Vaccination Debate Under 40 Characters

Prevention And Prevention Of Vaccination
The Australian Government reserves the right to cease family benefit payments to parents who do not vaccinate their children. Some parents refuse to
vaccinate their children. Is that the right thing to do? Or are parent's neglecting the welfare of their children, and possibly, the general population?
Before answering this question and analysing the different views on vaccination, it is important to understand exactly what vaccination is and how it
works in the body.
Vaccination is a form of artificial immunity that works with and jumpstarts the body's own immune system to protect the body from various pathogenic
organisms. An article by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) states that to understand vaccines, it is best to... Show more content on
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Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies without actually causing an infection, according to the UK's National Health
Services (2014) website. If the vaccinated person then comes into contact with the disease, their immune system will recognise the virus's antigen and
send T–lymphocytes to destroy it before it can replicate significantly and cause infection (NHS, 2014). There are many types of vaccines, as the
College of Physicians of Philadelphia discusses on its History of Vaccines (2014) website. There are several different types of vaccines including: live
but not attenuated (MMR–measles, mumps and rubella vaccine), inactivated or killed pathogens (Polio, Hepatitis A), inactivated toxins (toxoids like
tetanus or diphtheria), or subunits and conjugates like Hepatitis B and Influenza (History of Vaccines, 2014 ). Each type of vaccine has advantages and
disadvantages as highlighted below.
Live, attenuated vaccines can be made in several different ways. The most common method involves passing the disease–causing virus through a series
(upwards of 200) of cell cultures or chicken embryos (History of Vaccines, 2014). With each passage, the virus's replication ability in human cells is
gradually weakened, until it eventually cannot replicate well, or sometimes cannot replicate at all within human cells (hence the name
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Vaccinating Children: A Fraudulent Study
"All courses of action are risky, so prudence is not in avoiding danger (it's impossible), but calculating risk and acting decisively."." (Machiavelli)
Making an informed decision to vaccinate is a challenging and irreversible one. Parents rely on friends, family, community, celebrities and health
professionals for advice to influence this difficult choice. They must traverse a murky sea of prevarication and controversy to come to a critical
decision. In fact, in 1998, a fraudulent study linked autism to childhood vaccines. "Andrew Wakefield, a former physician who has been eliminated
from the General Register in the United Kingdom, fabricated data supporting a connection of the measles vaccine to autism, in a paper that was
formally withdrawn." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the forefront of parents' concerns is the risk of complications. Parents are afraid to make the choice that ultimately harms their child, no matter
how slight the possibility. "It is natural for anyone to want minimum risk, or no risk, for one's children, but we all know that is impossible. What we
might agree is that an acceptably low risk is a different matter. The risks of serious consequences caused by vaccination are very low indeed: smaller
than the 10 773 hospital admissions caused by accidents with socks and tights." (Edwards, 2009) The risks of becoming infected with the disease are
significant compared to the risks of immunization for every recommended vaccine. Another objection to vaccines is the concern for the safety of the
ingredients. For instance, aluminum salts and mercury have been the focus of concern. The purpose of the aluminum salts is to trick the body into over
reacting and causing a strong response. The aluminum salts amplify the reaction ergo fewer pathogens are required. According to the FDA, they have
used these ingredients safely for over six decades. (FDA, 2014) Children receive more exposure through food and water to aluminum than through
vaccination. Additionally, parents object to the use of a mercury–containing compound called thiomersal in vaccines. It is used as a preservative and
there is no evidence to

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM–5) published in 2013 (Kress & Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types
of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA,
2013). The DSM–5 merged all autism disorders into one diagnosis of ASD. Before this publication, they were organized as distinct subtypes, which
included autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified (PDD–NOS) and Asperger
syndrome (Kress & Paylo, 2015).
The Current Understanding of Disorder and Causes
Autism may be connected to early brain development but notable signs and symptoms of the disorder have the propensity to manifest around 1–3 years
old (APA, 2013). This disorder can at times be linked to intellectual disability, motor coordination and attention difficulties as well as physical health
issues including sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances (CITE).
Researchers have found that ASD appears to follow two likely developmental courses, the first development being a gradual progression, parents
describe growing or potential concerns in development over the first two years of life and diagnosis is made around 3–4 years old. Potential early

HPV Infection Case Study
There are four risk factors associated with HPV infection. Their factors are sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancy, and immune status. (Koutsky
et al. 1988). The risk of acquiring the infection is greatly influenced by the number of sex partners, frequency of sexual intercourse, and the presence of
genital warts on sex partners.
In men, the failure to use a condom is associated with HPV infection. (HippelГ¤inen et al. 1993). One study found that condom use did not protect
women from HPV infection, although another study concluded that condoms did have a protective effect. (Slattery et al. 1989). Perhaps there have
been controversies regarding the use of oral contraceptive. This issue is important due to an increase of HPV infection in women. In the study with
women using condylomata contraceptive had no effect between oral contraceptive HPV infection. (Kataja et al. 1993). However, in another study
findings with the association between oral contraceptive and HPV infection were that contraceptives act by altering disease progression in individuals
and did increase the risk of HPV infection. (BP Negrini, MH Schiffman, RJ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The male sexual is the vector of the HPV infection. Personal interviews were conducted and demographics showed smoking, genital hygiene,
circumcision use, and history of STDS. HIV was not tested. The HPV was detected by swabbing the external genital area with cotton swabs, one over
the sulcus coronaries of the penis, and the other over the shaft of the penis, the scrotum, and the perianal region. The swabs were immediately placed
in the same plastic tube containing 3 ml phosphate buffered saline and 0.005% thiomersal and kept 4 degrees Celsius until mailed for analysis. Next,
after centrifugation for 10 minutes at 2755 g, the pellet was resuspended in 100

MMR Vaccines
'Courts quietly confirm MMR Vaccine causes Autism' is a media article written by Mark Wachtler in 2013 published by Whiteout Press. Wachtler is the
founder of Whiteout Press which is an independent and alternative news source. There catch–phrase being 'Independent News at its Best– If it's
blacked–out, covered–up or censored, you can find it here!' (Wachtler, 2006).
The title 'Courts quietly confirm MMR Vaccinecauses Autism' instantly addresses a conflicting idea as it shows that the government is attempting to
hide the risks of vaccinations Within this article, the author aims to support Dr Andrew Wakefield's link between autism and theMeasles Mumps
Rubella (MMR) vaccine. This discovery caused him to become ostracised and lost his ability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, SARAH Collaboration focused on identifying the flaws in Dr Wakefield's research in terms of his small sample size of twelve children.
(SARAH Collaboration, n.d). This piece of grey literature used the large study conducted in Denmark involving 537,303 children, that found
'unvaccinated children were just as likely to develop autism as vaccinated children.' (SARAH Collaboration, n.d). A similar stance was displayed in the
peer reviewed article, however within this article a meta–analysis was conducted by three independent scientists therefore causing less bias to be
present. Eslick, Taylor and Swerdfeger found through their review of five cohort studies that there is 'no evidence of a relationship between
vaccination and autism...' (Taylor, 2014, p.3628). Although both sources suggest similar ideas and the same stance on this controversial topic their
credibility differs. The SARAH Collaboration is made up of a team of health professionals advocating for children's health, hence being 'all for'
vaccinations. This could present bias as displayed when viewing the small amount of references noted therefore showing superficial research. (SARAH
Collabortaion, n.d). However, the peer reviewed article

Vaccination Disadvantages
There are both advantages and disadvantages to vaccinations and some are more significant than others.
The prime advantage to being vaccinated is that it may save one's life. Because of advances in medical science, it is possible be protected against
more diseases than ever before. Some diseases that once injured or killed thousands of children have been eliminated completely and others are close to
extinction– primarily due to safe and effective vaccines. Polio is one example of the great impact that vaccines had have in the not only NZ but also
the world. Polio has disappeared from New Zealand and most parts of the world as a result of immunisation. The Western Pacific region was declared
polio free in 2000. No cases of vaccine–associated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethical views such as conservative Christian groups oppose vaccinations for diseases typically spread via sexual contact because the possibility of
contracting the disease discourages sexual contact. For example, the Family Research Council disagree with the use of vaccines against human
papillomavirus stating; "Our primary concern is with the message that would be delivered to nine– to 12–year–olds with the administration of the
vaccines. Care must be taken not to communicate that such an intervention makes all sex 'safe'."12 But, behavioural self–restraint and vaccination are
not mutually exclusive, since even someone who practices abstinence could be exposed to HPV through sexual assault or marriage to an infected

The Pros And Cons Of Vaccines
Imagine living in the year 1950. The public pool is closed; movie theatres are shut down; camps and schools deserted; water fountains are avoided. All
of this done in an attempt to prevent the contraction of polio –a potentially deadly and debilitating disease. Fortunately, you live in the year 2018 where
polio, and other diseases, are able to be prevented with the simplest of actions. Vaccinations. Vaccinations are key in preventing many illnesses such as
polio, measles, and whooping cough. Additionally, widespreadvaccination can help to prevent unvaccinated people from contracting life–threatening
diseases. Unfortunately, according to statistics from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, nearly 1.5 million children under the age of 5 die of
vaccine preventable diseases every year. Even though these illnesses are easily prevented, some parents still refuse to vaccinate their children because
of fear of adverse effects. Parents should be required to have their children vaccinated unless a medical exemption applies because vaccines prevent
harmful diseases and spread herd immunity. Vaccinations, also known as immunizations, have been proven to prevent the spread of many harmful
diseases. For example, the article "Vaccine Debate" communicates that since the beginning of the twentieth century vaccines have become more
effective in preventing outbreaks of diseases. This shows that potentially deadly diseases are not spreading as frequently because of vaccinations.

Cold Virus Negative Impact
Viruses can have a negative impact not only children but a whole population: "500,000 children still die each and every year from measles"
(Allman 3). Measles are also called rubeola, it is a contagious respiratory infection, it causes a skin rash over the entire body. The symptoms fairly
similar to the flu, including a fever, cough, and runny nose, although it is very rare in the US there are only 20 million cases filed each year. The
virus lives in the nose and throat mucus of an infected person. It spreads through coughing and sneezing. The virus can live up in the air up to two
hours in an airspace where the infected person coughed or sneezed or spread any of their germs. While illnesses are getting spread around it could lead
to more... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"95% of people who get a virus are poor and are from undeveloped countries" (Allman 5). The reason why it is hard for undeveloped countries to get
access of vaccinations is because its is more expensive because they have to important from somewhere else. For instance Eritrea is one of the most
undeveloped states, also suffering from political instability. Within the past few years, childhood vaccinations are now saving an estimated 2–3 million
lives each year. "The overall cost of the vaccines package has skyrocketed in the past decade, from $1.37 in 2001 (to vaccinate against six diseases)
to $38 in 2011" (MГ©decins Sans FrontiГЁres). Vaccinations are hard to afford because it is hard to develop such thing in such poor countries so it
has to be shipped to them at a higher price. As each year goes by vaccinations are starting to increasingly get very expensive not only for undeveloped
countries put for anyone with low

Why Are Vaccines Important
Vaccines: The Most Important Aspect of Public Health Vaccines have been a controversial topic ever since Edward Jenner developed the smallpox
vaccine in the early 1800s. Even though modern science has proven that vaccines are safe and effective, the anti–vaccination movement stays strong
due to religious and moral oppositions and the spread of misinformation.1(p15, 144) Vaccinations need to be mandatory for all people who are healthy
enough to get them in order to prevent infectious diseases from returning full force. The purpose of a vaccine is to help the body create antibodies that
can fight off a specific disease without having to contract the disease. For example, if a person contracts measles as a child and survives, his body
will have built up antibodies against measles that will protect him for life. However, natural immunity achieved by infection carries high risks of
complications or death from the disease. The goal of getting vaccinated is to create the same or almost the same amount of antibodies against a disease
as natural infection. Even though that amount is rarely achieved by vaccination, the vaccine, along with booster shots, still ... Show more content on
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On the current, medically approved, vaccination schedule, children receive up to twenty–six shots by age two. According to some anti–vaccination
advocates, "A schedule this intense tends to 'overwhelm' a young child's immune system, causing more damage than good to the child's body."3(p103)
An alternative schedule attempts to spread these same vaccines over a period of several years to avoid damage to children's immune systems.
However, there is overwhelming evidence that it is the alternative schedule that does more harm than good. Using an alternative schedule can result in
under immunization, leaving a child at a high risk of contracting and spreading vaccine–preventable diseases to the

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM–5) published in 2013 (Kress & Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types
of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA,
2013). The DSM–5 merged all autism disorders into one diagnosis of ASD. Before this publication, they were organized as distinct subtypes, which
included autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified (PDD–NOS) and Asperger
syndrome (Kress & Paylo, 2015).
The Current Understanding of Disorder and Causes
Autism may be connected to early brain development but notable signs and symptoms of the disorder have the propensity to manifest around 1–3 years
old (APA, 2013). This disorder can at times be linked to intellectual disability, motor coordination and attention difficulties as well as physical health
issues including sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances (Ji & Findling, 2015).
Researchers have found that ASD appears to follow two likely developmental courses, the first development being a gradual progression, parents
describe growing or potential concerns in development over the first two years of life and diagnosis is made around 3–4 years old. Potential early
signifiers

Mandatory Vaccination in Children: An Ethical Dilemma Essay
Vaccination was first introduced globally for small pox and later on extended to other communicable diseases which are now known as vaccine
preventable disease. Vaccination is beneficial both for individuals and community. This bring us to the ethical dilemma– Vaccination of a healthy child
with the intention of protecting both the individual child and the community at the same time exposing the child to the theoretical risk of exposure to
disease products whether live, attenuated or killed. There was a time when people never questioned the government or their physicians. Now because
of more public awareness and accessibility to medical information, they are questioning the safety aspects of vaccines.
Most of the time parents take ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1971, small pox legislation was annulled in UK2. Childhood vaccination is no longer compulsory in UK since 20042. In USA the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended an immunization schedule which is a non mandatory one. Most states in USA has adopted
this policy and require the children to be vaccinated in order to attend day care centers and public schools in which case vaccination becomes
mandatory.2 Exemptions are allowed for medical reasons whereas it is limited for religious and philosophical reasons in 20 US states3.
Risks and Benefits of Vaccination
Vaccines are one of most successful and cost effective public health preventive tool in current century for preventing communicable diseases. According
to UK Health Protection Agency (HPA), vaccination is the second most effective public health intervention worldwide. Immunization protects the
individual as well the community from serious diseases. Since the implementation of immunization there has been a 95% reduction in the cases 4.
According to WHO immunization prevented 2million deaths worldwide.
Vaccines are safe and effective. At the same time no drug orvaccine is 100% safe and risk free. There have been instances when vaccines have been
withdrawn from market because of the serious adverse effects. Rota virus vaccine (Rotashield) was

Flawed Protection Essay
Having kids vaccinated is a decision every parent has to make shortly after their children are born. Most parents are led to believe there is no question
about the safety of these vaccines. However there are few parents that are determined these vaccines are one of the prime factors in the cause of autism.
The United States is in the midst of a tragic epidemic of autism. An analysis of the US Department of Education data from 1992–1993 in comparison to
2000–2001 indicates that there has been an average increase of 644% among all US children. (www.autismsociety.org) Recent studies in the Journal of
the American Medical Association and Pediatrics have confirmed the autism epidemic is real and not due to changes in diagnosis, population... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals with autism often suffer from numerous physical ailments, which may include: allergies, asthma, epilepsy, digestive disorders, persistent
viral infections, feeding disorders, and sensory integration dysfunction, and sleeping disorders.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease–causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body's immune
system so that it can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. Vaccines are made by acquiring strands of
diseases (such as polio, diphtheria, measles, etc) and then weakening it for human use. The germ is weakened by a process known as "serial passage."
This process involves passing the germ or virus through animal tissue, or in thirteen vaccines the tissue of an aborted human fetus, several times to
reduce its potency. (www.cdc.gov)
The pros of vaccinations are avoiding future outbreaks of diseases, not getting vaccinated could potentially harm other children, and diseases that were
formally killing thousands of people are now becoming dormant. Polio has been pretty much eradicated because of vaccinations, although it is not
100% gone. If you stop vaccinating, the virus can spread and cause partial paralysis or even death. Some examples are Hepatitis B, Whopping cough,
Tetanus, and Mumps.

Vaccines : The World Health Organization
During every year everyone trembles in fear as a new and stronger strand of flu like sickness comes along. These viruses are met with vaccines that
are swiftly made by the World Health Organization. The problem with the way that vaccines are made is, the World Health Organization not only
makes the vaccines but also deems the vaccines safe. Since they are responsible for making and deeming the vaccines safe, mistakes can lead to mass
deaths. For this reason there should be checks and balances where other agencies test the vaccines for potential threat of mental illness, dangerous
ingredients, and death. This system is definitely due for an complete overhaul due to the lives of the families that are affected. The biggest problem
with flu vaccines is the World Health Organization. Though countless studies show that vaccines created by them were connected to things such as
cancer, autism, and death, they still stand by their views that vaccines are not hazardous. The World Health Organization recently had their MMR
vaccine that treated Measles, Mumps, and Rubella connected to autism. They stated on their website "Based on the extensive review presented,
GACVS concluded that no evidence exists of a causal association between MMR vaccine and autism or autistic disorders. The Committee believes the
matter is likely to be clarified by a better understanding of the causes of autism". On the contrary to the World Health Organization's findings, there are
families that were really

Does Vaccination Cause Autism
Vaccinations are one of the most notable scientific break thoughts in primary health care history. It is one of the most effective ways of preventing the
spread of disease in the community. The safety and outcomes of the immunisation programs can be seen in the scientific research, health of the
community and in society as a whole. Vaccinationprograms have been the cornerstone of preventative healthcare
All vaccinations work in the same scientific way. When the vaccine enters the blood stream the body will react to the antigens as if it where the virus
or bacteria contracted from the surrounding environment. The dose only possessing a small part of the virus, the virus will not have the opportunity to
develop and express symptoms in the same ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mass immunisation has been attributed to the eradication of small pox and hopefully polio in the near future. Diseases that once caused thousands of
deaths have been prevented and controlled by the collective research and development by the WHO. The CSL laboratories in Victory have been mass
producing vaccines for Australia for one hundred years, they have been the sole provider of vaccines to the school immunisation program. Providing
the recommended vaccines to school aged children which have helped raise herd immunity for a number of diseases. Despite concerns of the risk of
vaccines these reputable organisations have not found any evidence that support the

Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Evolution
When Charles Darwin formulated his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, he had adopted some assumed premises. The most important of all
these premises was that all biological organisms have an innate imperative for survival, if not solely for themselves as individuals, then for their
offspring, and ultimately, their species. Regardless of whether or not these biological entities are even aware of this "will to live and proliferate," it is
assumed to not only exist in all living things, but also to be their ultimate goal. Man, Homo sapien, a biological organism, would be expected to have
the very same primary goal towards survival, yet, often times it seems man has a more important agenda– towards personal gain. Most scientists will...
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But much like the Greek fable, at the bottom of this box of maladies and nasties lies the true gift – hope – but it may be man 's hubris and fear that,
much like Pandora, slams the box shut before it can escape.
This hope against sickness and disease is, of course, vaccination. Few scientific words spark as much heated debate between scientists and lay people
alike as vaccination, but over the past few decades, the practice has become the source of great scrutiny. But vaccinations have been used in medicine
since Edward Jenner discovered that inoculation with cowpox could provide immunity to small pox in 1796, and not only have they been used, but
they have grown exponentially, with vaccines for life threatening and debilitating diseases such as rabies, tetanus, polio, and influenza becoming
available for the masses, with new vaccines being developed all the time. But the past 15 years have seen many parents opt out of vaccination,
deciding to expose their children to many of the dangers that medical science has pushed to the brink of extinction. Obviously, it can be assumed that it
is not because these parents have some sort of desire to prevent the survival of their offspring. In fact, the reason is most likely grounded in some belief
that vaccinations can harm their children.
It has been known since vaccinations were first recommended and administered to children that there is a chance that they

Vaccines Are Safe And One Of The Greatest Public Health...
From January 1st to April 24th of this year, 166 people from 19 different states and the District of Columbia were reported to have measles in the U.S.
("Measles Cases and Outbreaks, 2015). This recent outbreak has sparked a conversation in the media about whether or not parents should be required
by law to immunize their children. Even though no mandatory federal vaccination law currently exists, all 50 states require children to be immunized
before starting public school. However, all 50 states issue medical exemptions, 48 issue religious exemptions, and 19 issue philosophical exemptions
("School Vaccination Requirements," 2011). Proponents of vaccinations argue that vaccines are safe and one of the greatest public health developments
of the 20th century. They state vaccines are saving millions of lives and are preventing illnesses like rubella, diphtheria,smallpox, polio and whooping
cough. On the other hand, opponents of vaccinations argue that children's immune systems are capable of fighting most infections naturally and
injecting questionable materials into a child, or any person for that matter, may cause deleterious side effects. Although many counterarguments
regarding the efficacy of vaccines are valid, others are not supported by evidence. Overall, the benefits of vaccines far outweigh any risks.
As previously mentioned, opponents of immunization argue that some vaccines can trigger health problems like sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
The belief that

Vaccination Argumentative Essay
Lauren Shaak
July 17, 2015
Autism and Vaccination: 5 Things Worth Knowing
Overview
The public debate about autism and vaccines is emotionally charged. Rightly so. No matter the source, parents fear harm and illness befalling their
children. The implication that harm stems from vaccination, a practice meant to promote overall wellness is terrifying and angering. Doctors and
scientists insist that there is no immediate link between routine vaccination in healthy children and the onset of autism. Parents of children with autism
stand in vehement disagreement. The truth of the issue is muddy.
Timing
Many cases of autism are termed "regressive." A child diagnosed with regressive autism experienced normal, healthy development before the onset of
symptoms. In other words, the child was not born with evident developmental impairments. Parents firmly believe that vaccination is the culprit in such
cases. Doctors, on the other hand, point out that vaccinations are administered right around the time when symptoms of ASD typically present
themselves.
VaccineOverload ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children are inoculated for several diseases at a time, often over the course of several month or years. It makes sense to give vaccines in periodic
doses; doing so helps the body develop antibodies over time. The argument, however, is that children are given too many shots at once. Vaccines for
MMR, rotavirus, pneumococcal pneumonia, varicella, tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, and whooping cough are grouped into conjugate vaccines.
Primarily, this saves children–particularly infants–from the undue pain of numerous injections. Anyone hugging a wailing infant is grateful that the
child received two injections rather than, say, upwards of five. Still, critics say that the amount of material injected can overload a child's small and
developing body, thereby aggravating an underlying

Diphtheriae Case Study
Diagnosis
Though according to the World Health Organization (WHO) diphtheria is fairly easy to diagnose due particularly to the pseudomembrane that often
covers the back of the throat (2006), symptoms are not always caused by C. diphtheriae. Instead, they can be caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans.
During an outbreak, knowledge of which bacteria is causing the symptoms can lead to different treatment courses and allows for better allocation of
resources .A clinical diagnosis of diphtheria with proper identification of the causal agent C. diphtheriae unfortunately requires time. However, when
treating an individual for the disease, time is of the essence, and thus multiple symptoms usually lead to a working diagnosis of diphtheria before test
results can be obtained, and a treatment course is begun for that individual. Upon visible confirmation of symptoms, sterile swabs are used to acquire
samples from the lesions that are common with diphtheria. Necessary sites for sampling include the pharyngeal area, especially the back of the throat
and nose, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
diphtheriae is an innocuous Gram positive, bacillus shaped bacteria that, when infected with a specific bacteriophage, produces an exotoxin that is very
damaging to humans and causes a disease known as diphtheria. Diphtheria affects the upper respiratory tract and is known to cause lesions throughout
the pharyngeal area and on the skin. Transmission of diphtheria is through contact with bodily fluids including saliva. When left untreated, respiratory
problems and cardiac difficulties can lead to death (WHO position paper, 2006). Prior to current prevention and treatment methods, in some locales,
morbidity and mortality rates for C. diphtheriae were known to exceed 50 percent. Now, with modern science to thank, diphtheria morbidity and
mortality rates have been reduced to 5 to 10 percent globally. Additionally, global incidence of diphtheria continues to decrease steadily due to
increasingly standardized

Vaccination In Australia Essay
The Australian Government reserves the right to cease family benefit payments to parents who do not vaccinate their children. Are parent's neglecting
the welfare of their children, and possibly, the general population by not vaccinating their children? Before answering this question and analysing the
different views on vaccination, it is important to understand exactly what vaccination is and how it works in the body.
Vaccination is a process by which an individual is made immune to a particular pathogen, typically via injection. To understand vaccines, it is best to
first understand how the human immune system works. In his book, Immunobiology (2001) Charles Janeway, a notable immunologist, states that there
are two arms to the human immune ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (2013) states that vaccines contain a set of ingredients that serve as a vaccination
opponents' main reason against vaccination. However, experts say these ingredients (indicated below) are found in too low amounts to be considered
serious (NCIRS, 2013). Adjuvants are used to enhance the immune response to a vaccine. They include aluminium salts which some claim is toxic.
However, experts state that there is far less aluminium in the vaccine than there is in common diets and medications (NCIRS, 2013). Moreover,
preservatives are used to prevent the fungal and/or bacterial contamination of vaccines. These preservatives include Thiomersal, derived from toxic
metal Mercury though found in too small a trace to cause any harm, and Phenoxyethanol, an aromatic ether which resulted in one rare case of eczema
(NCIRS, 2014). Lastly, some trace components in vaccines may cause allergies in some people, although this is rare. Vaccines may contain cell
cultures, egg proteins, yeast, certain antibiotics and inactivating agents. People with severe allergic reaction to any antibiotic must be assessed by an
immunisation provider before being vaccinated. People allergic to egg or yeast can safely take the vaccine, even if they are anaphylactic, as the traces
are minute

Why Do People Join The Anti Vaccination Movement?
During the 20th century, the infectious disease death rate decreased from 800/1000 deaths to less than 100/1000 deaths. This is mainly due to the
introduction of immunisation. Vaccination has clearly prevented millions of deaths over the last century; nevertheless, the anti–vaccination movement
has grown significantly in recent years. Some of the reasons why people join this movement include the belief that vaccines don't actually work, the
belief that vaccines are unnatural and therefore unhealthy and the belief that vaccines contain toxins that cause bodily damage and neuropsychiatric
problems (eg. Autism). This essay will discredit the beliefs associated with the anti vaccination movement through infectious disease statistics, ... Show
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Whilst this is occurring, memory B cells figure out the shape of the antigen and remember it. This allows the B cells to produce antibodies much faster
if the pathogen reinfects the person. The problem with the human immune system is that it takes approximately three weeks to reach peak antibody
concentration and remove all of the pathogens in the body. Many pathogenic diseases (tetanus, polio, meningococcal etc) will kill the individual before
the 3rd line of defence has the chance to destroy them. Vaccination involves injecting antigens (in the form of attenuated pathogens or pathogen parts)
into the body. This causes the same immune response that would occur if the individual was infected with the actual disease; however, because the
pathogens have been weakened (or killed) and had their reproductive ability inhibited, they cannot kill. This means that If the individual is infected by
the pathogen in the future, he/she is extremely unlikely to get the disease (RNA based viruses such as Influenza are exempt from this due to their
antigenic shift/drift ability). The use of repeated vaccination (eg. vaccination for a particular disease at two, four and six years of age) enhances the
immune system even more.
The anti–vaccination movement has grown significantly in recent years. Some of the reasons why people join this movement include concerns over the
use of aborted fetuses during production, the belief that vaccines do not prevent

The Pros And Cons Of Thimerosol
============================ Thimerosol is a "mercury–containing preservative...removed from most vaccines (Sears, 53)." The reason it was
removed from most vaccines was due to the fact that "mercury in vaccines given to infants by six months of age was about 87 times the level thought
to be safe (Sears, 53)." Thus the replacement for mercury in most vaccines became aluminum. Compared to mercury, aluminum is more common in the
air, soil and food supply (Sears, 46). It is for this reason, presumably, that Aluminum came to be used as an adjuvant in vaccines to "help them work
better (Sears, 46)." However, the promise of aluminum in vaccines is something that Sears calls into serious question. The main argument which Sears
advances throughout their article is that, even though the human body may process aluminum through the liver... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To be clear, no where in their article does Sears say that vaccines are bad for human beings, in and of themselves. But Sears is very clear to stress the
point that if vaccines contain toxic levels of aluminum, this is something very serious to consider. Furthermore, Sears is advancing and evidencing an
argument that asserts the need for extra caution in taking vaccines if the level of aluminum within them is too great to be processed by a human body
of a certain size. Sears is also advising caution in taking vaccines if a person's body has a defunt liver which, regardless of their size, cannot adequately
process the aluminum being released into their body. Given what evidence they provide, I think this caution is certainly warranted. Sears is not
advancing a position against vaccines. Rather, they are advancing a critical analysis of the chemistry and biochemical effects of aluminum containing
vaccines, which ought warrant some consideration. The fact that research in this area is lacking seems rather

Vaccines and The Immune System
Many people believe that vaccinations are harmful to human beings because they either do not work well enough or in some cases, such as the
measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination, they may be related to autism. They also may be harmful because of the side effects including soreness,
redness, or swelling. However, those are very minor side effects and very common in any vaccine. Others believe that vaccinations are very important
to get because they could save someone's life. There is not any proven fact that vaccinations could be a factor of autism, there are only assumptions
being made to this. Parents either want their kids to get vaccinated or want absolutely nothing to do with vaccinations. Even though vaccines have
minor side effects and have controversial issues such as autism, there is no evidence for the issue; therefore vaccines are very important because it can
prevent diseases from occurring and in some cases, death. Vaccines have a huge influence on theimmune system, in a positive way, because they help
prevent people from getting diseases. Vaccines are very beneficial because people are required to get them for many things including travelling,
going to college, newer vaccines are being developed, or some reduce causes of things such as asthma. There is an article from Harvard Medical
School; however it did not have an author on the website page. They described the definition of a vaccination very well in the article. A vaccination can
be defined

Conflict And Controversies Immunisation Against Disease
Year 10 Science: Conflict and Controversies Immunisation Against Disease
What is immunisation?
Immunisation is the method used to prevent or reduce the likelihood of contracting diseases and infections that are severely harmful to human health.
Immunisation is mostly administered as a vaccine in form of an injection.
How does it work?
A person is injected with a vaccine containing a harmless version of the bacteria/ virus. Harmless forms of the virus may include a dead/weakened
version of the virus or a toxin that is produced by the bacteria/ virus. This enters the body and the immune system will fight off the microbes. The
immune system recognises this "invasion" and distinguishes your body cells and the harmful cells and so that the macrophages ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is believed that these toxins could lead to serious side effects or illnesses. Aluminium is used to enhance the immune system's response to the vaccine.
Aluminium is present in the food and drink we consumer and the amount is higher than that of the aluminium present in the vaccine. Aluminium has
also been linked to Alzheimer's disease, but there is no science supporting this. Also, half the dosage of aluminium will be removed from the body
within 24 hours. Therefore, aluminium in vaccinations is very safe and poses very little risk.
Thiomersal is an organmercury compound as is not present in most vaccines in Australia as multiuse vials are rarely used in vaccine production.
Mercury is highly toxic, and sure huge consumption would lead to death, but it is also an antibacterial. The amount and type of mercury in a vaccine is
less than the amount present in a pear). Thiomersal has been removed from childhood and adolescent vaccines in Australia.
Formaldehyde is a gas that is used to preserve tissue and is used to kill viruses. Research conducted has provided evidence that exposure to large
amounts of formaldehyde can be linked to cancer. Formaldehyde in small dosages poses little health concerns and mostly only affects those who suffer
from extreme

Anti Vaccination : A Dangerous Movement
Anti–Vaccination, it is a dangerous movement that recently began and is killing hundreds of innocent children. Certain vaccinations should be
mandatory for the health and safety of our children and communities because parents who do not vaccinate their children not only put themselves at
risk, but other innocent children. A family with a young girl returns to the US from Kenya. They are Anti–Vaccine. The girl contracts measles, which
spreads to her family members. measles has a fairly long incubation period, so no symptoms were immediately visible. The girl was sent to her
day–care after returning with an unwelcome hitchhiker. The vaccine for measles is separated into two parts: the main injection at 15 months, and a
second one at age 4–5 years. The daycare contained children who had gotten the initial injection, but not the booster, and they were susceptible to
the strain of measles the girl contracted. 3 other kids contracted the disease, which then spread even further. These chains of events continued until
23 adults and children had contracted the deadly disease and 7 had died. One of the infected kids was misdiagnosed with the flu and given
antibiotics. This worked out well because he was said to be better before his vacation to Disneyland. This was sadly not the case. If you have been to
Disneyland, or any other popular theme park, you know how crowded they can get. With people in such close proximity to each other it is no surprise
when another child contracted the

Vaccination Debate Under 40 Characters

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