1. Earthquakes 6th Grade Science

2. I. Crust A. Stress 1. Tension - Pull 2. Compression - Push 3. Shearing - Slide

3. B. Faults 1. Normal – Angle “Divergent” i. Hanging Wall (above) – Slides down ii. Footwall (below) – Slides up 2. Reverse – “Compression” 3. Strike-Slip – “Sliding”

4. C. Changing Surface 1. Folds i. Anticline – Rock bends upward ii. Syncline – Rock bends downward

5. II. Earthquakes A. Location 1. Epicenter – Point on surface 2. Focus – Exact spot underground

6. B. Waves 1. Primary Waves (P Waves) = Compress/Expand 2. Secondary Waves (S Waves) = side/side & up/down 3. Surface Waves = Combination of S and P

7. C. Measuring 1. Mercali Scale - Damage 2. Richter Scale – Magnitude (Size of waves) 3. Moment Magnitude Scale – Total Energy i. Scale 1 to 9 (Each one ↑ 32x) 4. Seismograph – Type of waves

8. D. Locating 1. Timing between P and S waves 2. Triangulation – Need 3 locations

9. III. Measuring A. Seismograph 1. Pen attached to a weight to hold still 2. Rotating drum with paper 3. Reading i. P to S is distance

10. B. Instruments 1. Tiltmeters – Up-down 2. Creep Meters – Horizontal 3. Laser-Ranging – Horizontal 4. GPS Satellites

11. C. Data 1. Monitor Faults 2. Friction along faults 3. Predictions

12. IV. Safety A. Risk

13. B. Damage 1. Shaking 2. Liquefaction – Soft soil into liquid mud 3. Aftershocks – Repeated following quakes 4. Tsunamis – Water wave

14. C. Personal Safety 1. Drop & Cover 2. Avoid glass, wall hangings, tall furniture 3. Away tall objects, powerlines 4. Emergency supply of food and water

15. D. Designing