Physical science

1. Activity 1
Familiarize the
coordinate
system of the
celestial sphere.
Identify what is
asked on each
item using
Figure 1 your
reference.

2. 1. equivalent to the Earth’s north pole
2. equivalent to the Earth’s south pole
3. equivalent to the Earth’s latitude (north-south
location)
4. equivalent to the Earth’s longitude (east-west
location)
5. path which the sun appears to take in the
celestial sphere
6. point in which the ecliptic intersects with the
celestial equator

3. 2nd Quarter
Physical Science
Topic Outline:
1. MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE
2. MODERN ASTRONOMY
3. EXAMPLES OF THE
PHENOMENON OBSERVE
BEFORE THE ADVENT OF THE
TELESCOPE
4. HOW GALILEO INFERRED THAT
OBJECTS IN VACUUM FALL IN
UNIFORM ACCELERATION
5. UNDERSTANDING NEWTONS'S
FIRST LAW OF MOTION

5. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson students are expected to:
1. discuss how
Greeks knew
that the Earth
is round
2. describe how
Eratosthenes
came up with
the
measurement
of Earth’s
circumference
3. cite
examples of
known
astronomical
phenomena
before the
advent of
telescopes

6. WHAT I
KNOW?
What do you think
is in the picture?

7. CELESTIAL
SPHERE
-an imaginary
sphere of
heavenly bodies
in arbitrarily large
radius, concentric
with Earth.

8. NORTH
CELESTIAL POLE
- It is equivalent
to the Earth’s
north pole.

9. SOUTH
CELESTIAL POLE
- It is equivalent
to the Earth’s
south pole.

10. Declination
- It is equivalent
to the Earth’s
latitude (north
to south
location)

11. RIGHT
ASCENSION
- It is equivalent
to the Earth’s
longitude (east-
west location)

12. Ecliptic
- Path which the
sun appears to
take in the
celestial sphere

13. VERNAL
EQUINOX
- Point in which
the ecliptic
intersects with
the celestial
equator

14.  Have you ever
wondered what the
philosophers in
ancient astronomy
thought about the
shape of the Earth?

15. HOW GREEKS KNOW THAT THE
EARTH IS ROUND?
Who is
Plato?
Who is
Eratosth
enes?
Diurnal
and
Annual
motion
Zodiac
signs
and
Ecliptic

16. Earth is SPHERE.
 Ancient Greeks determine the
shape of the earth during the
early times because of it’s
shadows during lunar eclipse.

17. - An ancient Greek philosopher
that gives the idea that the
stars, sun, and moon were
fixed to concentric crystalline
spheres, rotating inside one
another.

18. - A Greek mathematician that
measures the circumference of
the Earth to be approximately
250 ,000 stadia or 40,000
kilometers.

19. ASTRONOMICAL EVENTS
KNOWNTO MEN BEFORETHE
ADVENT OFTELESCOPES
 Ancient Babylonian, Assyrian, and
Egyptian (365 days a year) knew
the length of the year.
 Observation and tracking of the
star Sirius - flooding of Nile

20. ASTRONOMICAL EVENTS
KNOWNTO MEN BEFORETHE
ADVENT OFTELESCOPES
 Chinese civilizations, track the
comets, meteors, and dark spots
of the Sun
 Mayan civilization- calendar based
on the movements of Venus.

21. ASTRONOMICAL EVENTS
KNOWNTO MEN BEFORETHE
ADVENT OFTELESCOPES
 Polynesians utilized the stars for
navigation.
 Diurnal motion andAnnual
Motion
 Precession and Eclipse

23. DIURNAL MOTION
 The apparent daily motion of stars and other
celestial bodies across the sky due to Earth’s
rotation.
 Sun rising from the east and set in the
west.

24. DIURNAL MOTION
 Greek astronomers described..
- “Fixed stars” as stars that are moving in
the sky at the same arrangement and speed of
the most of the stars are.
-”Planetes” are stars whose movements
deviate from what seems to be fixed stars.
- Sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn.

25. ANNUAL MOTION
 The apparent yearly
motion of stars and
other celestial
bodies across the
sky due to Earth’s
revolution.

26. ZODIAC ANDTHE ECLIPTIC
 Zodiacs are thirteen
constellations that can be
found and observed in the
ecliptic in celestial sphere.
• Changes through months and
visible in different time of the
year

27. - Used as time
marker for
planting and
harvesting
- Use to develop
Horoscope

28.  EQUINOXES
- two days in a year in
which the sun crosses
the celestial equator
occurring near March 20
(vernal equinox) and
near September 22
(autumnal equinox).
EQUINOXESAND SOLSTICES

29.  SOLSTICES
- are the two days in a
year in which the Sun
is at the farthest
declination (north or
south) from the
celestial equator.
- Summer andWinter solstice
EQUINOXESAND SOLSTICES

30.  It is the slow
“wobbling” of the
Earth’s axis of
rotation due to the
gravitational pull of
the Moon and Sun
- First observed by
Hipparchus in 150 BCE
PRECESSION

31. ECLIPSE
It occur when either the Earth or moon cast a
shadow into each other.

32. A solar eclipse occurs when
the moon passes between
the Earth and sun with the
moon casting a shadow on
the Earth’s surface.
- Occur during the new moon
phase..
SOLAR ECLIPSE

33. A lunar eclipse occurs
when the Earth is directly
aligned between the sun
and moon with the Earth
casting a shadow on the
moon.
- Occur during full moon phase
LUNAR ECLIPSE

34. In your notebook, answer page 4. And copy the
contributions of different Greek astronomers in
your notebook.
Questions.
1. Among all the Greek astronomers, who do you
think has the greatest contribution? Explain
why.
WHAT’S IN (SEATWORK)

35. 1. E
2. C
3.D
4.B
5. A
ANSWER
Questions
Among all the Greek
astronomers, who do you think
has the greatest contribution?
Explain why.

36. ANAXAGORAS
- He was able to
explain “what”
causes the phases of
the moon.
- The moon shone
only by reflected
sunlight.

37. PHASES OF THE MOON

38. EUDOXUS
- Proposed a system
of fixed spheres.
- He believed that the
sun, moon, and
other five known
planets were
attached to this
fixed spheres.

39. ARISTOTLE
- Student of Plato.
- Earth is spherical
and it is the center
of the universe –
“Geocentric”
- Planets and stars
were concentric, in
crystalline sphere

40. ARISTARCHUS
- First to proposed
heliocentric model of
the universe
- “Helio” means sun,
“centric” means
centered.
- Attempt to calculate
the distance of the
moon and the sun.

41. HIPPARCHUS
- Greatest early Greek
astronomers.
- Observed and compared
the brightness of 859
stars and arranged it.
- Method of predicting
lunar eclipse and
measured the length of
the year in minutes.

42. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
- Believed in geocentric
model of the universe-
Ptolemic system
- Claimed that planets
moved in a complicated
system of circles.
- Ptolemic model able to
explain the observable
motions of the planets.

43. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

44. - Sun, moon, and other
planets move in circular
orbits around the earth.
- Retrograde motion –
eastward drift of the
planets
- To support his idea of
retrograde motion, he
introduced the epicycles
and the deferents.

45. Nicholas Copernicus
- He was a mathematician
and astronomer who
proposed that the sun was
stationary in the center of
the universe and the earth
revolved around it.
- Explained that differences
in orbital speed of the
planets results to
retrograde motion.

46. Nicholas Copernicus

47. Tycho Brahe
- a Danish astronomer
continuously and precisely
recorded the position of the
sun, moon, and planets for over
20 years using instruments that
are like giant protractors.
- The moon and the sun revolve
around the Earth. Other
planets revolve around the
sun.

48. Tycho Brahe

49. Johannes Kepler
- Research assistant of Tycho
Brahe
- Formulate Three Laws of
Planetary Motion
1. Law of Ellipse: orbits of all
the planets are elliptical
with the Sun at one focus of
the ellipse.
- An ellipse is a somewhat
flattened circle.

50. Johannes Kepler
2. Law of Equal Areas: a line
joining a planet and the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in
space in equal intervals of
time. Thus, a planet moves
fastest when it is nearest to
the sun

51. Johannes Kepler
3. Law of Harmony: the
square of a planet’s orbital
period (years) is proportional
to the cube of the semimajor
axis of its orbit (in
astronomical units or AU) or
𝑃 2 = 𝑎 3 .
- larger the orbit’s size, the
longer it takes to orbit the sun

53. PERFORMANCE TASK 1:
COMIC STRIP
Instructions.You are tasked to research for a recent
discoveries in astronomy by your teacher. Based on your
gathered data, you need to create a “COMIC STRIP”
showing the series of day-to-day activities that can be
used to share the information with your classmates or
younger siblings. Create this in one long bond paper and
show your creativity and artistry by making it colorful
like real comics.

56. THANKYOU
FOR
LISTENING!!!!