1. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY Of ENGINEEING
AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO.
PRESENTATION TOPIC:
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Group Leader:
Hameer Khan Khuhro
3. INTRODUCTION
In 1964 J.Calvin Giddings predicted improved liquid
chromatography.
Few years later C.Horvath and S.R Lipsky built the first HPLC and
called it High pressure liquid chromatography.
Today HPLC has become known as High performance liquid
chromatography.
4. WHAT IS HPLC
HPLC, is a chromatographic technique used to
separate the components in a mixture, to identify
each component, and to quantify each
component.
5. PRINCIPLE:
The sample mixture to be separated and analyzed is
introduced, in a discrete small volume (typically microliters),
into the stream of mobile phase percolating through the
column. The components of the sample move through the
column at different velocities, which are function of specific
physical interactions with the sorbent (also called stationary
phase). The velocity of each component depends on its
chemical nature, on the nature of the stationary phase
(column) and on the composition of the mobile phase. The
time at which a specific analyte elutes (emerges from the
column) is called its retention time. The retention time
measured under particular conditions is considered an
identifying characteristic of a given analyte.
8. 1. Solvent Reservoir
It stores Mobile Phase.
The liquid used as Mobile Phase is called Eluent.
Mobile Phase may be a single solvent or solvent
mixture of constant composition and is called
Isocratic elution.
Mobile Phase Reservoir can be filled with a wide
range of solvents with different polarities and is
called Gradient elution. Example Acetonitrile or
Methanol with water.
The solvents must be pure and degassed to avoid
formation of gas bubbles.
9. 2.Solvent Delivery System (Pump)
The pump is the most critical piece of equipment for a
successfully operating HPLC.
Functions :
HPLC Pump has three basic functions:
1. Provide accurate and constant flow.
2. Provide accurate mobile phase compositions.
3. Provide the force necessary to push the mobile
phase through the tightly packed column.
10. HPLC Pump Criteria
Constructed of materials inert toward solvents to be used
Deliver high volumes (flow rates) of solvent (to 10 mL/min)
Deliver precise and accurate flow (<0.5% variation)
Deliver high pressure (to 6000 psi)
Deliver pulse free flow
Have low pump-head volume
Be reliable
HPLC Pumps: Types
Reciprocating pumps
Syringe pumps
Constant pressure pumps
11. 3. Sample Injector
The function of the injector is to place the sample
into the high-pressure flow in as narrow volume
as possible so that the sample enters the column
as a homogeneous
To minimize spreading of the injected volume
during transport to the column, the shortest
possible length of tubing should be used from the
injector to the column.
12. Performance Requirements
No sample remaining in unit
Minimal broadening of sample band
Free adjustment of injection volume
Minimal loss
Superior durability and pressure resistance
15. 4. HPLC columns
The column is one of the most important components of
the HPLC chromatograph because the separation of the
sample components is achieved when those components
pass through the column. The High performance liquid
chromatography apparatus is made out of stainless steel
tubes with a diameter of 3 to 5mm and a length ranging
from 10 to 30cm.
Normally, columns are filled with silica gel because its
particle shape, surface properties, and pore structure
help to get a good separation.
Its chromatographic behavior is generally predictable
and reproducible.
16. PARAMETERS
Length (5-15 cm); much shorter than GC column
Diameter (4 mm down to 50mm)
Particle size (3, 5, or 10 mm)
Typically detection limit is decreased by
decreasing the column diameter
17. 5.Detector
There are several ways of detecting when a substance has passed
through the column.
18. 6.Data System
Data is processed using specific softwares that are
connected to HPLC machine.
Receive the information and present it as a graph.
It automatically compare the graph with standard graph
and gives results.
19. Advantages of High Performance Liquid
Chromatography
High separation capacity, enabling the batch analysis of
multiple components
Superior quantitative capability and reproducibility
Moderate analytical conditions
Unlike GC, the sample does not need to be vaporized.
Generally high sensitivity
Low sample consumption
Easy preparative separation and purification of samples
20. Fields in Which High Performance
Liquid Chromatography Is Used
Biogenic substances
Sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins, peptides, steroids,
amines, etc.
Medical products
Drugs, antibiotics, etc.
Food products
Vitamins, food additives, sugars, organic acids, amino acids, etc.
Environmental samples
Inorganic ions
Hazardous organic substances, etc.
Organic industrial products
Synthetic polymers, additives, surfactants, etc.