1. Basic Principles of Animal Form
and Function
Environmental Influences on
Physiology Organization of Body Plans
 Laws of Physics governing  Cells
strength, diffusion, movement  Tissues
, and heat exchange.  Organs
 For example, fast swimmers  Organ Systems
develop tapered, streamlined
 Four main kinds of tissues:
bodies.
epithelial, connective, mus
 The animal’s need to exchange cle, and nervous
materials with its  Two major systems for
environment. control and coordination:
The Endocrine System and
the Nervous System.

2. Maintaining Internal
Environments
 Regulator- an animal
that uses internal
control mechanisms
 Conformer-an animal
that allows its internal
condition to conform
to external changes
 Homeostasis-”steady
state,” or internal
balance

3. Thermoregulation
 Organisms exchange heat
 Thermoregulation-the by
process by which animals conduction, convection, radi
maintain an internal ation, and evaporation
temperature within a  Hypothalamus-the region
tolerable range in the brain where sensors
 Endothermic-warmed by for thermoregulation are
heat generated by concentrated
metabolism  Animals acclimate
 Ectothermic-gain most of themselves to changes in
their heat from external temperatures. For
sources example, endotherms may
vary insulation, while
ectotherms may adjust on a

4. Energy Requirements
 Related to animal  Metabolic rate is affected
size, activity, and by
environment age, sex, size, activity, te
 Bioenergetics-the overall mperature, and nutrition.
flow of transformation of  Torpor-A physiological
energy in an animal state in which activity is
 The amount of energy an low and metabolism
animal uses in a unit of decreases. Allows animals
time is called its to save energy while
metabolic rate-the sum of avoiding difficult and
all the energy-requiring dangerous conditions.
biochemical reactions

5. Hibernation
 Hibernation-long-term
torpor that is an
adaptation to winter
and food scarcity.