ENMG 602 Homework Assignment 1 Problem 1 Observation.docx

ENMG 602 Homework Assignment 1
Problem 1:
Observations of the demand for a spare part stocked at a parts
supply depot during the
calendar year 2012 were
Month Demand Month Demand
January 95 July 234
February 62 August 284
March 135 September 221
April 211 October 281
May 199 November 192
June 276 December 302
a. Determine the one-step-ahead forecasts for the demand for
January 2013 using 3-,
6-, and 12-month moving averages.
b. Using a four-month moving average, determine the one-step-
ahead forecasts for
July through December 2012.

c. Compute MAD, MSE, MAPE for the forecasts obtained in b.
Problem 2:
Observed weekly sales of ball peen hammers at the town
hardware store over a ten-week
period have been 13, 11, 26, 21, 32, 13, 21, 22, 30, and 26.
a. Suppose that five-week moving averages are used to forecast
sales. Determine the
one-step-ahead forecasts for weeks 6 through 10.
b. Suppose that exponential smoothing is used with a smoothing
constant of α =
0.15. Find the exponential smoothing forecasts for weeks 6
through 10 (start the
forecasting process from week 1).
c. Based on the MAD, which forecast method is better?
Problem 3:
The sales of a tablet computer in a popular electronic store
during the calendar year 2012
were
Month Demand Month Demand

January 103 July 199
February 119 August 208
March 131 September 221
April 149 October 237
May 172 November 252
June 184 December 268
a. Using 3-month simple moving average and exponential
smoothing (with α = 0.10
and 0.20), determine the one-step-ahead forecasts for July 2012
through January
2013.
ENMG 602 Homework Assignment 1
b. Using 3-month double moving average (using base level and
trend), determine the
one-step-ahead forecasts for July 2012 through January 2013.
c. Compute MAD, MSE, and MAPE for the above forecasts.
d. Based on the MAPE, which forecast method is the best?
Problem 4:

Compile a list of major system life-cycle activities. For each
activity on the list, try to
find the related supply chain activities. Present your finding in
a table with the system
life-cycle stage in the first column, system life-cycle activities
in the second column and
the related supply chain activities in the third column.
CYBER SECURITY IN E-BUSINESS
1
CYBER SECURITY IN E-BUSINESS
2
Cyber Security in E-Business
Abstract
Technological advancement has resulted in the significant
simplicity of carrying out activities and processes in many
areas. The business world has attained a significant benefit from
this advancement. Through it, e-businesses have emerged,
where individuals and organizations can electronically carry out
business activities, thus without the need to be physically
present at the point and time of transacting. According to
Furnell (2004), e-business refers to a model of doing business
or a segment of a larger model that allows commercial
transactions to be undertaken throughout an electronic network

such as the Internet. A major challenge is, however, facing
electronic business entities, where the majority of them are
facing network insecurity (Furnell, 2004). Through these
insecurities, business organizations and individuals lose
significant amounts of money to highly skilled but ill-
intentioned individuals who manage to hack into the networks
and attain unauthorized access to business and individual
resources. This paper evaluates the issue of insecurity within
the e-business world and provides effective methods through
which these issues can be resolved.
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Despite the fact that e-businesses possess numerous
opportunities for growth and development, convenience, and
simplicity, there is increased security concerns and risks
involved. With the increased pool of users and interested
parties, the need for information protection is even more
amplified. Cybercriminals pose an immeasurable threat to
online business space. Threats to e-business are largely multi-
faceted and are largely manifested as privacy and
confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation, authenticity,
access control, cost and availability (Scott, 2004).
E-businesses are faced with the complex challenge of protecting
details of their customers from unauthorized access as well as
security in transmission and storage. Cybercriminals are
continuously exploring means and ways of executing credit card
theft and information mining. It is therefore imperative that
personal and confidential information from customers remain
secured and accessible to only authorized personnel. Another
major security concern for e-business platforms is authenticity.
With millions of Internet users worldwide e-business risk
identity theft and malicious presence with an aim of gaining a

financial advantage or causing havoc. E-commerce participants
are therefore needed to establish that a person is who the real
claim to be, (Lowry et.al, 2001).
Definition of terms
The following provides the description of the main terms used
in the study for better understanding of the research
i. E-business - a model of doing business or a segment of a
larger model that allows commercial transactions to be
undertaken throughout an electronic network such as the
Internet.
ii. E-commerce - refer to buying and selling of goods and
services via an electronic network.
iii. Cybercrime - refers to criminal activities that are carried out
through the utilization of computer networks with or without the
inclusion of the internet.
iv. Spoofing – it refers to a form of hoax or trick, which hackers
utilize to trick the system and gain unauthorized access.
v. Data mining – refers to the process through which individuals
examine data and manage to generate new information from the
data.
vi. Credit card fraud – refers to criminal activities where a
credit card of an individual is accessed without his or her
authorization and utilized to steal money from that individual.
vii. Encryption – Refers to the process of encoding a message or
some information to ensure that only individuals who are
authorized can gain access.
viii. Cybersecurity – refers to the protection of systems that are
internet connected to prevent access from individuals that are
not authorized
ix. Hacker - refers to a skilled computer expert who utilizes his
or her knowledge to overcome or cause a problem in a computer
network.
Methodology

The research study is mainly based on obtaining data from
primary sources regarding the issue of carrying out business
activities electronically or other topics related to the topic of e-
businesses and cybersecurity, analyzing the data and utilizing it
to prepare a study and research results on this topic. The
research study analysis involves the evaluation of the results
obtained by different researchers and using their findings to
compile a comprehensive explanation on the issue of e-
commerce state of insecurity and effective methods and means
that can be utilized to effectively succeed in
The significance of the study
E-business is gradually turning out to be an integral part of
businesses process and operations. Almost every business today
has some form of e-business undertaking ranging from complex
web systems and application to simple social networking.
Studies estimate that the e-commerce industry is currently
worth upwards of $2 trillion. With such humongous capital and
transaction outlay, it is imperative that we take a concerted
effort in ensuring e-business security is at its premium. Failures
to do so may lead to catastrophic losses and outages of general
and critical services for the general population.
Body
Technology adaptation in e-businesses
E-businesses are based on technology. Without the current
technological advancement, e-businesses would not exist. It is
for this reason that electronic businesses recently emerged in
the late 19th century when the internet became applicable in the
business world and most people attained devices that could
provide them with internet access. Over time, gradual changes
have occurred with most improvements making it extremely
easy for individuals and organizations to carry out business

activities easily despite being physically in different
geographical regions. Business activities have thus increased
their reliability to technology. Currently, some business
organizations simply cannot exist without technology. A good
example is a business organization like Facebook, which is
currently one of the largest companies in the world. Such a
business entirely relies on technology and the need for people to
socialize with others. Many other businesses offer services and
manufactured products but completely rely on technology to
carry out their services smoothly (Velmurugan, 2009).
Technology has thus provided businesses with significant
capabilities, which have provided them with a significant
competitive advantage compared to their competitors who may
not be using the technology. In the first stage of establishing a
business organization, businesses use technology to establish
effective business plans and carry out research to determine the
viability of their plans. After the business has been established,
technology is also utilized to help in the recruitment plans for
the business employees. The organization then automates its
manufacturing or service providing process, still using
technology.
In the marketing section, technology plays a major role in
helping business organizations manage to reach their targeted
customers and inform them, of the products and services that
they are offering and the means through which those products
will provide value for them. The organizations then still use
technology to transact with the customers in the section on e-
commerce. With this understanding, technology is completely
implemented and adapted to the business world, from the stage
where a business is established to the point where it makes sales
of its products to the customers. The more effectively a business
manages to take advantage of technology, the more capable the
business organization becomes in gaining profits (Smith, &
Rupp, 2002).
In the e-business section, business organizations make it

possible for clients to make purchases of products through the
internet without having to physically visit an organizational
store. Many businesses have currently adopted this model of
doing business. Different types of payment methods are used to
transact through the internet. A number of significantly large
organizations have attained their current status and rank from
carrying out business through this strategy. A good example
includes organizations like e-bay, Alibaba, and Amazon.
Amazon is currently a large organization that operates
worldwide. The organization began with the utilization of the
store method where it sold books from its stores among other
products. As technology was advancing, the organization also
kept implementing the technological advancements to its
operations. Currently, the organization makes most of its sales
through the internet. The organization has a complex website,
where customers can explore the products that it offers and then
using the website to make purchases of the products. The
website is maintained on a daily basis and all the new products
that the organization is offering are updated into the
organizational product collection. It also has readily available
customer service, where customers can obtain further assistance
on the products and have their inquiries addressed immediately
(Smith, 2004).
After organizational customers pay for the products, the
organization then delivers them to an area where the customers
can access them. With this method, the organization does not
have to make any form of expansions to certain geographical
areas in order to expand to those markets. As long as the
individuals can access the organization’s website through an
internet capable device, then they can make purchases of the
products that the organization offers. These aspects make the
organization one of the most successful retail organizations
operating through the internet. Other organizations like e-bay
and Alibaba also use this model to carry out their business
activities.

Types of cybercrimes in e-businesses
Cyber-crimes are among the main challenges that business
organizations that utilize electronic methods to complete
transactions face. Cyber-crimes refers to criminal activities that
are carried out through the utilization of computer networks
with or without the inclusion of the internet. Criminal activities
that are thus carried out within the network of e-businesses are
thus considered to be cybercrimes. There are different types of
cybercrimes that are carried out within the e-business process.
The first type of such cybercrimes is identity theft (Pettit,
2012).
In order to complete an e-business transaction, the organization
offering a product requires the customer to make certain
payments. The payments can currently be made through a large
number of options among which include credit cards or
electronic methods of fund transfers. Through these methods, a
customer is able to send money from his or her account to the
organization from which he or she is making a purchase. The
process that takes place in order to have the money transferred
is that the organization collects data from the credit card for the
customer and then uses that data to claim the agreed-upon
amounts of money from the organization that stores money for
the organization., this may be a bank or any other money storing
online organization like Paypal or Skrill among others.
With this data, an individual can manage to access funds from
the accounts of the customer. If an individual is thus able to
obtain the data from the credit of the customer without the
customer knowing that the same has occurred, then he or she
could also access the money of the customer using his or her
credentials. His access is however unauthorized and thus it
becomes the criminal activity referred to as identity theft. If the
details or information is utilized to carry out a transaction, the
transaction is said to have been carried out by the original

owner of the details (Nabi, 2005).
The other type of cybercrime that individuals utilize which can
significantly impact the process of e-business is Cyber
extortion. Business organizations that utilize e-commerce rely
on the internet band their servers to carry out business-oriented
operations. With this regard, in a case where their servers
became operational, they would lose a significant number of
customers and in the process attain significant losses. With a
clear understanding of this fact, ill-intentioned individuals
capitalize on hacking the systems of these organizations to
cause their servers to malfunction. They also ensure that the
damage they make to these servers, they are the only ones
capable of altering their changes and making the servers operate
normally again. When they succeed, they then contact the
organizations and demand for money in order to have the
servers function normally again. In many occasions, the
organizations are forced to pay the money requested since
without their servers operations they may lose significant
amounts of money, much higher than the ransom that criminals
request (Kesan, Majuca, & Yurcik, 2005).
Another major type of a cyber-crime that many organizations
are significantly afraid of being subjected to, is data mining.
When electronic methods of making payments are made,
business organizations collect customer data and information
with the aim of keeping a record of the sales and purchases
made. This data includes credit card numbers and names for the
customers who make purchases of products and goods from
their organizations. Data mining is when some ill-intentioned
individuals who are also highly skilled in computer networking
hack these organizations and collect this data. When they obtain
success, they cause significant problems for both the
organization and the customers. With this data, the individuals
can manage to access the accounts for different customers and
even withdraw their credit card money. This form of crime can

result in significant loses for the organization through processes
like having their reputation tarnished and compensating the
customers whose data was fished from them (Karake Shalhoub,
2006).
Case studies of massive cybercrimes in e-businesses
In the e-business organizations, massive cybercrimes have taken
place where a large number of organizations have been
subjected to becoming victims of cyber-criminal activities. One
of the largest cybercrime that took place is the target-
Organization data fishing cyber-crime. Target organization is
one of the largest retail organization in the United States after
Walmart. In the year 2013, the organization experienced one of
the largest data breach challenge, where hackers managed to
fish more than 40 million debit and credit card information from
the organization’s system. The hack began earlier before the
Christmas evening when there was certainty that many people
would make purchases of Christmas gifts among other products
from the organization. From this attack, Target has been facing
a significant challenge since then to ensure that its customers
begin trusting that the organization is capable of protecting
their data and at the same time due to the significant loses the
organization made compensating those whose data was fished
by the hackers.
Another significantly large and massive cyber-attack that
recently occurred is the 2016 attack on one of the DNS provider
organization Dyn. This attack caused a large number of an e-
commerce based organization like Twitter, Netflix, the guardian
and Reddit among others to stop functioning. The purpose of
this attack was simply for the hackers to reveal that they are
capable of carrying out such an attack. The disruption, however,
caused these organizations not to operate for more than a day
and thus through it, they managed to lose a significant amount
of money. An organization like Netflix, for example, gains
significant amounts of money through its website services,
where individuals are able to stream movies and attain other

services for a fee. The disruption thus caused a significant
amount of loss and inconvenience for the organizations that it
affected (Furnell, 2004).
Another well recognized and significant cyber-attack that took
place is the 2015 global banks hack. In the year 2015, hackers
managed to infiltrate different bank’s network and gained data
from a large number of institutions around the world. With this
data, the hackers attained the ability to impersonate bank staff
and thus managed to steal more than 650 million euros. They
gained access through which they could even order an ATM to
dispense cash without being provided with a bank cash. This
hack was significant and targeted the banks that had the ability
to carry out any form of e-commerce activities. From these case
studies, it is thus clear that the challenge of cyber-crimes is
significant in the e-business world.
Statistics showing cybercrime activities in e-businesses
Statistically, cyber-crime has caused a significant negative
impact on a large number of individuals and organizations all
over the world. To begin with, recent studies reveal that a
number of companies that operate online are currently in loss of
over 5 million dollars through the stolen data. There are also
other organizations whose losses through this channel exceed
100 million dollars. Millions of consumers that utilize the
services of these organizations have their bank account details
being compromised and thus hackers can easily manage to
access their accounts and withdraw their money easily. The
activities that have been taking place in the world which
revolve around cyber-criminal activities reveal that by the year
2019, the world will have lost more than 2.1 trillion dollars
through cybercrimes. With this understanding, it is essential to
ensure that certain measures have been put in place which will
play part in making sure that organizations succeed in securing
their business activities from cybercriminals (Bosworth, &
Kabay, 2002).
Mitigation of cybercrimes in e-businesses

Business organizations also have attained a clear understanding
of the open threat that they are facing through cyber-criminal
activities. With this understanding, there are certain measures
that have been put in place, which are aimed at helping the
business organizations manage to remain secure and capable of
protecting their operations and customer data from ill-
intentioned and skilled hackers. To begin with, there are highly
capable anti-malware programs that business organizations
currently utilize, which are aimed at detecting any form of
abnormal activities within the computer networks which could
easily be malware. These programs help the business
organizations manage to identify different forms of cyber-
attacks before they happen and thus they stay alert to prevent
the attacks from occurring.
A simple anti-malware program is however not sufficient in
keeping hackers out of a network. With this understanding,
large business organizations have considered making purchased
of complex cyber-security programs capable of detecting any
form of activities that hackers may involve in. a good example
of such a program is the FireEye. This program is able to detect
any form of malware of hack before it manages to break an
organization’s security. It is also the program that could have
helped the target organization manage to completely minimize
the impact of the attack that the organization experienced in the
year 2013. With this regard, the organization is taking caution
by investing in cyber-security measures to avoid attaining
losses which may occur through hackers. Taking these measures
is thus one of the main ways through which the e-business
organizations are utilizing to address the data breach challenges
that they are facing (Akhter, & Kaya, 2008).
Conclusion
E-businesses have recently become major entities and effective
ways of earning for many business organizations. Through
them, many organizations have attained the ability to remain

completely effective in their operations and increase the gains
that they obtain on a daily basis. These business organizations
and their ways of carrying out business operations are currently
being threatened by the challenge of cyber-crimes. Many
organizations have faced adverse negative challenges caused by
hackers, through which their systems and ways of doing
business has been disrupted and threatened. Business
organizations are currently implementing measures to address
this issues, by investing in network security resources and
programs that can help them identify and completely eliminate
an attack (Scott, 2004). An effective way to ensure that cyber-
attacks do not occur is thus for an organization to remain
prepared for one and ready to challenge the hackers with an
effective security system.
References
Akhter, F., & Kaya, L. (2008, March). Building secure e-
business systems: technology and culture in the UAE. In
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied
computing (pp. 1474-1475). ACM.
Bosworth, S., & Kabay, M. E. (Eds.). (2002). Computer security
handbook. John Wiley &
Sons.
Furnell, S. (2004). E-commerce security: a question of trust.
Computer Fraud & Security, 2004(10), 10-14.
Karake Shalhoub, Z. (2006). Trust, privacy, and security in
electronic business: the case of the GCC countries. Information
Management & Computer Security, 14(3), 270-283
Kesan, J., Majuca, R., & Yurcik, W. (2005, June). Cyber
insurance as a market-based solution to the problem of
cybersecurity: a case study. In Proc. WEIS (pp. 1-46).

Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Cherrington, J. Owen; Watson, R. J.
(2001). E-Business
Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Nabi, F. (2005). Secure business application logic for e-
commerce systems. Computers & Security, 24(3), 208-217.
Pettit, R. (2012). Learning From Winners: How the ARF Ogilvy
Award Winners Use Market Research to Create Advertising
Success. Psychology Press.
Scott, J. E. (2004). Measuring dimensions of perceived e-
business risks. Information systems and e-Business
Management, 2(1), 31-55.
Smith, A. D. (2004). Cybercriminal impacts on online business
and consumer confidence.
Online Information Review, 28(3), 224-234.
Smith, A. D., & Rupp, W. T. (2002). Issues in cybersecurity;
understanding the potential risks associated with
hackers/crackers. Information Management & Computer
Security, 10(4), 178-183.
Velmurugan, M. S. (2009). Security and Trust in e-Business:
Problems and Prospects. International Journal of Electronic
Business Management, 7(3)
Assignment 2. Cyber Research Proposal
(Due at the End of Week Six: 30% of Grade)

Within INTL 647 you are required to design a line of research
around an assessment of specific
cyber issue. In this case, you can select the issue that you
identified in your Cyber White Paper
assignment (Assignment #1).
You are encouraged to refer to Belcher, Wendy Laura. 2009.
"Editing Your Sentences" In
Writing Your Journal Article in 12 Weeks. A Guide to
Academic Publishing Success. Sage. This
resource has an excellent step-by-step process for enhancing
your writing.
The goal of this assignment is to present a clear research
proposal. Your research proposal
should be between 5-6 pages in length not including your
preliminary source list and references.
You will need to:
1) Identify a cyber incident or an international situation that
contains significant cyber issue.
Assess and provide some contextual information that helps
demonstrate your understanding of
the nature of the issue or case.
2) Clearly state your research question.
3) Explain why this issue is important to investigate. What can

we learn from this situation? How
will the knowledge we gain through your research help our
understanding of cognition,
information processing errors and/or decision-making errors?
4) Discuss your theoretical framework. Here you will
summarize/synthesize some of the
theories/models and concepts you'll use to investigate the
intelligence/decision-making failures
such as consistency theory, balance theory, bolstering,
groupthink and etc.
5) Discuss your research design. Your research design should
discuss how you plan to carry out
your analysis.
Heath and Tynan have a short but insightful article on “Crafting
a Research Proposal,” which can
be accessed at:
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/business/nexus/Documents/MaMS
c/Dissertation/PereiraTynan-
CraftingaResearchProposalTMR_2010.pdf
6) Identify a list of 8 preliminary sources, 6 of which must be
from peer-reviewed journals.
These should be listed using Turabian References style
formatting.

Format. Your proposal should include a title page, proposal
body, reference page, and a
preliminary source list (title, references page, and source list
are not included within the page
count). Your paper should have 1-inch border on all four sides,
use Times New Roman-12
point font, be double spaced, and not have an extra space in
between paragraphs. All references
and citations are in Chicago Turabian format.
This information is from the Master's Capstone Manual and it
should help you develop your
research proposal. Students taking the capstone option are
required to submit a 5 page research
proposal prior to moving forward on their research. These are
some of the sections they are
required to include within their proposal, they have been
included in these instructions as they
directly relate to the goals of this assignment.

Introduction. Identifies your specific research question and sets
the general context for the
study.
• Statement of the problem and context leading to a clear
statement of the specific research
question.
• Background and contextual material justifying why we should
study this case or topic.
• Purpose statement.
Theoretical Framework. The theoretical framework section
develops the theories or models to
be used in the study and shows how you have developed testable
research hypotheses.
• Introduction discussing gaps in the literature, how this study
will help fill some of those gaps,
and justification for theory or model to be used in study.
• Summary of the theory or model to be used in the study,
including a diagram of the model if
appropriate.
• Statement of hypotheses to be tested.
Research Design. Describes how you will test the hypothesis
and carry out your analysis. It

describes the data you will use to test your hypothesis, how you
will operationalize and collect
data on your variables, and the analytic methods that you will
use, noting potential biases and
limitations to your research approach. It should include.
• Identification and operationalization (measurement) of
variables.
• Sampling plan (i.e., study population and sampling
procedures, if appropriate).
• Justification of case studies used.
• Data Collection/Sources (secondary literature, archives,
interviews, surveys, etc.).
• Summary of analysis procedures (pattern-matching, etc.).
• Limitations of study and bias discussion.
Preliminary Source List. List of at least eight sources you plan
to utilize within your paper, six
of which must be from the peer reviewed literature.
Reference List. Reference the works that you have cited (direct
quotes or paraphrases) in the
text. This must be in the school’s prescribed format. [In INTL
this means Turabian format, either

using the author-date method or the bibliography-notes method]
Submission Instructions.
The research proposal must be submitted as a Word Document
Attachment in the Assignments
section of the classroom by Sunday, 11.55pm EST at the end of
Week 6.

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