Viral Genetic Variation Accounts for a Third of Variability

Environmental Factors Affecting Intelligence Quotient
Environmental Factors and Genetic Trait that influences a Child's Intelligence Quotient
"Intelligence of a person involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from
experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test–taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for
comprehending our surroundings – "catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do." (Makharia et al, 2016, p.1–3)
There are a couple of factors that determines a child's intelligence quotient (IQ). The first factor is genetic trait. Naturally, parents pass on some traits to
their offspring. This could be eye color, shape, size, height and blood type. A person's intelligence is also something that is inherited, but the
environment determines if a person reaches their inherited intelligence potential. It is believed that genetic traits start developing from prenatal period;
thus, the unborn child learns and become familiar with sound, taste, music and many more. After birth, environmental factors such as place of
residence, family income, education, interpersonal relationships with people and among other factors develops the passed on traits from parents. In
most cases, it is believed that children born into a wealthy family would have high IQ than children born into a low–income family. This is because
children born into a wealthy family would have access to good learning
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The Direct Genetic Loci Accounting For Schizophrenia 's...
Conclusion
The direct genetic loci accounting for schizophrenia's heritability is still unidentified. The mental illness affects approximately 3.5million Americans
and 1 percent of the worldwide population today. The variable related to the disease is so widely ranged that literally anyone can have some form of
potential risk. Compared to other mental disorders, schizophrenia is unique to having a combination of many different environmental, genetic, and
biological factors. The exact cause of the disease is still unknown, but studies such as biometric and molecular screenings have proved genetic and
biological factors, combined with environmental factors, is strongly connected to the etiology of the disease. Although schizophrenia is more
commonly manifested during young adulthood, scientists believes, a variety of pre–birth factors are linked to the development of the disease. There
are several prenatal factors that have a higher relative risk to the progression of schizophrenia as recorded by scientists. Although not proven, studies
suggests time of birth, place of birth, infections during pregnancy, stress, malnourishment, and rh incompatibility are increased risk factors that shed
light on possible causations of schizophrenia. Many studies are indefinite due to the latency, methodology, and of the disease, more research need to be
established.
Time of Birth The time leading to conception until birth is a very demanding and sensitive duration on the mental and

Viral Genetic Variation Lab Analysis
Title: Viral Genetic Variation Accounts for a Third of Variability in 1 Set
–Point Viral Load
Introduction: The extent to the pathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV–1), or "HIV", has been studied for years. It is of large
consensus to the medical community that any strong predictor of the time showing phenotypic characteristics of HIV from the original transmission of
the disease can be predicted through assessing and evaluating the set–point viral load (SPVL). Depending on the subsequent viremia in the blood,
biologists and medical professionals can strongly predict the severity of the infection and future clinical outcomes.
The severity of SPVL is strongly associated with the genotype of the virus and its heritability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers used a large data set of HIV genome sequences of over 2028 selected participants in the study. Cohorts were broken down by age, sex, and
mode of transmission. Using the data results, the heritability of SPLV was calculated using common methods, which included the Brownian motion
model, parametric bootstrapping, and the "OU" model.
Results: Based on the SPLV of the sample size used for the study, it was determined that there is a strong correlation between viremia and the genetic
makeup of the virus with viral loads ranging from 20% to 30% with the cohorts in the study. Thus, up to 30% of the variation in viral load is explained
by the viral genetic variation. When looking at the cohorts CD4 (cells that the HIV virus kills), the heritability cell count is 11%. This result shows that
this percentage is determined by the virus's genotype.
In addition, the hypothesis that inconsistencies of the varying heterogeneity of SPLV in different studies were a result of differences in viral genetics,
differences in the host's genetics, and calculation error as a result of incorrect methods were examined. After an assessment of the results of the study,
and the different methods uses, it can be determined that the difference in SPLV heritability is not a direct result of genetic differences between large
populations. On the contrast, it was confirmed that there is a significant variability in viral load of an

High School 's Peer Mentorship Program
Weston High School's peer mentorship program provides a constructive relationship for students with intellectual challenges that helps them navigate
through the obstacles of high school. The main focus of a mentor is to help make the mentee comfortable in an environment that is exceptionally
stressful for them. In the school setting, people with Autism, specifically Asperger 's Syndrome, experience a multitude of issues because they might
have a sensory overload and struggle to socially interact with their peers. As a mentor, you need to stay with your mentee throughout the school day and
help guide them through any problems that arise, while also attempting to prevent any tantrums. The main goal of your relationship with your mentee
is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many ways to successfully aid them in making it through the class period, including providing the mentee with consistency by supplying
them with a schedule that outlines the structure of the class. People with Autism or Asperger Syndrome crave consistency, structure, and predictability
and if these elements are not present, they will mentally breakdown. Likewise, there is an underlying routine for every class period, even though a new
subject is constantly taught by the teachers. As a mentor, it would be beneficial to create a schedule for the mentee, so, therefore, the structure and
order that they crave is evident in the classroom environment. For this reason, the student might begin to feel comfortable, which would allow them to
have a greater capability to focus on the specific tasks. In addition, another way to help the mentee in the classroom setting is to break down the
information that was taught or attempt to present it to them in a different manner, if they do not understand it. Students with Autism or Asperger
Syndrome sometimes struggle to understand the lesson as they cannot process the way the teacher has expressed it to the class. It then might be harder
for them to complete an assigned task about that topic and by breaking it down, they will be able to complete more work. Also, there are many
advantages to presenting the information to them in a different manner, including

Child Caregiver: The Heritability Of Criminal Behavior
I believe that some traits are heritable but a criminal behavior is not inherited. For instance, an old cliche' state that an apple does not fall far from the
tree. For that reason, an individual can have the same characteristics of the caregiver, in which he or she can obtain some of their behaviors.These
characteristics are linked to antisocial behavior, in which will increase the chances of impulsive and sensation–seeking criminal behavior (Bohm &
Vogel, 2011). In addition, it is a personal choice in how an individual determines his or her behavior. In such matter, a person can become limited in
believing that criminal behavior is acceptable, because of their upbringing as a child. In other words, if a child caregiver is a gang affiliated

Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Behavior Genetics
BEHAVIOR GENETICS 2
It is possible to tell where one receives his physical traits from. One can look at a person, then at his parents, and see that he gets his brown hair from
his father and blue eyes from his mother. There are other traits that people can receive from their parents that are not as easy to see. The idea that
people can receive behavioral traits from one's parents is the study of behavior genetics.
Early Genetics
One of the first people to study heritability was Sir Francis Galton. He was inspired by his cousin, Charles Darwin. His research was based around how
certain genes were either passed down, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Galton is also credited for creating a mathematical ratio that showed where one got his attributes from,
BEHAVIOR GENETICS3
called the mathematical law of genetics. He believed that "an average of 1/4 contribution by each parent, and 1/16 by each grandparent, and so on
through one's ancestry, such that the sum of the contribution by all of one's ancestors approached 1." (The Embryo Project Encyclopedia).
Another key figure in behavior genetics is Gregor Mendel. He studied genetics and heritability, and is known as the "father of modern genetics".
Mendel used the garden at his monastery to study how "certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns" (Gregor Mendel Biography). These
studies became the foundation of modern genetics and heritability. By using his pea plants, he was able to determine the existence of dominant and
recessive genes. Galton and Mendel were the same age, both born in 1822. During the time of their studies, people believed that traits were "the
diluted blending of whatever traits were present in the "parents." " (Gregor Mendel Biography). Mendel was able to disprove this. He showed that
genes can stay dormant in one generation, but reappear in the next. The term "genetics" was not even used until 1906. Mendel did not promote his
research, and it was not widely popular. His findings were duplicated independently years later in 1900.

Genetic Heritability Of Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease(AD), accounts for approximately 70% of cases of dementia. As this disease progresses, symptoms include problems with language,
disorientation, mood swings,hallucinations, depression, difficulty with self–care, and behavioral issues. Alzheimer's, causes brain cells to degenerate
and die, with this results in the destruction of memory and the ability to perform simple tasks. However as the progression can vary, the average life
expectancy is eight to 10 years after diagnosis. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is unfortunately not fully understood. A probable diagnosis is based
on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes. There is a recurring... Show
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The changes that occur aren't significant enough to affect work or relationships. Those with MCI have the chance of developing memory lapses
involving conversations, recent events, or appointments. Having the trouble judging the amount of time that is required for a task is a known factor
of this. Having the capability to make decisions on their own will become harder for people with MCI. It is to be noted that not everyone with MCI
has Alzheimer's disease. Mild dementia: Mild dementia is the time when others and doctors begin to notice a significant difference leading to the
diagnosis of Alzheimer's. During this time people with mild dementia begin to experience: memory loss, difficulty with performing simple tasks and
problem solving, changes in personality, and confusion. It is known that those that are experiencing mild dementia to grow restless or agitated resulting
in outbursts or aggressive behavior. Severe dementia: Otherwise known as the late stage of Alzheimer's, is where mental function declines and
movement and psychical activities become an incapability to those diagnosed. In this stage, people generally have the loss of capability to
communicate coherently, in need of a personal caregiver 24/7, and experiences decline in psychical

Two Definitions Of Heritability
Heritability
"The proportion of phenotypic variations (Vp) that is due to variations in genetic variations (Vg) is called heritability" The concept of heritability plays
a central role in the psychology of individual differences. Heritability has two definitions. The first is a statistical definition, and it defines heritability as
the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance. The second definition is more common "sensical". It defines heritability as the
extent to which genetic individual differences contribute to individual differences in observed behavior (or phenotypic individual differences).
пѓњExplanation: Because heritability is a proportion, its numerical value will range from 0.0 (genes do not contribute ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Environmentability has an analogous interpretation to heritability. It is the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to environmental variance or
the extent to which individual differences in the environment contribute to individual differences in behavior. If the heritability of most human
behaviors is in the range of .30 to .60, then the environmentability of most human behaviors will be in the range of .40 to .70. Heritability basically
summarizes how much of variations in a trait is due to variations in genetic factor, often this term is used with the reference to the resemblance between
parents and their offspring;
пѓ High heritability means a strong resemblance between parent and offspring with regard to a specific trait.
пѓ Low heritability implies a low level of resemblance between parents and offspring.
пѓ The phenotypes may vary between individual in a population because of both environment and gene that affect the environment.
пѓњUnits of Expression of heritability: Heritability is usually expressed in the form of %. The value of heritability ranges from 0 to 1. It is a good
index of transmission of characters from parents to offspring.
пѓњPhenotypic similarities between

Principles of Natural Selection Under Darwin and Wallace...
Natural selection follows three main and related principles under Darwin and Wallace which are variation, heritability, and differential reproductive
success. Natural selection is an indispensable mechanism of evolution. First off, to have natural selection, you need diversity among a population such
as genetic variation, some species are multi–colored. An example for genetic variation would be the genus delphinidae. Dolphins, pilot whales, and
killer whales are all a part of the same family, however they range in colors, shapes, and names making people think they are of a different species
when they are all related and have evolved into a large variety. Competition for resources such as food or water must be a factor as well. In any
population of organisms, there are distinct differences which leads to survival differences such as giraffes and neck length which will be passed on to
their offspring (I.e. differential reproductive success). The giraffe's with longer necks have advantages in survival. Charles Darwin started explaining
natural selection with artificial selection. Humans have created crops and breeds of animals over time (e.g. humans have created dog breeds by
selecting traits and disposing traits).
Differential reproductive success is when individuals with more adaptive traits in particular contexts survive and reproduce more. The process of
natural selection operates by the differential reproductive success of individuals. Natural selection is also the

What Is Dependent Personality Disorder?
It is quiet easy for us to attach onto those we love. Naturally, we are prone to want to share our lives with those around us and are likely to depend
on others for a portion of our happiness. All of this is natural and makes us human. Who wouldn't want to have someone they can lean on? But what
happens when we become overly dependent on someone. When all of our decisions need to be fully backed, supported, and reassured by others? What
happens when we literally can't be alone and are helpless and fearful without someone by our sides? Well, these symptoms could show evidence of
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD). DPD is a commonly diagnosed cluster C personality disorder in which ones dependence on others becomes
impairing to their everyday life. According to the DSM–5 DPD is defined as "a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care o that leads to submissive
and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts" (Durand, 2013). Unfortunately, DPD,
like many personality disorders still requires much further research regarding its causes and treatment options, however thanks to past research we do
have enough information to formally diagnose patients with it and help them target skills to increase independence. To begin, it is important to
examine the criteria and the symptoms of PDP. According to the DSM–5, to be diagnosed with the disorder, a patient must have five or more of the
following criterion: 1.

Crime In The 1970's
The United States of America has a crime problem. When was the last time you turned on the evening news and did not hear a story about violence?
Everything from the shows we watch to the music we listen to in modern society portrays crime in some way. The shows people watch on television
become more and more violent and gory in order to keep viewers tuned in. People line up to view the newest crime–fighting movie. If you turn on the
radio you hear song lyrics from the degrading of women to sex, crime, drugs and violence. All of this influences us on a daily basis. Americans spend
millions of dollars figuring out ways to improve crime control. Everything from building new prisons, to raising police salaries, courthouse operations,
and security systems, we even elect politicians with promises of tougher laws and safer streets. Our car insurance rises, often caused by insurance
fraud. Whether you recognize it or not we have all been victims of crimes. This is why effective policies must be established to reduce criminal
activity in the future. Since crime is so broad ranging from violent crimes to cyber crimes this paper will view it from a different perspective, drawing
evidence from genetic and biosocial criminology. Being able to better identity early signs of criminal activity and having proper policies in place should
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the 1970's a general public sentiment of "war on crime" developed, partly because of President Nixon (Worrall, 2015). The crime problem in the
United States is defined differently according to whom you speak to. One American may be concerned about being a victim of a sexual assault,
while another American might be worried about cyber security. Crime is a multifaceted concept (Worrall, 2015). This is so because of the varieties
of crime. Crime is a concept because it is something that needs to be further defined. In other words, most crimes need to be specified as criminal acts or

AspergerвЂ™s Disorder Essay examples
Amazingly, one percent of new births will have some type of autism (Autism Society of America, 2010). Asperger's disorder is one type of Autism,
and is at the high end of these disorders. This "disorder, which is also called Asperger's syndrome (AS) or autistic psychopathy, belongs to a group
of childhood disorders known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autistic spectrum disorders"(Exkorn, 2006). A characteristic of this
disorder is harsh and strict disruption of a certain type of brain development. The most affected areas of Asperger's disorder is difficulty in social
understanding and in behavior or activities that are limited or recurring (Frey, 2003). Students with Asperser's have different levels of seriousness,...
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He gave an example of how John improved with help. When a teacher would notify John that it is time to change classes, he would get aggravated
and would want to finish the model he had begun. The teacher talked to him, explaining that in five minutes they will have to leave, and they can
come back at lunch if all the other work is completed. John agrees. This technique settled him down. The rest of the day he did his best so he could
get back to building his model (Glover, 2010).
Asperger's disorder (AD) is a disruption in the formation of the child's physical and or psychological development and recognizing these, the disorder
was separated from Autism in 1944, to provide a basis for each child to get the proper care. All children with Asperger Disorder will show some
traits in these three categories; impaired social skills, trouble communicating with others and a pattern of behavior, interest, and activities' will be
limited and recurring; they become obsessed with a single theme. Usually the child will have the normal communication skills in the beginning years.
They will be using single words by age one. They just will not be using them in the normal way. When doctors are testing for this disorder, they are
looking for specific behaviors or skills that are either present or absent. If the right services are available, Asperser's children will show significant
improvement in language

Dear John
Your Dad Loves You, I Can Tell, Even If You Can't Jael Zimmerman Westmoreland County Community College Abstract Dear John by Nicholas
Sparks uses two main characters, John's father and Tim's brother Alan, to express the symptoms and complications of the psychological disorder
Asperger Syndrome. This disorder is considered a form of autism. People with this disorder will be passionate about one or more topics, but will
struggle with daily tasks. The novel provides an extended metaphor through John's father through his obsessive interest in his coin collection, and is
difficulty in forming a relationship and communicating with his son as he attempts to raise him on his own. Evidence from his routine schedule and
his trouble in controlling... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has started a program for children with autism, and owns a farm where she encourages them to ride horses, and help them have fun and to aid
with their illness. John sells his dad's entire coin collection to help find a cure for Tim's illness (Sparks, 2006). The story ends with the saying that
when you really love someone, you think about their happiness, more than your own. The novel presents characters that represent the symptoms and
complications of Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Behavior is dysfunctional, when it interferes with a person's ability to function on a daily basis
(Davis&Palladino, 2007). Some of the more common characteristics of Asperger Syndrome include difficulty in communication, problems
expressing feelings, devotion to routine, and obsessive interests in one or more topics (Jaffe, 2010). John's father, Mr. Tyree conveys indication of the
psychological disorder in his behavior throughout the entire novel. Even though Mr. Tyree has raised John on his own, during the novel, there is not
much communication between the two. As a teenager and even as a adolescence, when John was home his father would greet him the same way every
morning simply saying good morning. They would eat breakfast and dinner in silence. When he tried to discuss Savannah in a conversation, he didn't
know what to say. The fact that John could never talk to his

Two Factors By Innate Intelligence
Ryan Abdullah 11.2
(a)What is meant by the term innate intelligence? [2]
It is a form of intelligence that is said to be derived from decadence through heredity.
(b)Describe two factors that may influence a person's level of intelligence. [4]
Diet, the intake of a proper balanced diet containing a variety of different foods is necessary for the physical development of an individual within a
society. If an individual does not develop properly, he/she will not be able to perform at the same level as he/she could. As he/she won't be able to
perform at the same level there intelligence will be altered (usually in a negative manner). Educational opportunities, if a person comes from a fortunate
background they might have the opportunity to pursue their education in private schools and higher education as the cost as a percentage of their total
income will be lower than that of a person from an unfortunate background.
(c)How might examinations not reflect ability[6] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can easily brought about by many factors such as how the questions on the actual test are formulated; this creates distorted results. The factor of
Stress in an examination greatly changes the reflection of ability when a student takes an exam as the stress can cause the student to not answer
questions in the way he/she usually would usually do. This skews the data and makes it less representative of the students overall ability.Examinations
rely on memorization not skills and knowledge of a subject. This is easily seen in exams revolving around manual skills such as written practical
examinations where a student might know what to do in real life but does not know how to express himself/herself on

The Causes And Cures Of Schizophrenia
The causes, cures and intellectual comprehension in schizophrenia patients remains unknown. Scientists have discovered that schizophrenia is a severe
condition that develops by a combination of biological, environmental, and unforeseen factors. Since this condition effects no more than two percent of
the population, it is challenging to find an adequate sample size for assessments and further study. People suffering from schizophrenia are incapable of
determining reality and show a wide array of symptoms varying from delusions, hallucinations, irrational conduct and disorganized speech. The
complex severity of these symptoms make it difficult for scientists to find a remedy that works for all patients. Recent studies have shown that
identical twins have an increased risk of developing the condition. The risk is increased by half in comparison to individuals who do not carry twin
genetics. Many wonder if schizophrenia is caused by a physical abnormality inside the brain, but it has not been scientifically proven yet. Since twins
are at the highest at risk for schizophrenia, it is essential to study the behaviors, patterns and recovery methods of these patients.
A study conducted by Michael Harms suggests that one of the causes of Schizophrenia is determined by the structure of the thalamus and a reduction in
volume of the hippocampus. "In the current study, we assessed the volume and shape of the thalamus in subjects with schizophrenia and their
nonpsychotic siblings. The

Fsp Case Study
The investigation of GSP as a possible proxy for measuring FSG levels first depended on defining the relationship, if any, between FSG and GSP.
Using the Mexican–American cohort, GSP values were screened for their relationship with FSG, as well as HbA1c. This investigation revealed that
GSP is in fact a significant predictor of FSG levels (p<.00001). As a control measure, the relationship between FSG and HbA1c was investigated, which
expectedly proved that HbA1c is a predicative measure of FSG levels (p<.00001). Conversely, the relationship proved that FSG is a significant
predictor of GSP levels (p<.00001). Similarly, it was revealed that HbA1c is a significant predictor of GSP. The findings revealed by our analysis of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the additive genetic effects are represented by the heritability factor (H2R= 0.5899504). Thus, 58.99% of the variation in GSP levels in the
Mexican American cohort can be attributed to genetic variation among individuals in that cohort. Furthermore, the phenotypic screen reported that
53.07% of variation seen in GSP levels among individuals of the Mexican–American cohort is due specifically to the phenotypic covariates or traits
that were significant and included in the final model (Age, Sex, BMI, SBP, HDLC, HbA1c, Age*DIAB). Thus, this means that the 46.93% of the
variance in GSP levels is due to environmental correlation (пЃІe). The Jirel cohort was used for the primary analysis of the heritability, due to the
cohort consisting of a large number of interrelated members, thus making genotypic and phenotypic correlations with GSP and anthropometric values
feasible to analyze. The heritability measure reported by the model including variance from significant covariates (Sex, BMI, Sex–BMI, SBP) was
reported to be 0.1509177, or 15.09%. 15.09% of the variance seen GSP levels among the Jirel cohort is due to additive genetic effects or genetic
variation among individuals of the population as based on our pleiotropic analysis. Furthermore, 5.59% of the variance seen in GSP levels can be
attributed to covariates that were found to be significant: sex, BMI, sex–BMI interaction, and SBP. Using this data the environmental correlation (пЃІe)

To What Extent Is Alzheimer 's Disease Hereditary?
Abstract: This investigation studies the question: To what extent is Alzheimer's disease hereditary? To come to a conclusion, seven pieces of research
were analyzed regarding their implications on the genetic and environmental factors impacting the etiology of Alzheimer's. Specifically, four genetic
factors were evaluated: the influence of Beta Amyloid Plaques, alcohol dehydrogenase in relation to mitochondrial function, specific Loci, and a twin
study to determine relative heritability. The results of these studies indicate a high degree of heritability and genetic factors in Alzheimer's disease with
recognition, to a certain extent, of the relative influence of environmental factors. Thus, the impact of environmental factors was also explored. The
influence of epigenetic factors, physical activity, and environmental enrichment were evaluated through analysis of correlational studies and a lab
experiment. The results of this research generally indicated that environmental factors can play a role as a preventative measure of developing the
disease. There is suggestion that the genetic risk of developing Alzheimer's can be lessened through environmental enrichment or physical activity.
However, the research lacks definitive evidence that environmental factors can completely diminish the heritability of the disease across populations.
On the other hand, the investigation of the apolipoprotein genome, the identification of specific loci, the role of alcohol dehydrogenase

Genetic Influences on Personality
'Genetic influences appear to contribute significantly to the differences between people in personality'. Discuss.
The research carried out in the field of behavioural genetics has indicated, over the course of many studies, that genetic influence has a direct affect on
individual differences in personality. Still, behaviouralgenetics has a lot to provide to the study of personality than inheritability predicts. This paper
will discuss a few of the findings from research carried out on behavioural genetics in personality that go beyond the basic question; nature vs. nurture.
The findings from the research include genetic continuity and environmental change during development, the impact of shared and non–shared
environmental influences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution will involve studying more than a single individual per family and discovering the association of experiential differences within a family
with differences in personality.
Harris (1995) has stated that non–shared aspects outside the family maybe more important in developing people's personality. He explained the
importance of non–shared environmental aspects by presenting the groups socialisation theory to determine personality. Social Learning Theory and
Social Categorisation are the main elements of group socialisation. In social categorisation, similar individuals are placed into their in groups and
individuals who are viewed as being different are placed within their out group. Harris utilised this concept to present how social groups can have an
influence on people's personality and how these non–shared environments that occur in children of the same family can have huge effects on
personality. It has been possible to obtain encouraging results when associating non–shared environmental aspects to personality. For example, in the
Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience (SIDE; Daniels & Plomin, 1985), sibilings that had different experiences were linked with the personality
differences in adolescence and adulthood (Baker & Daniels, 1990; Daniels, 1986).
However, it is not entirely correct

Intelligence Is Defined As General Cognitive Problem...
Intelligence is defined as general cognitive problem–solving skills. A mental ability involved in reasoning, perceiving relationships and analogies,
calculating, learning quickly... etc. A number of psychologists have argued that intelligence can be quantified, primarily through testing. In 1905,
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon devised a system for testing intelligence, with scoring based on average mental levels for various age groups. .I.Q(
intelligence quotient) in general, is an assessment of your ability to think and reason. IQ score is a standardized way of comparing this ability with
the majority of people the same age as you are. A score of 100 means that compared to these people in your general age group that you have
basically an average intelligence. Psychologists say those scoring in a range of 95 to 105 are of a normal intelligence or have an average IQ. There
have been many critiques about the use of IQ tests mainly on the uncertainty of the IQ score due to the external factors that are not accounted for in
measuring IQ scores. This essay will be addressing To what extent do scholars suggest the IQ tests to be an accurate way to measure a person's
intelligence level? An example is the chapter critique of the bell curve from the book "The Mismeasure of Man" by Stephen Jay Gould.
The bell curve book argued that IQ tests are an accurate measure of intelligence; that IQ is a strong predictor of school and career achievement; that IQ
is highly heritable; that IQ is

Dizygotic Twins
According to the textbook, "behavioral geneticists study individuals of known genetic similarity" (Chapter 2, section 5, page 47). In this case, they
study monozygotic twins and also study dizygotic. When it comes to monozygotic the textbook talks about how these type of types developed from
the same zygote. Thus, making them similar genetically. However, when it comes to dizygotic twins they develop from two zygotes instead of one
and often similar than any pair of siblings (Chapter 2, section 5, page 47). The textbook also talks about the discovery of epigenetics within mono
twins that could explain why one twin gets a disease while the other twin doesnt. When it comes to heritability estimates, the textbook talks about how
heritability estimates

Genetic Inheritance Essay
Genetic Inheritance Genes are segments of DNA passed down from parents to offspring. Genes are responsible for the development of behavioural
characteristics. When genetics and the environment contribute to individual variations in human behaviour, the premise is that the inheritance of DNA
influences behaviour of genetics. Genes are not only responsible for the behaviour, but it is also the building block so genetics alone does not affect
behaviour. With other factors environmental factors also influence the development of an organism. Nature versus nurture is one of the biggest
ongoing debates within the world of psychology, however the series of correlational studies show the relationship between the the effect of genetics and
/or environment. While many psychologists theorize that genetics somewhat influence human behaviour due to the genes and environmental factor.
Type of studies used in genetic research are twin studies and adoption studies Twin studies are used to show the common genetics shared bytwins due
to the correlation between behaviour and genetic inheritance. Monozygotic twins (MZT) are identical and they share 100% genetic material. Whereas
Dizygotic twins (DZT) are fraternal and they share 50% genetic material. Other than twin studies, the adoption studies let the researchers show the
comparison between environmental influence on behaviour and genetics. Adopted children shares 50% of genes with their biological parents but no
genes with their adoptive

Medical Journal Article: Addictions as Real Physical Disease
Charlie Van Houten HIS 240 Spring 2012 The definition of what constitutes a real "disease" is not as clear cut as one might think. One major area
of concern has been the debate between those that believe that the conceptualization of a disease should be free from social influences/values versus
those that state that the criteria use to define a disease, especially psychiatric disease like addiction, are a result of social definitions/values (e.g.,
Szasz, 2008). In general, most health professionals agree that the determination of what is or is not labeled as a disease should be free of value
judgments and social influences and should rest on notions of intact biological functions in organisms and statistical departures of these functions
from normalcy. Unfortunately, even these statistical foundations of normalcy are often based on social values (as is certainly the case in addictions)
and departures from normalcy can either be dysfunctional (e.g., someone who is born with mental retardation) or relatively benign (e.g., someone
who has extremely high intelligence). Many ask where should the line to demarcate disease from normalcy be drawn, at one or both ends of the
spectrum of what is normal? Many contemporary definitions of the term "disease" still describe a disease as consisting of some form of cellular
abnormality or derangement. Szasz (2008) suggested that in order to qualify as a disease any such deviation in cellular arrangement should consist of
three

Effects On Heritability And Environment : Twin And Family...
Whitney Davis Nova South Eastern University The Effects on Heritability and Environment: Twin and Family Studies Abstract Many internal and
external components collide in order to create individual personalities, behaviors unique to every individual person. The argument of genetic makeup
versus environmental influences, however, has researchers working to determine what really defines us. Some say genotypes control the way people
think,how they feel, and the ways in which they behave. Others choose to believe that the environment alone in itself is ultimately the determinant for
making each individual human into who they are.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The focus of this paper will be to define the contributing factors that determine personality utilizing the research on twins and family studies.
Hereditability is defined as a statistical definition, and it defines heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance.
The second definition is more common "sensical". It defines heritability as the extent to which genetic individual differences contribute to individual
differences in observed behavior (or phenotypic individual differences) ("Heritability: Introduction," n.d.) . The genetic sequences that an individual
receives from their parents..and their parent's parents can have a dominant impact on that individual's personality. The general conclusion emerging
from heritability studies is the inconsistencies in almost every human characteristic–including inclination and social behaviors–is shaped
signiп¬Ѓcantly by genetic inп¬‚uences (Plomin et al., 2012; Turkheimer, 2000). For example, studies have shown substantial heritability usually
around 50 percent or more of everything from the fact of how much time a person spends watching tv (Plomin et al., 1990), breastfeeding
(Colodro–Conde,Sanchez–Romera, and Ordonana, 2013), and breakfast eating patterns (Keski–Rahkonenet al., 2004) to political ideology and party
afп¬Ѓliation (Alford, Funk, and Hibbing, 2005) The genetic coding for the inheritable traits is found within the DNA of very person. The initial

Twins and Genetics Essay examples
Twins and Genetics
Behavioral genetics is a field of research that investigates the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and ability (Plomin, 1997). Two
of the primary methods used by behavioral geneticists are the twin study method, first used by Galton (1975) in his studies of heredity, and the adoption
method.
In the twin study method, researchers studies identical twins (monozygotic twins) and fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) to determine how much they
resemble each other on a variety of characteristics. Identical twins have exactly the same genes because a single sperm cell of the father fertilizers a
single egg of the mother, forming a cell that then splits and forms two human beings–"carbon copies." But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Probably the best way to assess the relative contributions of heredity and environment is to study identical twins that have been separated at birth and
raised apart. Although it seems amazing, researchers have found that identical twins that are brought up in the same family are no more alike as adults
that are identical twins who are reared apart. When separated twins are found to have strikingly similar traits, it is assumed that heredity has been a
major contributor to those traits heredity, and the adoption method. One of the most extensive investigation of twins raised in separate homes is the
Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart, which over the past 20 years has studied hundreds of twin pairs who were separated early in life (Bouchard,
1994; Finkel et al., 1995). This study, like others of its kind, has consistently found such striking psychological and behavioral similarities between
monozygotic twins that the important role of genes in personality development can no longer be denied.
Typical is the case of Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe, identical twins born of a Jewish father and Christian mother in Trinidad in the 1930s. Soon after
their birth, Oskar was taken to Nazi Germany by his mother to be raised as a Catholic in a household consisting mostly of women. Jack was raised as
a Jew by his father, spending his childhood in the Caribbean and some of his adolescence in Israel.
On the face of it, it would be difficult to imagine

Historical Context Of Galton 's Life Essay
Historical Context of Galton's Life Picture England in the Victorian era, living as a wealthy member of the upper class of society. This is how and
when Francis Galton lived when he formulated his theories and coined the term nature vs. nurture. The Victorian era was a time of peace and
prosperity for England and one of the highest points of England's power not only domestically but across the entire British Empire. This was a time of
industrialization for the country and its widespread influence resulted in great economic growth. This was also one of the largest booms in the
population with the country more than doubling its population in 70 years and growing the middle class within the social hierarchy (Hoppen, 1998).
The overall mood of the era was one of straight–laced, proper behavior. Literature and the fine arts suffered but scientific research and industrial
achievements were praised and encouraged (Hoppen, 1998). This context of the time period is important to consider while looking into Galton's
research. Although some of his theories and work may be inaccurate by what we know today, for his time, his efforts are groundbreaking. England
was at the peak of its power during this time and being an affluent member of society, Galton was close to the top of the social hierarchy. He was a
well–educated man and after receiving a large inheritance began to dabble in a few realms of science. He began by traveling to Africa as was popular
with the British elite at the

Annotated Bibliography: Intelligence, Heredity, And...
Steven Woods
October 22, 2015
Annotated Bibliography 2
Sternberg, Robert J., and Elena L. Grigorenko. Introduction. Intelligence, Heredity, and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. N. Print.
Reflection
This wasn't as easy of read as I first thought. Trying to take as much information as possible from the large amount of information available in the
book. To understand the information I had to do a significant amount of background research to be able to tie it all together and make sense of it.
Understanding the complexity of the human mind and why we make decisions is not an easy concept to grasp with trivial effort.
Today, researchers generally agree that heredity and environment have an interactive influence onintelligence. Many researchers believe that there is a
reaction range to IQ, which refers to the limits placed on IQ by heredity. The environment determines where within these limits the person's IQ will lie.
Despite the prevailing view that both heredity and environment influence intelligence, researchers still have different opinions about how much each
contributes and how they interact but also believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies have shown a discrepancy in average IQ scores between whites and minority groups in the United States. The reason IQ is such of big factor
is because many people associate IQ with high mental functions. More specifically it is considered that having a high, average, or low IQ presents
qualities are an important factor in success for example: dedication; motivation; self–confidence; and social skills. Nature vs. Nurture has been skewed
in recent years rather than even 10 years ago because of this concept of IQ because the thing that I wanted to understand was that can one's metal
functions be impacted by what you inherit from your parents alone (nature) or can it be influenced by where and how you matured in life

Genotypes In A Healthy Environment
A person has a unique genotype that gives to different characteristics. Genotype is the sum of all the genes that an organism gets from its parents. It has
23 pair of chromosomes, a total of 23 from each parent with endless combinations. Recombination of different chromosomes lead to different genotypes
that give rise to different phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity is the impact of a given environment on phenotypes cause by one genotype in an organism.
For example, a person raised in unhealthy environment may more likely to retain that habit throughout lifetime and live an unhealthy lifestyle. On the
other hand, a person raised in a healthy environment may less likely to adapt to an unhealthy life style. This indicates that environmental actors... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heritability is due to changes that take place at the genetic level for different traits in a population. Overall, narrow sense heritability is phenotypic
changes cause by slowly discrete accumulation of genes that provide evidence for offspring resemblance to parent and broad sense leads to changes
because of the total genetic effect. Narrow sense drives genetic similarities between offspring and parent. Heritability is measured by plotting values
for parent against offspring and then compare each value. The slope of the graph is determined as the narrow sense heritability to find a value for the
close resemblance of progeny to parent. Heritability can be used to calculate the amount of differences in phenotype cause by differences in genotype. It
isn't easy to correlate phenotype to genotype since a genotype can produce many phenotypes. Phenotype is another way of observing genotype in
organisms, therefore it allows scientist to predict observable traits in future generations. The environment will have possibility to manifest traits seen in
genotype to different

Analysis Of Gossip Girl
Gossip Girl is a tv show about a group of four rich, snobby Upper East side teenagers and how a nobody from Brooklyn gets involved with them.
Chuck Bass, whose father, Bart, is the owner of the New York Palace hotel and a self–made millionaire, is the manipulative, "bad boy" of the group.
Nate Archibald, also the son of a successful businessman, is considered the "golden boy" and best friends with Chuck. Blaire Waldorf is the "Queen
Bee" of the Upper East side and is best friends with Serena van der Woodsen, who is the "it girl" that everyone wants to be. These four characters are
socialites and can't hide anything from the relentless blogger whose identity is unknown until the series finale. Dan and Jenny Humphry, from a
middle–class family in Brooklyn, are forced to fight for what they want and obtain their goals through hard work and dedication, unlike the rest of the
privileged characters. Whenever something scandalous happens, a mass text message is sent out to all Upper–East siders that always ends as "You
know you love me, XOXO Gossip Girl." It is found out in the last episode of the series that Gossip Girl has been Dan the whole time, and he used
this blog to work his way into the Upper East side to eventually win Serena's love. The amount someone's income is related to how much their
parent's make is income heritability. This means that if someone's parents have a low income, it is likely that they will also have a low income.
Income heritability also goes the other way, if someone's parents have a high income, they are more likely to have a high income as well. This
doesn't always happen, but income heritability refers to the likeliness that this will happen. One example of this concept in Gossip Girl is Chuck
Bass. Without going to college, Chuck inherits his father's company and is set for life in terms of a job and money. Chuck did not have to do any
extra work or even work his way up through the company. Because his father was a successful, self–made millionaire, Chuck's success in his career is
almost guaranteed or at least a lot easier to obtain than people who don't have rich parents. The way this show depicts this character, and his life, is
exactly as the target audience, who I would argue

Heritability: Observations, And Current Knowledge
The Effects of Heritability: Observations, Assessments, and Current Knowledge People are always searching for an answer to why things happen and,
more often than not, it comes down to a question of genetics and environment. This is not a new concept, rather something that has long been seen in
our culture. This paper will explore the research observations and assessments that led to the current understanding of heritability and how it effects
externalized behaviors. Observations In order to further understand the root of behaviors, an observational study was done. Researchers Kristine
Marceau and colleagues (2011) conducted this study by taking three samples of twins and siblings, between middle childhood and adolescence, to
determine the ultimate truth to the age–old debate of where externalized behaviors come from. They observed that their samples from Michigan State
University (MSU) and Oregon Twin Project (OTP) showed far more shared environmental influences when compared to nonshared environmental
influences, and no genetic influence at all. However, when they observed their sample from Nonshared Environment in... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
M. van Beijsterveldt, Meike Bartels, and Dorret I. Boomsma (2014) determined that knowing the effects of heritability largely depends on the way it is
assessed and interpreted. Their information came from a variety of different sources, such as teachers, parents, and even self–evaluations. They
discovered that the inconsistency in measurement was partially responsible for any particular behavior to seemingly fluctuate in its externalized
degree, whether from person to person or the same person over time. Ultimately, Kan and his colleagues (2014) decided that heritability does have an
influence on one's externalized behavior, but that it is largely due to context, situation, or environment, although exact proportions of heritability cannot
be calculated because of the inconsistency in measurement among various

Genetic Disorder Research Paper
Genetics Essay Genetics have affected me by researching mutations, heritability, and genetic disorders. It affected me because I always wanted to learn
about my heritability. Genetic disorders and mutations, I did them because I, myself have a genetic disorder and mutation. I wanted to learn more
about mutations and genetic disorders as much as my heritability. I decided to also research florigene and goldfish because I love flowers and how
they change colors, yet I find glofish amusing and wanted learn more about them. Mutations happen to many organisms. I for one am a mutation. A
mutation is when a gene that is added or detached from the DNA sequence. For example my mutation happened in my eyes one of the genes detached
or stopped ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organisms such as dogs, cats, fish, humans, monkeys, etc. Heritability is related to me because I am an organism and a human. This applies to
me because heritability can help me determine how much humans there is out there. If I wanted I could also determine how much of other
species and organisms. Genetic disorders is an inherited medical condition caused by DNA abnormality. Basically when a mutation happens but
this one is worse and the number of chromosomes could be higher or lower. Which may or may not cause a mutation or a genetic disorder. Genetic
disorders or related to me because my disorder is with my eyes. I am legally blind and my eyes cross when I don't wear contact lenses or glasses.
Because of this disorder I can't drive or work at specific places. Florigene is a company that produces flowers that are dyed certain colors.The color
of these flowers is absolutely novel for carnation, and offers the floral industry new ideas and uses. The flowers are not much really related to me but
I do love flowers and love to learn anything about them. I guess when the florigene people due the flower they kill the gene that produces the color it
was and mutate it to be the new color. This is also known as mutations which happens often in humans. Which is what happened to

Galton's On The Origin Of Species
The poster being critiqued uses a 'family tree' theme to convey the theory of heritability of intelligence. The theme logically fits the theory and, to some
extent, is memorable. However, there is arguably too much text for the poster to be understood in a few minutes. The poster also includes information
about environmental factors that influence intelligence, potentially distracting the viewer from the main concept of heritability. A solution to these
critiques is to focus solely on the theory of heritability, thus minimising text and preventing confusion.
The theory of heritability of intelligence was proposed by Francis Galton (1869) in his book 'Hereditary Genius'; the first scientific study of ingenuity.
Galton was influenced by his cousin's (Charles Darwin, 1859) book 'On the Origin of Species' which portrays the thesis that animals ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To tests this, he developed historiometry, defined as quantitative analysis of historical data about representative people (Simonton, 1990). Following
Adolphe Quetelet's research, one of the first to use historiometry (Simonton, 1997), Galton obtained data about imminent men from biographical
sources which he compared in numerous ways. His analyses concluded that the number of imminent relatives when comparing first degree relatives to
second degree and so forth, had an inverse relationship: the more distant the relative of an imminent individual, the less likely they were themselves to
be imminent; Galton perceived this as evidence for heritability of intelligence. This research has limitations however, including the use of retrospective
data and the difficulty in distinguishing nature and nurture. Galton, aware of these limitations, sought to compare twins, overcoming these critiques. In
his paper 'The History of Twins' (Galton, 1876) he concluded the evidence supported nature rather than

Examining Diabetes and Metabolic Traits of Mexican...
This study examines for the first time the genetic contributions to diabetes and metabolic traits in the AIR registry sample, which is composed of
Mexican American participants who reside in the Phoenix–Arizona area. The AIR registry participants were extensively phenotyped for type 2 diabetes
and metabolic syndrome measures. The prevalence of diabetes in our population was 12.3%, which was above the 8.3% of the general population
[32,33]. Moreover, we observed that 34.0% of the participants were classified with pre–diabetes, which was similar to national averages that showed
Mexican American adults in the United States with pre–diabetes at 36% [33]. Although a majority of the heritability estimates of the phenotypes
examined in the AIR registry appears to be consistent with previously published studies [31], it is possible that heritability estimates may have been
inflated since shared environmental influences were not accounted for in our analyses. It also is possible that heritability can be age–dependent, which
can be underestimated when existing age dependence is present. The heritability estimates of DBP, FPG, 2hOGTT and prediabetes did not reach
statistical significance in our study. Perhaps, DBP may not have reached significance due to the variability that is often observed in diastolic blood
pressures within an individual [34]. For this study, every attempt had been made to measure DBP appropriately since we measured DBP twice and
calculated the average.

Genetics & Human Behavior Essay
Genetics & Human Behavior
The world of Genetics is one that is both fascinating and interesting. When tackling how genetics plays a role in behavior, one must look within the
scope of what genetics is before dealing with how it plays a significant role in one's behavior. Simply put, genetics is the study of genes. It is a
biological component within the entire study of biology itself. Scientists who study genetics and perform research do so with the intent to learn more
about how genetics affects the overall attitudes, behaviors and dispositions of individuals. It could be said that genetics is somewhat of a
psychological–biological science as researchers look at the underlying patterns within the genes that cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4) Parents, both of whom have a lethal recessive gene, can produce a child by cloning rather than risk the one–in–four chance that their child will face
an early death.
5) Clones could be produced to provide organs for transplants admittedly, transplant that could jeopardize or even end a clone's life.
6) Other clones could be produced with unusually high or low mental capacities that would suit them well to do socially needed tasks, for example,
challenging problem solving or menial labor." (Kilner, 2002)
By examining each aspect of this utility justification, human cloning has more
pros than cons. The autonomy justification speaks more to the aforementioned ethics
and morality issues regarding cloning itself. In terms of autonomy, there is a
tremendous amount of appeal amongst scientists and even laypeople for human
cloning. The problem lies with religious based groups and organizations and those
who deem this to be an issue with God. While that premise has some merit, the

overall arching aspect of autonomy gives credence to the thought that genetics does
indeed play a role in the behavioral parts of individuals. It therefore creates a mindset
that one is arguably selfish in their intent with regard to behavior.
There are some points of autonomy that directly affect the discussion regarding human cloning such as: "personal freedom and reproductive
Decisions "

Gardner's Theory Of Intelligence And Genetics
Intelligence and genetics.
Introduction:
For many decades psychologist have attempted to link intelligence to genetic traits and test the probability of intelligence of an individual. How does
one define intelligence and what measurement scale is effective in measuring intelligence are problems scientist are facing when determining
intelligence. Other factors to consider when testing and tracking intelligence is the environment, nutrition and nurture of an individual. If psychologist
were able to predict the intelligence potential of an individual, the individual could be linked to the maximum occupational and income potential.
Scientific background:
In order to gain a perspective to the genetic influence and heritability of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence states intelligence is not unitary and there is no "general intelligence". Multiple Intelligence involves
linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal abilities. Gardner's theory is based on
neuropsychological evidence and psychometric evidence.
Sternberg's triarchic theory pertains to 3 sets of acquired skills; creative, analytical and practical and emphasizes the importance of wisdom based
knowledge in order to formulate and achieve goals. This places the idea of an individual having the ability to sense the common good of the goals both
in the long and short run.
Biological bases of intelligence is seen in the prefrontal cortex regions and the neocortex. A higher IQ correlates to higher levels of function in the
superior, partial, temporal, and occipital cortex along with subcortical regions.
Neural efficiency
Speed of conduction of neural impulses brain metabolizes glucose during mental activities and the location of the glucose being metabolized. The
brain also appears to have the ability to be trained on where the glucose is to be metabolized.
In conclusion with the multiple theories in the study the intelligence of an individual is linked to the way an individual's brain metabolizes glucose and
the neural efficiency with the

The Influence Of Nature And Nurture On An Individual 's...
INTRODUCTION
The following research shows the influence of nature and nurture on an individual 's intelligence. Intelligence can be defined as "The aggregate or
global capacity to act purposefully think rationally and deal effectively with the environment." Thus intelligence helps define ones action in a given
situation. Intelligence can be influenced by many factors, mainly being the nature and environmental. The natural factor consists of the inborn
tendencies and genetics that show that a part of intelligence is inherited. The nurture consists of environment and socio economic factors that contribute
towards ones intelligence. The issue of nature versus nurture has been constantly debated over in terms of intelligence. Over the years, the pendulum of
intelligence has been swinging from nature to nurture determining them to be an independent factor for one 's intelligence. However this pendulum is
seen to be coming to a standstill forming a theory which supports both the nature and nurture and their contributions towards one's cognitive abilities
and intelligence.
NATURE AND INTELLIGENCE
Over years of study it is has been observed how a part of intelligence is heritable in nature. Heritability being an estimate of the size of the genetic
effect (Dunn and Plomin, 1990; Collier, 2008) In the field of Behavioral genetics, Studies on monozygotic and dizogotic twins have shown that
monozygotic twins have a variance of 0.64 to 0.74, assuming that there is no environmental

The Bayesian Regression Model
Bayesian regression models are of great values to genomic prediction but computing of these models can be very intensive [14]. This is becoming the
bottleneck in practical genomic selection programs, in which the data sizes are often large. Thus, parallel programming and computing strategies are
needed in order to increase the computational efficiency and generate high computational throughputs for genomic selection. For a Bayesian regression
model implanted via multiple–chain MCMC, the speed–upspeedup of computing heavily depends on the length of burn–in which cannot be
parallelized. Often, the length of burn–in is set up arbitrarily, which can be too short or too long. In the former case, the Markov chains are not
converged and generated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S9 in the additional file). Thus, running more burn–in iterations after MCMC reached equilibrium did not improve the predictive performance of the
model. Reliability of GEBV is a critical criterion in deciding whether GEBV should be used for routine genetic evaluation [29]. SNP effect estimation
determines the GEBV, because genotypic data of an animal is known before genomic evaluation. Estimated SNP effects comparisons demonstrated that
tunable burn–in Bayesian methods were highly comparable to fixed burn–in settings and sequential setting. It is noted that differences between tunable
burn–in Bayesian methods and their fixed burn–in counterparts were not obvious as differences between sequential Bayesian methods and tunable (or
fixed) burn–in Bayesian methods, the reason might be that tunable burn–in had equivalent effect to fixed burn–in for determining discarded sampling.
While results of parallel Bayesian methods were calculated with average values of multiple chains, and results of sequential Bayesian methods was
calculated with a long chain, random sampling effect may be more obvious in a single chain than multiple chains. Similarities among sequential
Bayesian methods and multiple chains Bayesian methods were high (>0.95 as shown in Fig 3). With highly comparable SNP effects estimated using
tunable burn–in Bayesian methods and fixed burn–in counterparts, differences among tunable and

Evolution in Seed-Eating Finches
Evolution in Seed–Eating Finches
The purpose of this laboratory simulation is to determine the effects of different factors on the evolution in isolated populations of seed–eating finches.
The simulation takes place on hypothetical islands each with a population of finches. The primary finch physical characteristic affected by factors
is the bill size which can change from smaller to larger. Larger bills are an advantage with hard seeds while smaller bills are an advantage for eating
soft seeds. The islands can vary by physical size and precipitation levels. Larger islands can support a larger population. Higher precipitation levels
support plants with soft seeds while corresponding lower supports plants with harder seeds. The number of eggs laid or "clutch size" can also be held
static within the simulation.
In addition to physical parameters, this simulation will allow statistical variability changes including the effect of the dominance of heritability and the
statistical variations for the range of changes in the trait of bill size.
The simulations will study the effect of changes of specific parameters for the different variables while maintaining all non–variable parameters as
constants. The result of this is to isolate the effect of a specific change in a variable and determine how this change effects the evolution of the finches.
Evaluation 1: Change in Beak Size
Hypothesis: I
Plants that thrive under wet conditions make soft seeds, plants that persist in

Intelligence Between Intelligence And Psychometric Tests
Intelligence is one of the most heritable traits thus, people differ in intelligence ranges. Heritability estimates range from 25% to 40% in early
childhood to 80% in adulthood. These ranges may be in specific domains but those who do well in one domain often do well in others, leading
towards general intelligence. In order to measure and evaluate differences in intelligence, psychometric tests are used to cover cognitive domains.
These cognitive domains are reasoning, processing speeds, executive function, memory, and spatial ability. A definition of intelligence that is
prominently used by researchers is: "Intelligence is a very general capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic
skill, or testвЂ‘taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings 'catching on', 'making sense' of
things, or 'figuring out' what to do. Intelligence, so defined, can be measured, and intelligence tests measure it well." Investigation of the presence of
genetic influences on general intelligence dates back to the nineteenth century, when Francis Galton published two papers concluding that mental
abilities were transmitted by heredity from one generation to another15. Despite an intermittently hostile political reception, many studies since then –
based principally on

Crime Heritability
Heritability of Criminal Behavior
For years psychologists and researchers have argued what makes people commit crimes and what puts them at a higher risk. Does genetics have an
influence on a person's ability to commit a crime? Or is it the environment a person is raised into that shape's their ability to commit a crime. The basis
for this argument is the historical philosophical reference of nature versus nurture.
Nature refers to genes and hereditary factors that we are born with that shape our personality and physical appearance. Nurture refers to the
environmental factors that impact who we are such as personal experiences, ethics and social relationships. However influences from both nature and
nurture seem to both play a major role on

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