Like the ancient and ethnic people as well as a part of the people residing at the rural areas are still accustomed with the use of readily available herbal preparations made from the locally available plants mainly at its raw, pure, fresh and crude form for cure of the ailments of themselves as well as same or related type of ailments of their domestic animals.

1. Shibabrata Pattanayak1
, Tapan Kumar Mandal2
and Susanta Kumar Bandyopadhyay3
1= Assistant Director, ARD (Microbiology),Institute of Animal Health &Veterinary Biologicals (R&T),
37,Belgachia Road, Kolkata- 700037,West Bengal .
2= Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Bengal University of
Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata- 700037,West Bengal.
3= Director of Medical Education and Ex-Officio Secretary, Government of West Bengal, Swastha
Bhavan, Kolkata,West Bengal.
Power point presented at a conference of Indian Pharmacological Society at Kolkata

2.  a) Formal codified system of knowledge
(Ayurveda, Siddha, Uninany-Tibb).
 b) Informal system evolved over thousands of years
through experiences and carried from one generation
to the next.

3.
 It is estimated that plant materials are present in, or have provided
the models for 50% of Western Drugs (Robbers et al. 1996).
 Many phytopharmaceutical laboratories are now concentrating their
efforts to identify the active constituents and models of action of
various medicinal plants (Hwang et al. 2000).
 Phytoconstituent extraction involves the separation of the medicinally
active portion from plant using selective solvents (Thakur et al. 2011).
 Most of the pharmacological reports of plant/plant extracts screen the
organic soluble extracts of the dried plant (Kumar et al. 2007).
 The ‘Crude Extracts’ are made from the dry leaves/other plant parts
by Chloroforn, Diethyle ether, Ethanol, Hexane, Methanol, Petroleum
ether etc. (Ahameethunisa and Hopper 2010) and tested.

4.
 Like the ancient and ethnic people as well as a part of the people
residing at the rural areas are still accustomed with the use of
readily available herbal preparations made from the locally
available plants mainly at its raw, pure, fresh and crude form
for cure of the ailments of themselves as well as same or related
type of ailments of their domestic animals.
 In some cases, previously collected and preserved plant parts
are also used.
 That knowledge base is developed through the gathered
experience of the people of several generations.

5.
 Common system of use of plant derived drugs:
 In Modern Ayurvedic System of Medicine:
 Medicinal Plant/s Plant part/s taken Dried and Processed
 Used as medicine.
 In Modern Allopathic System of Medicine:
 Medicinal plant/s Plant part/s taken Active principal
identified, considered as a drug Drug synthesized in
laboratory Used as medicine.

6. In the study reports related with validation of reported
medicinal property of plants, generally the reported plant parts
were collected, dried and preserved.
 Then methanolic, ethanolic, acetone aqueous etc. extracts of the
preserved plant parts were made and stored at different
manner.
 Then these are tested for their reported medicinal use by some
laboratory based in vitro tests and/or by some in vivo tests on
animal models, either in that form or in semi-purified or
purified form or after extraction of active principles.

7.  The ethnic and other rural people traditionally use the plants in
its crude, fresh form in most of the time.
 The solvent extracted part or the separated active principles
may not show the total effect of the plant part in question, as
many of the principles become lost during the whole process.
 So, the contemporary concept of research have the limitation of
loss of many aromatic and other phyto-chemicals present in the
living plant, which may have very important role when used
together.


8. *The succulent crude extract (juice/latex) or small pieces
the of the medicinal plant parts (root, stem, seed etc.) may
also be included for validation of the reported use of the
plants.
*The succulent plant parts extract may be analyzed as a
separate parameter along with other solvent extracts for
validation of the reported medicinal efficacy in vitro or in
vivo models after special type of modifications of the
existing analytical procedures, if required.

9. So,
INSTEAD OF
STUDYING THE EFFICACY OF INDIVIDUAL BIOMOLECULE,
STUDY OF EFFICACY OF ALL THE BIOMOLECULES
PRESENT IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT PARTS
MAY BE INITIATED

10.  Along with the study for validation of the
medicinal effect of succulent / original useable
form of plant parts,
 Study for probable toxicity, side effects of single
and combinational use of parts of the plants may
be done.
 Standardization of dose schedule may also be
performed.

11.  The properly validated,toxicity studied direct succulent
plant part or their extracts may be selected as a new
type of medicine for herb based treatment.
 This may be used for creation of many small and
medium sized industries !!!
 A new export oriented business may be initiated !!!

12. A. It may be started and continued with a minimum expenditure.
B. The validated plant part extracts or pieces may be dosed as small
aliquots as per the doses and requirements.
C. Initially these can be stored at low temperature (4 0
C or like that) and
then can be stored at freezing temperatures (0 0
C, - 10 0
C, - 20 0
C etc.).
D. Alternatively, these can be freeze dried, as per requirement and
research reports.
E. Some special studies like
 1. Stability after reconstitution of such medicine at different time
intervals,
 2. Effect of repeated freezing and thawing on activity of the medicine
etc. have to be performed.

13.  1.A new type of Alternative Medicine for global
population.
 2. Creation of huge number of labor involving
industries specially in the countries in and around
the torrid zone of the globe.
 3. Huge reduction in the cost of medicine and
treatment of the people worldwide.

14.  If we start research in that way,
 A new way may be opened,
 A new journey may be started,
 A new target may be achieved !!!

15. A Primary list of already reported plants which may
be tested for efficacy !!
1.Plants with Antipyretic effect: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex
Schult, Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr, Aristolochia indica L.,
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, Solanum virginianum L., Solanum americanum Mill., Centella asiatica
(L.) Urb., Rauwolfia serpentina Baill.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)
Nees, Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. Wall., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Sida cordifolia L., Peganum harmala L.,
Capparis zeylanica L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link etc.
2.Plants with Analgesic effect : Cassia fistula L., Curcuma longa L., Aristolochia indica L., Butea
monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Dillenia indica L., Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Ficus racemosa L., Commiphora
mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.,Vitex negundo L., Ricinus communis L., Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex
G.Don, Piper longum L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Moringa oleifera
Lam., Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer, Clitoria ternatea L., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Peganum harmala L.,
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Capparis zeylanica L., Antidesma
montanum var. montanum , Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane &
Mabb. etc.

16.  3.Plants with wound healing effect :Barleria lupulina Lindl., Blumea lacera (Burm.f.)
DC., Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (L.) Walp., Adhatoda vasica Nees,Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Pers.,Curcuma longa L., Glinus lotoides L.,Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.,
Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp., Croton bonplandianum Baill.,
Dillenia indica L., Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Tagetes patula L.,
Pandanus foetidus Roxb., Achyranthes aspera L., Anisomeles indica L, Aristolochia indica L.,
Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss., Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken., Capparis zeylanica L., Senna
sophera (L.) Roxb., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Heliotropium indicum L., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)
C.B. Rob., Solanum virginianum L.,Helianthus annuus L.,Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr.,
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl, Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob., Sida cordifolia L., Terminalia
chebula Retz.,Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal., Senna alata (L.) Roxb. etc.
 4.Plants with immunostimulant effect: Tinosporas cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Phyllanthus
emblica L., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Boerhavia diffusa L. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Curcuma longa
L. Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine.,
Capparis zeylanica L. etc.

17. 5.Plants with Hepato protective and Hepato-stimulant property: Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Phyllanthus niruri L., Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Solanum americanum
Mill., Azadirachta indica A.Juss. , Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Phyllanthus
emblica L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.,Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Boerhavia
diffusa L., Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster, Ricinus communis L., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex
Wall., Peganum harmala L., Adhatoda vasica Nees, Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr., Curcuma longa L.,
Gardenia resinifera Roth, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz etc.
6.Plants with effect on fertility and libido: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal .,Tribulus terrestris
L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Saraca indica L., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.,
Sida cordifolia L., Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Cheilocostus speciosus (J.König)
C.Specht., Piper betle L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.,. Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Azadirachta
indica A.Juss. etc.
7.Plants with effect on pregnancy and parturition: Ficus religiosa L., Nelumbo nucifera
Gaertn., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov., Asparagus racemosus Willd.,
Tectona grandis L.f., Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Mimosa pudica L., Cucurbita pepo L., Rauwolfia
serpentina Baill., Abrus precatorius L., Mesua ferrea L., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. etc.

18. 8.Plants with effect on lactation: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Ipomoea
aquatica Forssk., Euphorbia hirta L., Asparagus racemosus Willd. Mimosa pudica L., Madhuca longifolia
(J.König ex L.) J.F.Macbr., Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn., Ambroma augusta (L.) L.f.,
Cuminum cyminum L., Nigella sativa L., Ficus hispida L.f., Abrus precatorius L., Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers., Zingiber officinale Roscoe. etc.
9.Plants with Anthelmintic property: Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., Embelia ribes
Burm.f., Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Punica granatum L., Acorus calamus L., Swertia
chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp., Adhatoda vasica Nees, Azadirachta
indica A.Juss., Curcuma longa L., Areca catechu L., Ficus racemosa L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.,
Euphorbia hirta L., Peganum harmala L.,Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik., Cucurbita pepo L., Albizia
lebbeck (L.) Benth. etc.
10.Plants with astringent property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Azadirachta
indica A.Juss., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Cyperus rotundus L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Piper nigrum
L., Eclipta prostrata L., Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Saraca indica L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.)
Wight & Arn., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Gardenia resinifera Roth., Plectranthus
amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Etc.

19. 11.Plants with expectorant and anti bronchitis property: Adhatoda vasica
Nees., Solanum virginianum L., Solanum americanum Mill., Glycyrrhiza glabra
L., Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Datura fastuosa L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L.,
Phyllanthus emblica L.,Piper longum L.,Pergularia daemia (Forssk.)
Chiov.,Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Catharanthus roseus (L.)
G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Curcuma longa L., Abrus precatorius L.,
Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Euphorbia hirta L., Peganum harmala L.,
Acalypha indica L.,Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf, Hygrophila auriculata
(Schumach.) Heine, Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L J.F.Macbr., Saussurea
costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Terminalia
chebula Retz.,Prunus serotina Ehrh., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Myroxylon
balsamum (L.) Harms, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Plectranthus amboinicus
(Lour.) Spreng. etc.

20. 12.Plants with purgative and anti flatulent property: Senna alexandrina Mill., Cassia fistula
L., Mentha arvensis L. Abrus precatorius L., Piper longum L., Ricinus communis L.,
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso ., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Cheilocostus speciosus (J.König) C.Specht , Terminalia chebula
Retz., Terminalia belerica Roxb., Plantago orbignyana Steinh. ex Decne. Cinnamomum verum
J.Presl, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Kavalama urens (Roxb.) Raf., Coriandrum sativum
L., Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Myristica fragrans
Houtt., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Pinus palustris Mill., Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel, Capsicum
annuum L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Emblica
officinalis Gaertn., Sida cordifolia L., Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Cuminum cyminum L.,
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Ficus hispida L.f. etc.
13.Plants with nutriceutical Property: Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Phyllanthus emblica L.,
Curcuma longa L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Piper longum L. Daucus carota L., Triticum
aestivum L. etc.

21.  14.Plants with antiseptic property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Aloe vera (L.)
Burm.f., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L.) J.F.Macbr., Mentha arvensis
L., Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb., Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr., Hemidesmus indicus
(L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Ficus religiosa L., Cassia fistula L., Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.,
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Curcuma longa L.,
Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Cassia fistula L.,
Lawsonia inermis L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Solanum virginianum L., Piper longum L.,
Peganum harmala L., Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. , Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Allium
sativum L., Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson, Gardenia resinifera Roth, Emblica
officinalis Gaertn., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Asparagus racemosus
Willd., Cuminum cyminum L., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.etc.
 15.Plants with anti – dermatitis and skin disease curing effect:
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Azadirachta
indica A.Juss., Curcuma longa L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Coccinia grandis (L.)
Voigt, Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Butea monosperma
(Lam.) Taub., Datura metel L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Dillenia indica L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.,
Ficus racemosa L., Embelia ribes Burm.f., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Adhatoda vasica Nees, Sida
cordifolia L., Senna sophera (L.) Roxb., Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L.) J.F.Macbr., Cullen
corylifolium (L.) Medik., Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Solanum
americanum Mill., Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Antidesma montanum
var. montanum , Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Saraca indica L., Mentha
arvensis L., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Tectona grandis L.f., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Plectranthus
amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Vitex negundo L., Wedelia chinensis
(Osbeck) Merr. etc.

22. 16.Plants with anti – dysentery and anti enteritis property: Holarrhina pubescens Wall.ex DC.,
Cyperus rotundus L., Acorus calamus L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Strychnos
nuxvomica L., Achyranthes aspera L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach.
& Thonn., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Ex Schult, Paederia foetida L., Rauwolfia serpentina Baill., Aegle
marmelos (L.) Corrêa. Asparagus racemosus Willd., Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.., Embelia ribes Burm.f.,
Punica granatum L., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Ficus racemosa L., Mimosa pudica L., Phyllanthus emblica L.,
Plantago orbignyana Steinh. Ex Decne., Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson, Pterocarpus marsupium
Roxb., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Solanum americanum Mill., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. etc.
17.Hematenic and blood parameters influencing Plant: Hygrophila auriculata (Sch.) Heine.,
Salacia chinensis L., Aristolochia indica L.,Triticum aestivum L., Spinacia oleracea L., Beta vulgaris L. etc.
18.Diuretic and Kidney stone removing plant: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Vigna
unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (L.) Walp., Boerhavia diffusa Lin., Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Solanum
virginianum L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Peganum harmala L. , Tribulus terrestris L.,
Antidesma montanum var. montanum, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Putranjiva
roxburghii
Wall. etc.

23.  19.Plants having insect repellent or insecticidal property: Cymbopogon flexuosus
(Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Pinus palustris Mill., Azadirachta indica A.Juss.,
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Jatropha curcas L. etc.
 20.Plants with stomachic effect: Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson,
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Allium sativum L.,
Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson., Pipe0r
longum L., Piper nigrum L., Solanum americanum Mill., Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.,
Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Plumbago zeylanica L. etc.
 And so on …

24.  Ahameethunisa AR, Hopper W(2010) Antibacterial activity of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts
against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. BMC Compl Alt Med 10(6):1-6.
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approaches to wound healing – exploring medicinal plants of India. J Ethnopharmacol 114:103-113.
 Robbers J, Speedie M, Tyler V (1996) Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology.Williams and
Wilkins, Balthmore. Cited in: Ionela Daciana Ciocan and Ion I. Bara (2007) Plant products as
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Biologie Moleculara, TOM VIII (2007): 151-156.
 Pattanayak S, Maity D, Mitra S, Debnath PK, Mandal TK, Bandyopadhyay SK (2013) Use of fresh
parts of medicinal plants for health and production in livestock – a new concept of farming. Explor
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 Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS (2011) Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evi
Based Compl Alt Med (2011): 1-17.
 Pattanayak S, Mandal TK, Bandyopadhyay SK (2016) Validation and therapeutic use of succulent
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25. Thank You!!