Hydraulics

1. National Diploma for Industrial Technician
Civil Engineering
Module : Hydraulics
Module No : C 2-3
Module Value : 01
60 Hours (02 Hours per Week)
Pre-requisite Units : Civil Engineering Mechanics
Rational :
Assessment Method : AE
Aim of the Unit : a) To develop an understanding~ in student on basic
concepts and principles in Hydraulic machines are
essential in the field of Civil Engineering.
b) To introduce students to the important factors considered
in the design of pipe networks, channels and the use of
hydraulic machinery.
Special notes :
a) To impart a comprehensive understanding on the topics concerned
laboratory practicals and demonstrations should be used whenever
possible.
b) Suggested model of assessment, consists of three assignments and an
end of unit test or 3 hour duration.
HYDRAULICS Unit No: C 2-3
C

2. A Introduction to the fluid flow concept
1. Understand the importance of fluid flow civil engineering and the fundamental
concepts, principles and formulae governing fluid flow.
1.1 Explain the importance and use of Hydraulics in the field of civil engineering.
1.2 Describe following different types of fluid flow with reference to the , movement
of particles .
a) Steady and unsteady flow.
b) Uniform and non-uniform flow.
c) Laminar and turbulent flow.
1.3 Define viscosity as a property of a fluid which resist shear forces.
1.4 Define "Reynold’s number and explain its significance in Hydraulics.
1.5 Use Reynold’s number in hydraulic problems to ascertain whether a flow laminar
or turbulent.
1.6 State the equation of continuity for flow measurement.
1.7 Describe the main forms of a flowing liquid and express the the energy in values
in terms of head of liquid.
1.8 Solve, simple problems associated with different energy forms of flowing liquids.
1.9. State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem.
1.10 Discuss the Limitations of Bernoulli’s theorem and the assumption made in the
derivation.
1.11 Solve problems based on Bernoulli’s theorem.
B Hydraulic coefficients and flow measurement.
2. Develop an understanding on the engineering properties of orifices and the .fuse in
flow measurement.
2.1 Explain the importance of the study on orifice in Hydraulics.
2.2 Explain the terms "velocity of approach," "Jet of liquid" and “vena-contract" .
2.3 Describe different types or hydraulic .coefficients in flow measurement and their
importance in practical application.
2.4 Define "coefficient of velocity”, “coefficient of contraction" and "coefficient of
discharge".
2.5 Describe the laboratory methods to determine the coefficients mentioned in 2.4
2.6 Solve problems associated with the discharge through orifices.
2.7 Calculate the time taken to empty a tank or reservoir two orifices.

3. 2.8 Describe flow measuring instruments based on Bernoulli’s theorem.
a). Orifice meter b) venturemeter c) picot tube
2.9 Explain the principle of venturemeter.
2.10 Derive formula for venturemeter to measure fluid flow in a pipe.
2.11 Apply venturemeter formula to solve problems associated with the measurement
of discharge and rime of emptying a rectangular tank.
2.12 Define an orifice the principles of time taken to empty the tank through an orifice
2.13 Sums related to orifice.
C Flow through pipes
3. Develop an understanding on the principles of discharge through notches and weirs.
3.1 Define notches.
3.2 Differentiate between a notch and weir.
3.3 State different type of notches.
3.4 Derive formula for the discharge through rectangular and V-notches.
3.5 Solve problems associated with the discharge through various types of notches.
4. Develop an understanding on the principles of flow through pipes.
4.1 Describe the occurrence of fluid flow in pipes and the types of flow in pipes.
4.2 Describe the types of energy losses occurring in pipes friction sudden changes
in pipe size, bends and pipe fittings.
4.3 State D'arcy-weisbatch, formula for friction loss and the related problems.
4.4 Define "Hydraulic gradient" and "Total energy line" in pipe flow.
4.5 Solve simple problems associated with flow through compound pipe and
systems , including other head losses.
4.6 Solve problems associated with emptying a tank through pipe.
4.7 Explain the occurrence of hammer blow in pipes .
D Flow through open channels
5. Understand basic concepts and principles of flow in open channels and flow
measurement technique associated with open channel flow
5.1 Distinguish between uniform flow and non-uniform flow in open channels with
respect to depth of flow and velocity of particles.
5.2 Discuss the occurrence of "draw-down curve" and “back-water curve" in
open channel flow.
5.3 Describe the concepts of specific energy and the occurrence of sub critical,
critical and super-critical flow condition.

4. 5.4 Applies the specific energy equation to change of section of open channels with
sub critical and super critical flow.
5.5 Discuss the occurrence of Hydraulic pump.
5.6 State Chezy’s for open channel flow.
5.7 State Manning's formula for open channel flow.
5.8 Discuss the important factors considered in the design of open channels .
5.9 Describe the flow measuring devices used in open channels, referring to their
uses in civil engineering
5.10 Solve problems associated with flow in open channels.
E Hydraulic Machines
6. Develop an understanding on the range of hydraulic Machines and pumps used in
Hydraulic Systems.
6.1 Distinguish between hydraulic Machines and Hydraulically operated machines.
6.2 Explain the difference between. a turbine and pump.
6.3 Describe the construction and performance characteristics of pumps.
6.4 Classify rotodynamic pumps as radial flow, mixed flow and axial flow types.
6.5 Sketch and discuss performance curve for pumps.
6.6 Sketch and discuss characteristic curve for pumps operating in series and in
parallel.
6.7 Solve problems associated with pump pipe line systems.
Practical List
1. Discharge measurements of different types of notches
2. Discharge through orifices (let of orifices)
3. How the discharge through orifice varies with the head
4. Discharge through broad crested weir