SOFAs: Understanding Status of Forces Agreements

The Status Of Forces Agreements
Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) are often included, along with other types of military
agreements, as part of a comprehensive security arrangement with a particular country. "A SOFA
itself does not constitute a security agreement; rather, it establishes the rights and privileges of U.S.
personnel present in a state in support of the larger security strategy, and providing some legal
safeguards for service members stationed abroad (Mason 2011)". While the host nation and the U.S.
sign SOFAs after extensive negotiations, many believe they are a threat to the sovereignty of the
host nations and an exercise of U.S. influence in the world. So, is the sovereignty of a host nation
compromised by signing these agreements? Is this a zero sum game for the countries entering the
arrangements, or it is more about cooperation and mutual benefit to the signatories? Long lasting
SOFA's like the one between the U.S. and South Korea (ROK) seem to have endured the test of time
and the domestic and international criticism that generates. On the other hand, short–lived
agreements like the one between the U.S. and Iraq succumbed to the internal political turmoil
created by the presence of foreign military forces on their soil. In this document, I will try to
compare and contrast both agreements in an attempt to demonstrate that the circumstances that
generated the agreement play an essential part in the quality and the duration of it.
Studying SOFAs is important in the field of
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Evaluation Of Rural Epidemiological Event Response Essay
Evaluation of Rural Epidemiological Event Response Priority health services are generally the one
that need to be voiced first. In this stance, as the study presented by Shabila and fellows, though the
initial step of prioritization has been taken by implementing the programs in the primary healthcare
centers, the focus group feedbacks have been presented from the provider perspective and
subsequent challenges (Shabila et al., 2012). On the other hand, the sustainability of the healthcare
systems requires the population epidemiology for the initial implementation of programs, and later
the long term prevention and control. As also explained by USAID that, fragile states develop their
health system from gradual phases of, 1) relief, 2) rehabilitation, 3) reconstruction, and 4)
development (USAID, 2007). It can be seen that all the developmental phases are seen in an overlap
or either skewed more towards the reconstruction and rehabilitation phases, in Iraqi primary care
system. For the fragility of healthcare system that has to be built immediately, as is the case
presented by Shabila and fellows, two important factors relating to commitment and support are the
core for the government and private sector programs of primary health coverage: 1. Policies for the
built healthcare structure 2. Economic business model, from the private sector in consultation with
the government 3. An abbreviated version of the national healthcare system overlapping with the

Somalia
Somalia (/sɵˈmɑːliə/ so–mah–lee–ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: ‫الصومال‬‎aṣ–Ṣūmāl), officially the
Federal Republic of Somalia[1] (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, Arabic: ‫جمهورية‬
‫الفدرالية‬ ‫الصومال‬‎
Jumhūrīyat aṣ–Ṣūmāl al–Fidirālīyah), is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is
bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian
Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on the continent's
mainland,[6] and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.[3] Climatically, hot
conditions prevail year–round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.[7]
Somalia has a population of around 10 million. Around 85% of ... Show more content on
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Northern Somalia would remain a protectorate, while southern Somalia became a United Nations
Trusteeship in 1949. In 1960, the two regions united to form the independent Somali Republic under
a civilian government.[21] Mohamed Siad Barre seized power in 1969 and established the Somali
Democratic Republic. In 1991, Barre's government collapsed as the Somali Civil War broke out.
In the absence of a central government, Somalia's residents reverted to local forms of conflict
resolution. A few autonomous regions, including the Somaliland, Puntland and Galmudug
administrations, emerged in the north in the ensuing process of decentralization. The early 2000s
saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations. The Transitional National Government
(TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government
(TFG) in 2004, which reestablished national institutions such as the military.[3][3][22] In 2006, the
TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones
from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more
radical groups such as Al–Shabaab, which battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control of the
region,[3] with the insurgents losing most of the territory that they had seized by mid–2012. In
2011–2012, a political

Iraq Military Analysis
Introduction
Over the past decades, political instability, violence and economic insecurity have swayed the
Republic of Iraq. Iraq and its people have faced continual violence and instability from the
dictatorship that overflowed in Iraq during Saddam Hussein regime (Irfad: Iraq Government, 2014).
After countless years Iraq's unsuccessful armed forces, eventually acquired a much higher weapon
system out of the necessity of war. Iraq the once prosperous nation has fallen due to the military
actions by their former leader.
IRAQ's Government
The Iraqi government has evolved over the ages, from the endurance of thousands of years of
tyranny, dictatorship and now to its present standing as a democratic republic. By the end of 1979, a
new system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, for Iraq the allied forces had the technological advances and superior tactics in–order
to disrupt ground–based radars and destroy them using air to surface missiles from a safe distance.
By the early 2000, the United States destroyed 30 percent of all air defense capabilities in the area.
Iraq maintained an integrated air defense system that offered high value areas like Baghdad with
multiple levels of deterrence while lowering the coverage on other fronts. The capabilities of the air
defense systems are deteriorating due to battlefield damage or reduced capabilities due to operating
environments. Iraq as a government has a plan to modernize the defense capabilities by requesting a
foreign military sale valued at 2.403 billion dollars. The intent is to employ an integrated air defense
system that facilitates full situational awareness of the country's airspace, reduce vulnerability to air
attacks and improve relations with allied

The Foreign Policy Of The United States Essay
A civilian's perspective on an event in which soldier's acted will always be one of distance.
'Distance' in the sense that not only did the civilian not take part in the actual event, he has in most
cases not bore witness to it as well. In modern western society, passively stumbling upon stories
recounting first person perspectives on modern historical events is a rare form of communication,
rather these perspectives have been substituted by the short clips news agency feel are appropriate
for a public audience. Thankfully, the pricelessness of primary sources has not been lost onto the
sources themselves, and there is a plethora of first person perspectives simply waiting to be revealed
and valued. The invasion of Iraq, a most recent event, has also been greatly subjected to this trend of
displacing 'on–scene' perspectives with the ease, comfort, and sensationalism modern media
presents. The effects of the invasion are still potently lingering in the Middle East today, and news
of them are shaping the foreign policy of the United States. An event of such impact on our most
immediate future, and the future of an entire region of the globe, demands a closer look. The
autobiographical account titled The Last True Story I'll Ever Tell by John Crawford and the Last
Letters Home, a compilation of letters written by soldiers serving in the Iraqi invasion and presented
by Life Magazines, are the two primary sources I will be focusing on in the following paper. My aim
is to offer a

Overview of Kurdistan Essay
Kurdistan is a region located between Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. The Kurds are the biggest
ethnicity on the planet without a state to this day. This paper will focus on the Iraqi part of
Kurdistan, for it has come the closest to a state–like notion as per Weber's definition. Iraqi Kurdistan
is a region characterized by many diplomatic issues due to lack of acceptance as a state. The region
was established through an autonomy agreement with Iraqi government in 1970 after decades of
disputes between the Iraqi government and the Kurds in the north. The region had already
established a government, but it lacked many characteristics that are applicable to a state. The
constant conflict with the Iraqi government has been ongoing since the ... Show more content on
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For many Kurds, the need for a free independent Kurdistan with all four parts united has not been
forgotten and will never be. Various methods and strategies have been used in the attempt to
establish an independent state, but the prevailing conditions have always been against the Kurds,
until the second Gulf War and the toppling of Saddam. This is attributed to the lack of many
defining characteristics of a state, thus Weber's notion of a state can be used to describe the
prevailing conditions within the Iraqi Kurdistan (Zunes 19). It has been a difficult struggle for Iraqi
Kurdistan to achieve legitimacy as a state due to a lack of acceptance by the international
community and constant disputes with Iraq and neighboring countries.
Notion of a state
Based on Weber's notion of a state, a state can be defined as an establishment that is legitimate and
has the power and authority over its citizenry. Moreover, it should have an influence on the internal
affairs of the state as well as the foreign. As per Weber's specific definition, "a state has an imposing
business model on honest to goodness viciousness" (Oslon 673) Thus, various institutions and
foundations such as the military, common administration or state organization, courts, and police
characterize the state. The citizenry should also be involved in activities within the state. An
example is private equity whereby the citizenry contributes to the state by facilitating infrastructural
growth and economic

Ethiopian National Defense Forces ( Endf )
Abstract On 26 July 2006 Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF), backed by the United States,
attacked Somalia. Islamic forces controlled most of Somalia until Ethiopian forces took the
advantage causing a hasty retreat to Mogadishu, Islamists stronghold. The Islamists felt invincible
when taking over Mogadishu, threatening to behead people that didn't pray 5 times a day. Ethiopia
went into Somalia solely for humanitarian purposes. The battle at Mogadishu began to help drive the
Islamic extremists out of the country. Ethiopian Information Minister said "The Ethiopian
government has taken self–defensive measures and started counter–attacking the aggressive
extremist forces of the Islamic Courts and foreign terrorist groups." (BBC, 2006). Ethiopians ended
up with majority control in the Battle at Mogadishu with the help of the United States leadership.
This was accomplished with the 8,000 Ethiopian troops going against the Islamic extremists who
had the help of 2,000 Eritrea. The Ethiopian forces were withdrawn from Somalia on 26 October
2008. Table of Contents i. Cover Page_____________________________________________1 ii.
Abstract_______________________________________________2 iii. Table of
Contents_______________________________________3 iv.
Introduction____________________________________________4 v. Strategic
Setting_________________________________________5–6 vi. Tactical
Situation________________________________________7 vii. The War in

Political Instability In Iraq
The political instability existed in Iraq prior to US intervention. Saddam Hussien was a brutal leader
who did horrible things against the Iraqi people. During Saddam's 23 years in power, he ruled
brutally, displaying a savage willingness to crush anyone who questioned his position or even just
displeased him. During his bloody 1980–88 war with Iran, he persecuted groups in his own country
for dealing with the neighbouring country. Campaigns to suppress rebellious Kurds in the 1980s left
180,000 people missing and presumed dead. Saddam also used chemical weapons to kill 5,000
Kurds in the north and sent tanks to crush dissent among Shiite Muslims in the south. Stories of
abuse, such as children being tortured in front of their parents, were ... Show more content on
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ISIS can trace its roots back to the late Abu Musab al–Zarqawi, a Jordanian. In 2004, a year after the
US–led invasion of Iraq, Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama Bin Laden and formed al–Qaeda in
Iraq (AQI), which became a major force in the insurgency. After Zarqawi's death in 2006, AQI
created an umbrella organisation, Islamic State in Iraq (ISI). ISI was steadily weakened by the US
troop surge and the creation of Sahwa (Awakening) councils by Sunni Arab tribesmen who rejected
its brutality. Baghdadi, a former US detainee, became leader in 2010 and began rebuilding ISI's
capabilities. By 2013, it was once again carrying out dozens of attacks a month in Iraq. It had also
joined the rebellion against President Bashar al–Assad in Syria, setting up the al–Nusra Front. In
April 2013, Baghdadi announced the merger of his forces in Iraq and Syria and the creation of
"Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant" (Isis). The leaders of al–Nusra and al–Qaeda rejected the
move, but fighters loyal to Baghdadi split from al–Nusra and helped Isis remain in Syria. At the end
of December 2013, Isis shifted its focus back to Iraq and exploited a political stand–off between the
Shia–led government and the minority Sunni Arab community. Aided by tribesmen and former
Saddam Hussein loyalists, Isis took control of the central city of Falluja. In June 2014, Isis overran
the

The Radicalization Of Somali Youths
This research investigates the radicalization of Somali youths living in upstate New York and in
Minnesota, the state with the largest Somali refugee population in the United States. Somali
immigrants are subject to many of the post–9/11 American discrimination and harassment against
Muslims. Unlike many Muslims in the United States who are mostly middle class, Somali
immigrants are predominantly of the lower class. In addition to being a religious minority, they are
also economically marginalized and black. The research will focus on the ways in which historical
traumas, Islamophobia, socio–political and economic hardships become causes for isolation and
radicalization. This research will evaluate radicalization processes in relation to Somali youths'
experiences in Somalia and the United States.
Introduction
Somalia has been engaged in a civil war since 1991. The war has destroyed national governance
structures leaving Somalia a patchwork of clan fiefdoms. In this chaotic environment, Non–
governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Islamic organizations replaced the government in
providing necessary services to the people of Somalia.
In 2006, Ethiopia, with the backing of United States, invaded Somalia and ousted the Islamic Courts
Union, a union of Islamic courts that had assumed power to restore stability. The Transition Federal
Government or the TFG took control of the government of Somalia. Despite the fact that it was still
in its early stages and

Strategic Objectives Of The United States Essay
In this paper, I will propose a strategy which the United States (US) can employ to address the
security challenges against terrorism in East Africa, specifically Somalia. I will use the Ends, Ways,
and Means model to discuss the US strategic objectives, concepts, and resources. First, strategic
objectives (or ends) will be developed based on national interests. Second, strategic concepts (or
ways) will be presented in order to explain how the strategic objectives can be accomplished. Third,
this paper will examine resources (or means) required to support the strategic concepts and
objectives. Fourth, I will describe how the international relations perspective of liberalism most
influenced this proposed US strategy.
For the first section, strategic "objectives (ends) explain 'what' needs to be accomplished...strategic
objectives directly serve the strategic purpose – the desired end state"1
The four US Strategic Objectives proposed for East Africa are: 1) Promote democracy, development
and security in the region while combating terrorist networks, 2) Prevent resource monopoly by a
hostile power, 3) Secure shipping in the area, 4) Combat transnational issues of narcotics, arms
proliferation, HIV/AIDS, and human trafficking.
Somalia has a transitional government called the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), which
does not measure up to satisfy Somalis ' desire for stability and prosperity. According to the 2011
National Strategy for Counterterrorism, Somalia's chaotic

The United Nations : Commission Essay
United Nations Peacebuilding Commission
Clearly, state–building ventures require consolidated efforts and sustained maintenance to be
successful. The United Nations is the obvious choice for a state–building guardian, as it has both the
capacity and the obligation to lead in the establishment and development of newly–founded or
recovering nations. For this reason, the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) was
established in December, 2005, as an inter–governmental body that provides recommendations for
post–conflict recovery and development (Brahimi 2007). It is designed to bring together and
organize international donors and financial institutions, national governments and troop–
contributing countries, as well as compiling and allocating resources and proposing strategies for
peacebuilding and recovery. Since its inauguration in June, 2006, the Peacebuilding Commission
has taken up challenges in Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea–Bissau, Liberia and Central
African Republic (United Nations 2012).
The main problem facing the Peacebuilding Commission, with concerns to this research project, is
its lack of a strongly defined state–building policy. The current goal of the PBC is to resolve any
lingering conflicts in war–torn regions of the world; however, this goal does not provide an agenda
for creating a successfully self–governed nation–state. As previously described, the state–building
process can be extremely intricate and varies on a case–by–case basis.

The Conflict Between Military Life And Civilian Life
For many decades now, many brave men and women have joined the military in order to serve the
country and protect the rights that are entitled to the American populace. However, when they return
back to the states, some soldiers are not able to the cope between the drastic differences between
military life and civilian life; as a result, they can be homeless veterans living on the streets. The
average citizens consider these veterans as just bums and consider them through the mindset of "out
of sight, out of mind". Meanwhile, municipalities are acting no better as they enact rules that
discriminate against the homeless, including laws prohibiting public loitering, panhandling, and
squatting. It appears that the public and the government clearly do not do much in terms of helping
those that may need assistance, especially former soldiers that fought to protect them. While there
are several factors that can affect servicemen into becoming homeless, the knowledge of the factors
can be utilized appropriately by the citizens and officials to properly treat these heroes and return
them to housed, civilized lives instead of just shunning them. Back in 2007, the National Law
Center on Homelessness and Poverty reported that roughly 3.5 million people are likely to be
homeless in a given year and the National Coalition for the Homeless in 2009 states that between
one fifth and one fourth of all homeless people are veterans. Besides the numbers gathered by the
above organizations,

What Is The Holistic Condition Of Iraq
Table of Contents
Abstract......................................................................................Page 2
Iraq during the reign of Saddam Hussein............................................. Page 3–7
Summary of first half......................................................................Page 7
Iraq after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein.........................................Page 7–13
Summary of Second half..................................................................Page 13
Conclusion.................................................................................... Page 14–15
Analysis of Current Events: ISIS in Iraq................................................Page 16
Works Cited.................................................................................Page 17
Abstract
In order to fully interpret the nation of Iraq's holistic condition during and after the Saddam Era,
Social, Political, and Economic factors must be weighed accordingly and in contrast to each other.
In order to do this, the span of years leading up to 1989, and ... Show more content on
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Although the era of Saddam was stained with corruption and ethnic cleansing, the stable period
proved to be the height of modern Iraq's existence.
Is Iraq holistically a better nation after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein?
IRAQ DURING SADDAM'S REIGN (1989)
SOCIALLY, following the war with Iran in 1988, Iraq was ranked 50 in the 1990 UNDP Human
Development Index, which measures national success in education, GDP, and health. Iraq was
nearing the top of the middle range of countries in regard to the implementation of basic social
services and infrastructure. However, under Saddam's rule, the prosecution of Shiites and Kuwaitis
was a normal occurrence. Called by some a genocide, the period of murder, terror, and persecution
faced by these groups was the foundation for a long–lasting unrest within the hearts and minds of
Iraqi citizens. The rest of the Iraqi citizens, however, lived normal, comfortable lives. In the late
20th century, many traveled from afar to utilize and learn from Iraq's intricate network of hospitals
and social centers regarded as the best in the region. (CIA 2) However, constant war drained Iraq's
wealth and decimated its people. In the Iraq–Iran War, Saddam Hussein unwillingly forced Iraq into
a disastrous attempt to overthrow the Islamist government in Iran. When the dust settled, over
200,000 Iraqis were dead, and more than twice this number were wounded. Iraq's increasing debt,
nearing about 75 Billion, soon had the Arab

Somali An Analysis Of Violent Events And U.s. Covert...
Somalia in the Age of War on Terror: An Analysis of Violent Events and U.S. Covert Operations
The Zambakari Advisory
Phoenix, AZ 85005
Introduction
Somalia is a small country in the eastern part of Africa, known as "The Horn of Africa". According
to the CIA World Factbook (2016), Somalia has a population of roughly 10.4 million, and 85 percent
of people are Somali. Additionally, a significant part of the population is Muslim, (CIA World
Factbook, 2016), whom have contributed to the current conflict. In this report, we analyze the recent
violent conflict and U.S. intervention in Somalia.
The disorder in Somalia that has built up for many years has contributed to the growth of a terrorist
group bent on global jihad, al–Shabaab (Ibrahim, 2010). Al–Shabaab is an Islamist group that has
been involved in conflict with the Somalian government, and is considered one of the major threats
to Somalia's prospects for peace (Mueller, 2016).
The United States became involved with military strikes in Somalia during 2009, to combat al–
Shabaab (Rotte, 2016). However, numerous civilians have lost their lives in the process.
Complicating the situation, it is not always clear whether or not al Shabaab poses an imminent
threat. Prior to 2009, the United States also set up the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and
Counter–terrorism, where they allied with Somali warlords to fight al–Qaeda (Ibrahim, 2010). Since
the United States allied itself the Somalian government, drone attacks that

The War Called Operation Iraq Freedom
Mainstream media has extensively covered the war called Operation Iraq Freedom where thousands
of our armed forces were killed leaving millions without their mother and father. It has been said
that this was a senseless way that should have never begun; in the same manner, it is a war that
many feel was needed and very necessary. The purpose of my extended is to uncover the facts of
this topic that has been considered off limits and inappropriate especially in the mainstream media.
In efforts to uncover the facts, there are many questions that must be answered; however, in making
the attempt to answer any question, the questions leads into millions of other unanswered questions.
For instance, is this war between Afghanistan and the United ... Show more content on
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It has been said that the reason for such a war was in fact an effort to protect the interest of certain
political and prominent parties that had vested interest in the oil industries. UNOCAL (Union Oil
Company of California) is a defunct company that was a major petroleum explorer and marketer in
the late 19th century, all the way through the 20th century, and even into the start of the 21st century.
This would deliver oil and natural gas from the Caspian Sea through Afghanistan and Pakistan. Due
to the civil war in Afghanistan, the development had been blocked. Yet, the government of United
States trusted and believed the Taliban and that the Iraqi military would protect the interest of the
project. By the late 1990s, after President Clinton was out of office President George W. Bush came
into power and gave the Taliban one last chance to vindicate themselves It is said that President
Bush, proposed an agreement which insisted that they share power with the United States and said
"Either you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs."(Quote
from the www.thedailypaul.com) ) The Taliban allegedly declined which followed the attack on the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The terrorists who attacked were not strong enough to
terminate the United States in a military way therefore; instead, they attacked something we thought
was symbolic–The Twin Towers. These two building as the centerpieces of the World Trade Center

The Iraq Iran War And State Security
The Iraq–Iran War and State Security With Iraq initiating the conflict, with its declaration of war on
September 22, 1980 and the subsequent invasion of the Khuzestan province, they will be treated as
the aggressor. Therefore the theoretical framework will revolve predominantly around Iraq. With
this Posen's components of the security dilemma will be used as the building blocks for state
security's explanation of the conflict, beginning with the indistinguishability of offense and defense.
As previously stated, determining the motives or intentions of states are difficult and near
impossible to do with any certainty. Iraq would make their intentions known with the psychological
and material actions of the Ba'athist party and Saddam Hussein. It is important to once again look
briefly look at previous actions to attempt a dissection. From 1974–1978 the Kurds in Northern Iraq
were revolting against Ba'athist rule, as they were being terrorized and displaced during the military
crackdown. Despite Iran's inability to determine the motivation behind Iraq's actions, and the
potential effect on their state, they decide to take action. The attacks on the Kurds were viewed as an
attempt at a power build–up, through their attempt to push Kurds out of Iraq into lower Iran. Iran
viewed this as an attempt to strain their government and resources with the forced exile of an
unwanted faction of their country. In an attempt to protect their interests and procure a secure state,
Iran sends

Iraq Essay
To be successful in Iraq, and in any war for that matter, our use of force must be tied to a political
objective more complete than the ouster of a regime. To date, that has not happened in Iraq. It is
time it did.
In the past week the situation in Iraq has taken a dramatic turn for the worse. While we may have
differed on how we went to war, Americans of all political persuasions are united in our
determination to succeed. The extremists attacking our forces should know they will not succeed in
dividing America, or in sapping American resolve, or in forcing the premature withdrawal of U.S.
troops. Our country is committed to help the Iraqis build a stable, peaceful and pluralistic society.
No matter who is elected president in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent weeks the administration –– in effect acknowledging the failure of its own efforts –– has
turned to U.N. representative Lakhdar Brahimi to develop a formula for an interim Iraqi government
that each of the major Iraqi factions can accept. It is vital that Brahimi accomplish this mission, but
the odds are long, because tensions have been allowed to build and distrust among the various Iraqi
groups runs deep. The United States can bolster Brahimi's limited leverage by saying in advance that
we will support any plan he proposes that gains the support of Iraqi leaders. Moving forward, the
administration must make the United Nations a full partner responsible for developing Iraq's
transition to a new constitution and government. We also need to renew our effort to attract
international support in the form of boots on the ground to create a climate of security in Iraq. We
need more troops and more people who can train Iraqi troops and assist Iraqi police.
We should urge NATO to create a new out–of–area operation for Iraq under the lead of a U.S.
commander. This would help us obtain more troops from major powers. The events of the past week
will make foreign governments extremely reluctant to put their citizens at risk. That is why
international authority for managing the remainder of the Iraqi transition must match international
acceptance of responsibility for stabilizing Iraq. The United Nations, not the United States, should
be the

The Greatest Loss Of The United Francisco Earthquake Of...
Fourteen years since 9/11, the attack has retained its place in history as the greatest loss of American
life on our soil since the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. This terrorist attack evolved into one of
the pretexts for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, ironically dubbed Operation Iraqi
Freedom. There has been much controversy surrounding the political interests behind us leadership
's decision to initially misconstrue our purpose in Iraq. While political transparency may build trust,
operational security holds precedence. Our president's lack of confidence in the
American public 's ability to understand the importance of our presence in Iraq, and the countless
attempts to rationalize this, has led to numerous conspiracy theories and immense disconnect and
distrust by the public towards the government. Despite the evident paradox, the 2003 invasion of
Iraq was a politically sound intervention: with intentions to stabilize the region by overthrowing a
dictator to ensure US hegemony, in turn establishing Arab influence in support of American interests
through oil extortion and setting up bases throughout the country. The success of the initial "game
plan" is still indeterminate as the effects on the United States' actions are still becoming manifest,
but the outlook is not promising. Nonetheless, the peripheral effects of us presence has offered an
immense of stability to the government infrastructure. While the United
States' invasion of Iraq was on sound

Explain the Causes and Consequences of the Iraq War
Explain the causes and consequences of the Iraq War (2003)
On the 20th of March 2003, US cruise missiles and bombs were dropped on Baghdad, Iraq's capital
city. The target was the then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein's and his closest aides, who were
believed to be in a meeting. It would be the start of a conflict that would still be going strong seven
years later. Even after so many years of US–led invasion, the reasons for invading Iraq are still
debated worldwide. As Allawi (2007) argues 'in the history of conflicts and wars, there are few
instances that match the invasion and occupation for complexity of motive and ambiguity of
purpose'[1]. As a result, the Iraq War or otherwise known as 'Operation Iraqi freedom' was to
become one of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Crisis talks were held with the leaders of the US, UK and Spain resulting in the withdrawal of the
resolution. The very same evening, President Bush televised a live conference warning that if
Saddam Hussein did not leave Iraq in 48 hours the result would be 'military conflict commenced at
the time of our choosing'[9]. Therefore the main cause of the Iraq War was the threat of Saddam
Hussein's claimed WMDs.
Prior to the invasion, American policy makers also emphasised 'the broad benefits likely to result
from the removal of Saddam Hussein's authoritarian regime into a 'cultivation of a democratic
regime'[10]. They argued that democratization of Iraq would improve the well being of Iraqi
citizens, politically and economically. Furthermore, and perhaps most importantly, the
democratization of Iraq would help stimulate greater economic prosperity and promote further
democracy in the rest of the middle east – a region historically characterised by authoritarian
governments where there is a wide spread of conflict, instability and widespread poverty[11].
Moreover it was claimed that the democratization of Iraq would set the stage for the settlement of
conflicts that had plagued the Middle Eastern region for decades which would mean the chance to
create lasting peace.[12]
This next section will examine the

Exam 2 Essay
Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia
Exam Question #3:
What are the ends and associated ways and means of the Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia?
Ends:
The International community such as the International Contact Group, the African Union and the
United Nations to assist with U.S. foreign policies in achieving a peaceful, stable and
comprehensive Somalia by eliminating terrorist threats, promote political stability and by supporting
the organization of a central government and provide humanitarian assistance to the Somali people.
Ways:
Somalia must develop a Political Dialogue between the Transitional Federal Government (TFG's)
which are known as the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFI's) for reconciliation to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The TFG to reconsider key groups inside Somalia not previously included in the political process,
such as, clan leaders, civil society women groups, business, religious leaders, to include, the
Mogadishu by doing so it promotes a more inclusive society. Uganda to deploy 1500 troops to
Somalia as well as the African Union Peace and Security Council to deploy stabilization mission is
one of the key element to bring the Somali people stability and an assurance of peace. The United
States will assist with training and equipping African contingents deploying to Somalia through the
African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program (ACOT A). Also, the U.S. will
outreach to Somali Diaspora communities in the United States to urge additional financial and
political support for the TFI's. The State Department Bureau of African Affairs Public Diplomacy
office and the U.S. Ambassadors in Kenya and Ethiopia will communicate with domestic and
international audience by conducting a variety of press speeches and media interviews, publishing
information in newspapers and magazines about the integrated approach on Somalia The Somali
people must take responsibility for maintaining a security force at the local level by implementing a
civilian police force and a unified military presents of all Somalia's clan which provides a secure and

Tribal Law
Tribal Law and Reconciliation in the New Iraq The main theme Katherine Blue Carroll's, Tribal
Law and Reconciliation in the New Iraq is regarding the unsuccessful attempts made by the Iraqi
government to enhance and endorse reconciliation between the two Muslim communities that reside
in Iraq, Sunni and Shi'a. However, the futile attempts of Government of Iraq allowed tribal leaders
to reunite the Iraqi community through tribal law. The author's main theme is to portray the efforts
of Shaykhs in post conflict reconciliation (how tribal law works in Iraq in reconciliation) where state
authority disappoints to do so. The author conducts interviews with various Shaykhs to understand
how the traditional tribal law work in the new Iraq. She explains how the tribal law works and how
it has worked in terms of in Iraq to elicit peace in the region. One of the characteristics of
tribal/chthonic law that are represented in Tribal Law and Reconciliation in the New Iraq regarding
tribal law in Iraq was the importance of councils of elders. Elders ... Show more content on
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Firstly, because United States is considered not the enemy in so many words but rather the outcast in
the region; therefore, it is essential to have tribe leaders' confidence. Moreover, it's important to have
some sort of norm for the civilians while they undergo a transition. I personally believe that people
adapt to change steadily. Therefore, it would smart to interlink ourselves with the tribe leaders and
let the traditional tribal law be implemented the way it is. Mainly because the difference and
problems between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims are extensively impacting the peace in Iraq. If the tribal
law serves it's purpose to amend those relations in the region, it's beneficial for us and overtime
when things are well new laws can be set in

Developments in Iraq After United States Involvement Essay
Ask anyone about the current issues in Iraq and you will hear a multitude of answers, questions,
remarks, backlash, and support for our countries involvement. Sure some things could have been
done better, some things could have been avoided completely, but when you talk to someone who
has personally witnessed 184 women setting themselves on fire in protest to the way men are
treating them you can't help but admire the change today. With the help of US and various foreign
countries, Iraq is rebuilding itself from the ground up, repairing itself from previous dictatorship.
There are three major concerns in Iraq, political freedom (including freedom of religion), women's
rights, and better education. These issues are far from being resolved, ... Show more content on
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In addition to encouraging women to take active political and social roles these communication tools
also inform women about activities of the OWFI centers and shelters. The women's shelters protect
women from violence and provide a critically needed safe haven from some of the most heinous
forms of gender–based violence known as honour killings. The shelters also provide strength and
security to women on their path to building self esteem and empowerment. Women who leave the
shelters often stay in close communication with OWFI and its centers and become volunteers and
activists for women's rights. "The women of Iraq's courage and resolve are hopeful examples
to all who seek to restore Iraq's place among the world's greatest civilizations," Bush states in
a July 9 message.
The World Bank recently issued their largest grant in 30 years to the Iraqi Ministry of Education.
This grant provides $40 million to print and distribute 72 million new textbooks for the 2004/2005
school year. There will be 600 titles available for the six million primary and secondary school
children across Iraq. This generous grant from the World Bank is one more example of the
international community pulling together to support a new Iraq. The U.S. Agency for International
Development feels that renewing Iraq's educational system is vital because Iraqi youth will
determine their country's future. All universities are open, 5.1 million Iraqi

Honor, Fear And Interest Are Thucydides’S Reason For...
Honor, fear and interest are Thucydides's reason for war.(site) The On 20 March 2003 the United
State chose to invade Iraq for all three of these reasons. President George W Bush made the decision
and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and CENTCOM Commander, General Tommy Franks
executed the mission. All three men shared responsibility for the less than effective initial planning
for the war that set the United States on the road toward ultimate defeat. CENTCOM initial planning
for Iraqi Freedom failed to comply with current JP 5–0. These deficiencies in JOPP created large
amount strategic risk in the overall execution of the mission. Simply put, CENTCOM's ways and
means did not support the POTUS' ends. (site) Cobra II, the final ... Show more content on
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Without this understanding they ignored or assumed away phase IV inadequacies. (site) Second,
Franks and his planners' failed to conduct operational design before planning OIF. (old plan)This
lack of understanding of the Iraqi operational environment and made many of their planning
assumption and subsequently their planning decisions counter productive or unless to the
achievement of the National Strategic Objectives Ends. Thirdly, Rumsfeld's subjected the plan to his
dominating desire to remake modern warfare by invading with a small, agile and lethal force,
regardless of strategic risk involved. (site) He considered OPLAN 1003–98 old fashion and thought
it was outdated that securing Iraq would take more soldiers that defeating it. (site) Lastly, during the
initial planning of OIF, Bush failed to take charge and ensure CENTCOM's plans supported his
objectives. These failures ensured a gap between the POTUS strategic ends and CENTCOM ways
and means. This invited strategic risk as define in JP 5–0.(JP III–1) In 2002 during OIF initial
planning President George W Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld severely limited
Franks' opportunity to conduct effective operation design by failing to synchronize and clarifying
the strategic objectives for the Iraq Invasion. In mid August, 2002, Bush issued a top secret guidance
titled "Iraq: Goals, Objectives and Strategy" this document provided clear National Strategic Ends,
and one of his objective describe

Political Discontent: The Coalition Provisional Authority...
Political Discontent Through its initial actions executed following the invasion, the United States
effectively eliminated Iraq's capacity for the provision of governance, and thus precipitated a
collapse of the state. Consequently, this created an environment throughout the country
characterized by widespread lawlessness, which further destabilized Iraq and created conditions
favorable to the development of an insurgency. Two interlinked policy actions conducted by the
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), the multinational entity designed to serve as Iraq's
transitional government, provoked considerable damage to the state. The first, De–Ba'athification,
sought to establish a more progressive Iraqi governance model through the dismissal ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During its preparations for the invasion, the United States made several errors based upon flawed
assumptions, to include the apportionment of an inadequate number of military forces to provide
security following the conclusion of major combat operations. As Iraq no longer possessed a
sufficient domestic capacity to stem the increasing insurgent violence and the Coalition lacked
enough forces to protect the population, this situation proved conducive to the growth and
proliferation of the insurgency. Additionally, the De–Ba'athification program undermined the
constituent components of governance in Iraq. As the state was unable to exercise domestic
governance, the CPA, whose legitimacy Iraqis questioned, implicitly assumed responsibility for
enforcing the rule of law, the deterrence of criminality, and the prevention of political violence. As
the United States did not resource the CPA to execute these actions across the entirety of Iraq and
because of its policy errors undertaken in the early days of the occupation, the Iraqi state
deteriorated, which isolated the population and allowed for the cultivation of an insurgent

Poverty Among Veterans Essay
Poverty is the state of being extremely poor, meaning having little to no money, goods or means of
support. Lacking basic living materials such as food ,clothes ,shoes, and a household. You may not
be missing all of these but could could just be barely able to afford them. Poverty is a
multidimensional issue that concerns a person's level of health access and coverage, available
educational opportunities and quality of life, according to the Oxford Poverty and Human
Development Initiative. " The U.K.–based think tank released on Tuesday the Global
Multidimensional Poverty Index, which helps provide a better understanding of the causes of
poverty to better address the issue"(Caratao). Poverty among veterans in Charlotte North Carolina is
overwhelming, because low veteran pay,lack of housing and poor medical care.
The index offers a more in–depth measure on poverty through a checklist of "deprivations."OPHI
classifies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most effective assistance is provided by community–based organizations that work within local
networks offering a range of services from housing to continuing case management and counseling
as the veteran proceeds through a detailed plan leading to self–sufficiency. Focus your efforts on
supporting the homeless veteran service providers in your community, or become an active advocate
to make sure veterans receive an appropriate share of the resources that are available to address and
prevent homelessness in your area. Donate personal care items, clothing (new underwear, socks and
T–shirts are always needed) and food, or make cash

How Did Japan Adequate Democracy And Occupation Of Japan?
After the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon, there has 11been an
academic revitalization in observing nation–states, especially after the 2003 invasion of Iraq when
western academic scholars and military personnel began looking toward the precursor in imposed
democracy and occupation, Japan. Serving as an example of the success of occupation, being
amazingly prosperous with the third largest economy in the world, the highest life expectancy in the
world, and the lowest infant mortality rate, Japan has managed to transition into a dominant
superpower 64 years after the end of the U.S. occupation.
Thirteen years since the invasion of Iraq, the Human Development Index ranks it as one of the
lowest countries on their list at 121 out of 187 countries, meaning its industrial base is weak and
there is no middle class, with rampant political instability.
Despite the parallels between the two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion
September 11 is not Pearl Harbor and the occupation of Japan is no model for successful imposed
democratic transition. There was no set precedent in Japan as a nation that managed to rise in power
after having an imposed government from western forces. It was a set of unique conditions and
hinged on Japan's willingness to transition that has made it unique compared to Iraq.
Japan introduced and instituted important reforms at the national level, it abolished its ability to go
to war yet still contains a standing army. Essentially its government and bureaucracy was allowed to
remain intact, which allowed for reformist agendas to take precedence after many began to see the
positive outcomes of continued cooperation with democratization such as the educational system
and the input that was generated not only from civil servants but also from teachers. Something
which could never happen in Iraq, due in large part because of the high autonomy centralized
powers it enjoys because of having no reliance on its citizens to generate

The Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant
Over the past few years the world has witnessed the rapid emergence of one of the most dangerous
and violent terrorist organizations in history. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, better known
as ISIL or ISIS and formerly known as al–Qaeda in Iraq, is an Islamic extremist group that has
caught the attention of the world because of the swift and ferocious way that the group has been able
to seize large portions of Iraq and Syria. ISIS has displayed such brutality in its attacks, with mass
executions, beheadings, and crucifixions becoming the norm, that even Osama bin Laden, the now
deceased founder of the infamous militant Islamic organization, al–Qaeda, eventually chose to
dissociate from them (Saletan, 2014). Although the Middle East is no stranger to religious
extremism and political unrest, the ferocity and speed at which ISIS was able to gain control is
unprecedented. As the atrocities of the group's rampage through Iraq and Syria came to light, the
world was left scratching its head wondering how ISIS was so quickly able to gain power and
control over such a large territory. The answer lies in a look back at the poor decisions made by the
Bush Administration after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It was the desire of the United States to
withdraw from Iraq too quickly, their appointment of inept leadership, and a series of careless
decisions that allowed ISIS to take advantage of an unstable government left behind by the United
States after the Iraq War.
On March

The September 11 Terrorist Attacks
Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, American foreign policy altered to a more
neoconservative approach embracing a proactive policy contingent upon American military power.
Unlike the previous cold war policies of the Truman Doctrine that advocated deterrence and
containment, this new approach became a hybrid of Wilsonianism and Jacksonianism where
liberalism fused with realist means to produce a unilateral American government unafraid to
demonstrate their power in order to preserve American security.
Heavily influenced by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the potential threat of Iraqi
weapons of mass destruction, the 2002 National Security Strategy (NSS) introduced the
controversial tenet of "preemption". As stated in part III of the 2002 NSS, the Bush administration
declared that the United States:
"Will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self–defense by acting
preemptively against such terrorists, to prevent them from doing harm against our people and our
country"
The above statement reflects the United States shift towards a unilateral foreign policy, one that is
not hesitant to act beyond the constraints of international law. Traditionally, Preemption is based on
the perceived threat of an imminent attack in order to defeat the imposing threat which is justified
under the self–defense clause of Article 51 of the United Nations (UN) Charter. However, the Bush
administration has broadened this definition to

United Nations and World
NEO–COLONIALISM
Neocolonialism describes how, after World War II, colonial powers started using economics i.e.
lending and interest rates, to control former colonies and cultivate new areas, thereby creating
political, economic and social dependencies.
Neocolonialism describes certain economic operations at the international level which have alleged
similarities to the traditional colonialism of the 16th to the 20th centuries. The contention is that
governments have aimed to control other nations through indirect means; that in lieu of direct
military–political control, neocolonialist powers employ economic, financial, and trade policies to
dominate less powerful countries. Those who subscribe to the concept maintain this amounts to a ...
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Those who subscribe to the concept maintain this amounts to a de facto control over targeted nations
Previous colonizing states, and other powerful economic states, contain a continuing presence in the
economies, especially where it concerns raw materials, of former colonies. After a hastened
decolonization process of the Belgian Congo, Belgium continued to control, through The Société
Générale de Belgique, roughly 70% of the Congolese economy following the decolonization
process. The most contested part was in the province of Katanga where the Union Minière du Haut
Katanga, part of the Société, had control over the mineral and resource rich province. After a failed
attempt to nationalize the mining industry in the 1960s, it was reopened to foreign investment.
Critics of neocolonialism portray the choice to grant or to refuse granting loans (particularly those
financing otherwise unpayable Third World debt), especially by international financial institutions
such as the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, as a decisive form of control. They
argue that in order to qualify for these loans (as well as other forms of economic aid), weaker
nations are forced to take steps (structural adjustments) favourable to the financial interests of the
IMF/WB, but detrimental to their own economies and often safety, increasing rather than alleviating
their poverty.
Some critics emphasize that neocolonialism allows certain

Neoconservative Strategy In Iraq
In 2003, the United States saw the Iraqi government for what it was: an oppressive dictatorship. The
U.S., at the time, was a neoconservative actor that believed democratic values should be shared with
the world. Using this rationale, the Bush administration invaded Iraq. Ultimately the intervention
failed, proving neoconservatism is unsound. This failure suggests that the U.S. must unsubscribe
from the usage of neoconservative strategy and look to a realist approach for foreign policy.
Neoconservative strategy works to "spread democracy everywhere" , which fails to recognize the
problems with fighting cultural identity. It is for this reason that neoconservative strategy fails. A
realist approach can achieve neoconservative goals without ... Show more content on
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In addition to the high cost associated with neoconservatism, democratizing a country, socially and
legally, creates a breeding ground for terrorists, as it did in Iraq (Fukuyama1). That is because
fighting cultural identity, which neoconservatives do, proves to be costly, and results in more anti–
American sentiment (Posen4). The neoconservative concept that U.S. military force would simply
make democracy is flawed in itself (Fukuyama2). Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent,
thousands of lives have been lost, and countless terrorists have been created. Neoconservative
strategy shows similar patterns to this, no matter the

The Causes And Consequences Of The Iraq War
Time leading up to the start Iraq War, the United States had tried to remove or limit Saddam
Hussein's power by supporting uprisings and rebellion by President George H. Bush, example of
that is in "February 1991, as American forces were driving Saddam's troops out of Kuwait" (Barry
Lando / AlterNet, 2007). Later; President Bill Clinton ordered air strikes against Iraq because it
refused to cooperate with United Nations (U.N.) weapons inspectors. ("Clinton orders air attack on
Iraq"). So; we have been in conflicts with Iraq for years before the events of 9/11/2001. Reasons
stemmed mainly from suspicions of Bin Laden along with Al Qaeda been linked to Iraq. The Iraq
War and the overall objective, and Consequences would be put troops in Iraq and cost the nation
financially along with the ultimate American sacrifice.
There are many reasons for the Iraq War before and after the terrorist attack on 9/11. There was also
an attack on a U.S warship the USS Cole, October 12, 2000, which was linked to the Al Qaeda
terrorist network ("USS Cole attacked by terrorists"). Many were suspecting links between Iraq and
Al Qaeda; so, the United States said Iraq was supporting al Qaeda (Bassil,2012). One more reason is
the capture of Bin Laden, who was leader al Qaeda. Furthermore, reason the fear of the weapons of
mass destruction like VX gas, mustard gas, thiodiglycol, as well as tactical ballistic missiles. The
last reason was to remove Saddam Hussein from the power of Iraq. The Senate

The On The Flip Side
On the flip side, Gunter argues that Iraq enjoys a glowing and vibrant "underground economy" that
is a direct side effect of its bureaucracy and corruption. Private businesses in Iraq must choose
between seeking to become a legal enterprise, which due to regulatory hostility is a difficult and
expensive process, or operating in the underground economy with all of the associated
inefficiencies. One characteristic common to both options is the necessity of paying bribes to a long
line of corrupt officials. One survey of corruption in Iraq showed that one–fifth of private businesses
reported paying 40% or more of their firm's total revenues in bribes. Excluding agriculture, an
estimated 6% of the labor force is employed by private legal enterprises while 20% is employed in
the underground economy. Firms in the underground economy tend to be small–scale, engaged in
services or light manufacturing. In many cases, underground entities are engaged in illegal activities
such as selling black market fuel or smuggling across Iraq's long open borders. However, other
underground firms are engaged in other wise legal activities that are concealed to avoid the choice
of meeting arduous regulations or paying bribes to inspectors to ignore violations. As expected,
workers in the underground economy lack legal protections and there are stories of workers being
denied pay or even physically abused. Generally firms in Iraq's underground economy are very
inefficient. This inefficiency arises

United Nations and World
NEO–COLONIALISM Neocolonialism describes how, after World War II, colonial powers started
using economics i.e. lending and interest rates, to control former colonies and cultivate new areas,
thereby creating political, economic and social dependencies. Neocolonialism describes certain
economic operations at the international level which have alleged similarities to the traditional
colonialism of the 16th to the 20th centuries. The contention is that governments have aimed to
control other nations through indirect means; that in lieu of direct military–political control,
neocolonialist powers employ economic, financial, and trade policies to dominate less powerful
countries. Those who subscribe to the concept maintain this amounts to a de ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon gaining independence, some national leaders and opposition groups argued that their countries
were being subjected to a new form of colonialism, waged by the former colonial powers and other
developed nations. In Africa, the French played a prominent role in charges of conducting a
neocolonialist policy, and that French troops in Africa were (and it is argued, still are) often involved
in coups resulting in a regime acting in the interests of France but against its country's own interests.
Denunciations of neocolonialism also became popular with some national independence movements
while they were still waging anti–colonial armed struggle. During the 1970s, in the Portuguese
colonies of Mozambique and Angola, for example, the rhetoric espoused by the Marxist movements
FRELIMO and MPLA (respectively), which were to eventually assume power upon those nations'
independence, rejected both old colonialism and neocolonialism. NEOCOLONIALIST
ALLEGATIONS AGAINST THE IMF Those who argue that neocolonialism historically supplanted
or supplemented colonialism, point to the fact that Africa today pays more money every year (in
loan interest payments) to the IMF/WB than it receives in loans from them, thereby often

September 11th Attacks Launched the United States' Global...
Introduction
In response to the September 11th attacks, the United States launched the Global War on Terrorism,
invading both Afghanistan and Iraq. Despite these wars and the necessity for post–conflict stability
operations, military leadership, including the Secretary of Defense, had neither desired nor trained
its personnel to effectively conduct stability operations, which require effective interagency
collaboration. Failing to effectively leverage interagency capabilities during the early phases of the
2003 Iraq War at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels prolonged the achievement of the U.S.
military's objective–transferring power to the Iraqis.
Though the U.S. military will continue to operate in a fiscally–constrained ... Show more content on
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However, the quick handover of power to Iraq did not work and the U.S. military had no back–up
strategy.
One project which could have potentially provided crucial insight for how to transition power back
to the Iraqis was shut down by Rumsfeld. Titled the Future of Iraq Project, Rumsfeld successfully
pushed to shut it down because he had no control over it. When the program was transferred to the
DOD, Rumsfeld went as far as excluding former team members from joining the new team because
they were not "pentagon people." Tensions both within and outside the DOD had already established
a negative tone with respect to interagency cooperation. Within the military, General Franks and
secretary Rumsfeld were in strong disagreement about the number of troops necessary for the
invasion of Iraq. Outside the military, Secretary Rumsfeld faced resistance from the CIA and the
State department in the immediacy of invading Iraq–the CIA initially resisted linking Saddam with
Al Qaeda and Weapons of Mass Destruction (though this would change under heavy pressure) and
the State Department had differing views on strategy and treatment of POWs. Despite facing
resistance from both within and from outside the DOD, Rumsfeld succeeded in establishing the
Defense Department as the lead agency in charge of post–war Iraq. Thus, the military was ill
prepared for post–conflict operations not only because it failed to anticipate major

Comparison Of Osama Bin Laden And Al Qaeda
We have been focusing upon how those in terrorist leadership positions communicate their agenda
to those within their organizations, their affiliates, and to the world at large. Focusing upon Osama
bin Laden, how would you compare and contrast his ability to communicate and exert influence
upon these various audiences from the years preceding 9/11 until his death? Summary Al Qaeda
leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the
mid–1990s. Terrorism analysts believe that these campaigns have been designed to elicit
psychological reactions and communicate complex political messages to a global audience as well
as to specific subpopulations in the Islamic world, the United States, ... Show more content on
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The report will be updated periodically. For background on Al Qaeda, see CRS Report RL33038, Al
Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment, by Kenneth Katzman. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Al Qaeda: Statements 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Founding Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 "Declaration of Jihad" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 "Clash of Civilizations" . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Al Qaeda Post–9/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 "The Goals of the New York Strike" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5 Al Qaeda Statements in 2004–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Outreach and
'Truce' Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Iraq and Al Qaeda's Ideology . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Strategic Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 7 Tactical Differences? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Iraq and Al Qaeda's
Regional Ambitions . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inequality In Somalia
Introduction According to Maryan Qasim, an advisor in the Transitional Federal Government of
Somalia and an expert in women 's rights, the most dangerous thing women can do in Somalia is not
go to war, but give birth (Qasim). Over the past decade the country has not only struggled with
gender inequality, but with civil war (Somalia country profile). To this day, the country remains in
conflict and anarchy. Without laws or a solid form of government, the Somali people suffer from
drought, famine and destitution (Qasim). The Gender Inequality Index in Somalia is .776, placing
Somalia at the fourth highest position globally (Gender in Somalia). This statistic includes many
factors and results from not only the lack of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, prolonged and obstructed labour,
infections and eclampsia, toxemia that may occur in late pregnancy (ibid). Anemia and female
genital mutilation have a direct impact on, and aggravate these conditions. Women who undergo
FGM often experience complications when giving birth, especially in Somalia where pharaonic
circumcision, the most dangerous form, is practiced (ibid). In this form of FGM, the entire genital
area is "cleaned up" by snipping away the clitoris, labia and all external genitalia, thus creating a
large wound where the vaginal opening is sewn up with a wild thistle. The woman's legs are then
tied together so the wound can heal (Kristof). 95% of women in Somalia undergo FGM (Eradication
of Female Genital Mutilation in Somalia). Along with the initial pain of the procedure, FGM can
have severely adverse effects on the physiological, psychological, and sexual well–being of those
who undergo the practice (ibid). The practice of FGM also increases the likelihood of a girl
contracting HIV from unsterilized equipment. The total fertility rate in Somalia is also extremely
high at 5.8 children per woman (The World Factbook: SOMALIA). This high rate results in a low
proportion of women breastfeeding after four months and a lack of child spacing, which has
negative implications for both the health of the child

The Invasion Of Iraq By The United States Essay
Over the previous two decades, the number of countries acquiring a democratic regime has
increased dramatically. Democracy is a political regime allowing a system of government that is
based on the belief of freedom and equal justice. Power is held by elected representatives through
free and fair elections, resulting in a system that reflects the people's choices. Democratic countries
rarely, if ever, wage war on each other and tend to resolve disputes in a more peaceful manner rather
than declaring war on their opposition. However, they are not the utopias of peace that many people
envision democracies to be. The invasion of Iraq by the United States of America in 2003 stands as
a strong example where the impact of a forced regime change has resulted in unrest and violence.
IGO's like the UN promote democracy in a less invasive and obstructive way and are a lot more
successful. The invasion of Iraq clearly demonstrates the dangers of promoting democracy in an
undemocratic international system. The spread of democracy cannot be imposed by force as it is
discrediting the idea of freedom that the regime itself represents. Is democracy a reason for peace
just as much as it is a justification for war? I believe democracy does make the world a more
peaceful place, however, the forceful spread of democracy does not.
Immanuel Kant in "Perpetual Peace" 1765 originally brought up the idea that democratic countries
would be more peaceful than one with a monarchical governing

The Pros And Cons Of AMISOM
AMISOM is a humanitarian and peacekeeping mission that were launched by the African union in
Somalia. The go ahead for the mission was authorized by United Nations in February 2007. The
main aim of the mission was to help Somalia halt the ravaging civil war that has brought the country
to its knees. Somalia is an African country that is located in the eastern part of the continent. Since
the fall of the Barre regime in 1986, the country has been seen all forms of war up till the late
2000's. After the fall of this regime various armed groups began to seek power. Somalia will never
be the same for years to come after the events of May 1986. Al Shabab, an Islamic Salafi group that
began in 2006. Al shabab is said to be an Al–Qaeda affiliated ... Show more content on
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The main aim was to make sure that the public could access good health care. The clinic was handed
to the police. Another key positive impact of AMISOM since it began in 2007 is the participation of
women in the politics. During reign of Al Shabab in regions it controlled it was a great crime for
women to participate in daily activities. Equality amongst all was one of its achievements.
AMISOM made sure that women participated in the nation building process. It also stopped the
normal program of female genital mutilation. These comes with a number of challenges because
most of the communities don't really believe in women to take part in decision making process that
will affect their lives. The only way to avoid a clash was to start up an education program that will
change the perception of the locals. The Somali community had to change its way in which it views;
it had to be more tolerant on women participation in politics. This was a process needed time
because it had no two ways about it. In Somalia's political structure women have a 30% chance of
participating in government? It was a questionable decision but in a system that has no room for
female participation was a win–win situation for

Al Shabaab's Influence in Somali Government Essay
Somalia has been a land of strife since its modern history began in the early 1900's, when British
rule was challenged through constant attacks led by Mohammad Abdullah, AKA "Mad Mullah", a
folk hero amongst modern day Somalis (African Affairs, 2011). Conflict in Somalia continues to
thrive thanks in large part to the terrorist group Al Shabaab ("the youth" in Arabic), a radical Islamic
based organization that maintains control over a large portion of the central and southern part of the
country. Al Shabaab has ties to Al Qaeda (AQ) with the main goal of installing a fundamentalist
Islamist government in Somalia and is conducting an insurgency against both the UN–backed
Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the African Union ... Show more content on
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Al Shabaab's desire to establish ties with AQ demonstrate its wish to become players in the global
terrorist community. With AQ logistical backing and support Al Shabaab can withstand a certain
amount of public backlash and cuts in financial assistance from the Somali community, which
overall makes the organization more formidable and increasingly difficult to topple. Since July
2011, Horn of Africa countries have been suffering through the worst drought and famine period in
the last 60 years, causing a humanitarian crisis throughout several countries including Somalia
where the drought has affected an estimated four million Somalis (Africa and Europe in Partnership,
2011). Subject matter expert's outlook in Somalia differs in opinion on how the crisis is affecting Al
Shabaab. Many believe that the crisis is hindering Al Shabaab operations and reporting shows that
the organization splintered because of infighting when modest members clashed with hard–line
members over their ban on foreign food aid and provisions from being delivered within their
controlled areas of Somalia. However, some analysts expressed concern over splintering of the
organization as it makes tracking, surveying, predicting, and controlling the group more difficult.
Analysts also expressed concern that as the lines become more unclear a new more deadly form of

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