogenic
Effective at All TemperaturesEffective at All Temperatures
No BioFouling, Keeps The Scrubber CleanNo BioFouling, Keeps The Scrubber Clean
No Fire RiskNo Fire Risk
Engineering
72. Radox Full Scale Stack TestRadox Full Scale Stack Test
Case Study 1:Case Study 1:
High Intensity ScrubberHigh Intensity Scrubber
Scrubber pulled from the
cooker and presses.
Non-Methane Organic
Carbon (NMOC)
ermined using
US EPA Method 25A
Scrubber efficiency needed
to be better then 80 percent
removal.
Three continuous samples,
each 45 minutes in duration.
RUN 1 RUN 2 RUN 3 Average
Inlet
Flow Rate,
dsfm 523 519 520 521
acfm 565 559 560 561
Total Non-Methane Hydrocarbon,
ppm, as C1 1131 1035 1126 1097
lb/hr, as CH4 1.474 1.338 1.454 1.422
Outlet
Flow Rate,
dsfm 845 845 845 845
acfm 906 905 906 906
Total Non-Methane Hydrocarbon,
ppm, as C1 39.5 41.4 36.6 39.1
lb/hr, as CH4 0.0832 0.0872 0.0771 0.0825
DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY, % 94.4 93.5 94.7 94.2
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73. Radox USDA STUDYRadox USDA STUDY
Case Study 2:Case Study 2:
Feather Dryer AirFeather Dryer Air
ScrubberScrubber
100 K SCFM Packed Bed Air
Scrubber
USDA Compared ClO2 to RADOX-
23 Fenton Treatment System
Gas chromatography ("GC") and
mass spectrometry ("MS") was
used to determine destruction
efficiency
Results From USDA Study:Results From USDA Study:
“Samples from Radox-treated air streams had (1) 42 % higher
concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2); (2) 69 % lower
concentrations of the highly aldehyde compounds, and (3) 52 %
lower total VOC when compared to untreated, or ClO2-treated
samples.”
“The RADOX treatment reduced the total perceived odor intensity
by 74 while the ClO2 treatment did not significantly alter the odor
intensity.“
"The RADOX catalyst was shown to be significantly more
effective than chlorine dioxide (ClO2) for reducing the
concentration of malodorous VOC and total VOC emitted from
poultry rendering.
“The concentration of highly malodorous aldehyde compounds,
which were responsible for a majority of the poultry rendering
odor, were not changed by the ClO2 treatment.”
“Additionally, there was a 5-fold higher concentration of indole in
the ClO2 samples when compared to RADOX-treated samples.”
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Engineering
74. OHOH the Hydroxyl Radical and the 2the Hydroxyl Radical and the 2ndnd
strongest oxidizer known to man.strongest oxidizer known to man.
STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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Engineering
Relative Oxidation Of Reactive Species
Oxidizers
75. Fenton Radox ReactionFenton Radox Reaction
Hydroxyl Radical the second strongest oxidizer know to man.
Secondary Fenton chemistry reaction is the generation of peroxide free radical.
FeFe2+2+
+ H+ H22OO22 → Fe→ Fe3+3+
+ OH+ OH −−
++ OHOH
STEEN RESEARCH, LLC
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Fe3+
+ H2O2 => Fe2+
+ H+
+ HOO0
The peroxide molecule formed in this reaction (HO2
0
) is a powerful free
radical which oxidizes organic compounds.
Engineering
76. Characteristic Radox ReactionCharacteristic Radox Reaction
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Highly ReactiveHighly Reactive
Destroys All Odor Compounds, Toxic VOC’sDestroys All Odor Compounds, Toxic VOC’s
Effective At Any pHEffective At Any pH
Very High Solubility in Scrubber WaterVery High Solubility in Scrubber Water
Not Toxic or CarcinogenicNot Toxic or Carcinogenic
Effective at All TemperaturesEffective at All Temperatures
No BioFouling, Keeps The Scrubber CleanNo BioFouling, Keeps The Scrubber Clean
No Fire RiskNo Fire Risk
Engineering
77. Radox Make-Down and ControlRadox Make-Down and Control
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Engineering
78. Question and AnswersQuestion and Answers
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“Yes …I believe there’s a question there in the back.”
Editor's Notes
Spray Venturis are not designed to remove Smoke and Micro particulate and Micro Aerosols
Micro Particulate are known carcinogens
PM 10 EPA PM 2.5
