Scales and Measurements

1. VALIDITY
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2. Indication Of How Sound Your Research Is ???
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3. The extent to which measures indicate what they are intended to
measure ( It should be true solid)
To match between the conceptual definition and the operational
definition
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4. FACE VALIDITY
checking of tool for its validity on the face of it
The face validity evaluates the following of the questionnaire
1. Readability
2. Clarity of wording
3. Layout and style
4. Feasibility
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5.  Face validity indicates the questionnaire appears to be appropriate to the study
purpose and content area.
 It is the easiest validation process to undertake but it is the weakest form of the
validity
 It evaluates the appearance of the questionnaire in terms of feasibility, readability,
consistency of style and formatting and the clarity of the language
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6. The questionnaire was given to 25 healthy individuals and face
validity was assessed for clarity of words, layout and style and
likelihood of target audience ability to understand the
questionnaire.
Respond: ALL PARTICIPANTS SHOULD BE
SATISFACTORY
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7. Does the content of the test appear to be
suitable to its aim
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8. CONTENT VALIDITY
Representativeness of content for construct.
Content validity examines the extent to which concepts of interest are
comprehensively represented by the items in the questionnaire.
Covers all dimension of a concept
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9. Example
If we want to test knowledge on American geography it is not fair to
have most question limited to the geography of new England
A course exam has good content validity if it cover all the material that
students are supposed to learn and poor content validity if it does not
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10. CONTENT VALIDITY
Two major standards for ensuring content validity
1. Representative collection of items
2. Sensible methods of test construction
Sending experts: expert review – creating index.
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11. 1. MEASUREMENT AIM OF QUESTIONNAIRE
It should be discriminate, evaluate or predictive
Examples:
A question on stiffness could be valid item of a discriminative questionnaire used
to measure the impact of osteoartirrties on quality of life.
But would be considered invalid for an evaluate questionnaire used as an outcome
measure in a pain medication trial because it is unlikely to be changed by pain
medication
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12. 2. TARGET POPULATION
The population for which the questionnaire was developed, this is important to judge the relevance
and comprehensiveness of the items.
Example
Questionnaire developed to measure functional status of patients with shoulder problems may be less
valid to measure functional status of patients with wrist / hand problems because it may be less
relevant for those patients.
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13. 3. CONCEPTS
The questionnaire is intended to measure
1. To judge the suitability of a questionnaire for a specific purpose
2. It is important that authors provide a clear framework of what the overall
concepts are measured
3. Relevant concepts can be defined in terms of symptoms functioning
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14. 4. INTERPRETABILITY OF THE ITEMS
The items should be short and simple and should not contain difficult words or
jorgan items,
Items should not contain difficult words
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15. POSITIVE RATINGS FOR QUESTIONNAIRE CONTENT VALIDITY
1. Measurement aim
2. The target population
3. The concepts are being measured and the item selection
If the clearly description is lacking content validity is rated as indeterminate
Questionnaire should be given peers for review and response will be collected
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16. Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure
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17. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
Theoretical construct / Mini Theory / Real World Situation
Defined the way they are measured
Ex: Anxiety, intelligence, pain, Prakruti, Ama, Ojas
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18. Theoretical construct of cause and effect accurately represents the
real world situation
A good experiment turns the theory into actual things
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19. Construct validity accurately represent reality
Convergent Validity: Simultaneously Measure Of Same Construct Correlate
Discriminant Validity: Does Not Measure What It Should Not
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20. Expert Team: Should Asses The Feasibility
Factor analysis should be done
STRATEGY
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21. If construct is hard to conceptualize does not it make sense that it
will be more difficult to operationalize and validate
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22. CRITERION VALIDITY
Criterion validity refers to which scores a particular instrument relate to
a gold standard.
It is the extent to which people scores are correlated with other variable
or criteria that reflects the same construct.
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23. Example
1. An IQ Test should correlate positively with school performance
2. An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance
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24. PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
A new measure of self esteem should correlate positively with an old
establish measures
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25. It would be fine to conclude that an English learnings
achievement test is valid for children who are native
English speakers but not for children who are still in
the process of learning English
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26. Where there is Righteousness in heart
There is beauty in the character…………..
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
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