Kyoto Protocol Of The Unfccc ( 2005 )

Kyoto Protocol Of The Unfccc ( 2005 )
The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (2005)
1. Introduction
Founded on the belief that humans are ultimately responsible for global warming, the Kyoto
Protocol was signed in 1997 and made effective in 2005 with the aim of reducing national
quantitative greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% (compared with emissions in 1990) in industrialised
countries worldwide. This would equate to a 29% cut overall by 2010. The protocol intends to
specifically reduce global emissions of "carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur
hexafluoride, HFCs and PFCs" (www.kyotoprotocol.com). The protocol was later revised in its
second commitment period stating that an 18% cut (compared with 1990) in emissions between
2013–2020 would be its next target. The Kyoto Protocol created "three market–based
mechanisms...known as the 'carbon market'" to support its targets (UNFCCC). These mechanisms
covered emissions trading, the clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation.
Combined, the mechanisms are geared towards encouraging sustainable development using
technology and investment, reducing emissions in an economically viable way and stimulating
developing countries to reduce their emissions too. International cooperation was essential for the
Kyoto Protocol to be enforced and achieve its aims. As the protocol seeks to reduce greenhouse
emissions globally, efforts are needed from all industrialised countries emitting harmful gases into
the Earth's atmosphere. Without adequate participation
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Determining The Efficiency Of A Protocol
6.2 RESULTS
6.2.1 Simulation matrix
There are number of metrics which are helpful for deciding the efficiency of a protocol. In this work
the parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of a protocol are the packet delivery ratio, packet
statistics in the network and the throughput of the network. The protocols AODV and AODVBC are
checked against these parameters for their performance. Packet delivery ratio of the network is
improved as the mobility with respect to the number of nodes changes. Increase in the PDR (Packet
delivery ratio is because of the less number of packet drops when AODVBC is used. Fig. 4 justifies
the better performance of AODVBC routing protocol over AODV protocol in terms of less number
of packets drop.
AODV and AODVBC protocol has been tasted over nine different scenes of 10 nodes, 20 nodes, 30
nodes with different source and receiver accordingly as shown in the following table 7.1
Table 6.2: Scenario for implementation of AODV and AODVBC
Scene Sender receiver Node moves Simulation Area Simulation time Protocol used
10 Node Scene 1 0 9 5,6 500x500 500 AODV, AODVBC
10 Node Scene 1 8 1 6.12 500x500 500 AODV, AODVBC
10 Node Scene1 28 4 11,18 700x700 500 AODV, AODVBC
10 Node Scene 3 22 10 9,11

Kyoto Protocol Is An International Agreement
Introduction to the Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which was announced in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. It is
considered as the supplement of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change) and the main target for the Kyoto protocol is to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic
greenhouse gases. Nowadays, there are 192 Parties that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol
and the overall emission of these countries accounts for 61% of the total greenhouse gases emission
on world. The agreement was designed first to solve the issue on greenhouse gas emission and it is
one of the most well–known environmental issue in public and becomes worse and worse through
time. Therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emission today is necessary and crucial for the
sustainability of the environment. One of the most famous impact of greenhouse gas emission is the
sea level increasing. As the tremendous amount of greenhouse gas emissions in 21 century, it leads
to the global warming and thus the Earth's climate has warmed by approximately 0.6 Celsius degree
over the past 100 years. Increasing of sea level makes island countries such as Maldives face the
problem that the majority of its land area might be underwater by the end of the century( Union of
Concerned Scientists,2011).
The specific goal that the developed countries have to meet is to reduce the greenhouse gas emission
by around 5% below their 1990 levels from 2008 to 2012 and the amounts may

Kyoto Protocol Canada
Why is the Kyoto Accord so difficult for Canada to follow, and how has it responded?
Canada's commitment to the Kyoto Protocol was a relatively short–lived deal met with plenty of
controversy that saw opposition and support. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that
extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that
commits countries to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on the assumption that global
warming exists and man–made CO2 emissions are the contributing factor (Kyoto Protocol 1997).
When the Liberal party lost the 2006 elections to the Conservative party, Canada had already gone
back on its promise of a country–wide movement, undoing any progress towards its Kyoto goals
(Canada and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is significant to recognize that as a non–binding agreement, if the reductions were not met, no
penalty would be issued and no money paid forth. This is unlike the Kyoto's binding agreement that
was estimated to cost $14 billion in penalties for not achieving its goals, where if Canada had
decided to continue to attempt its original goals, the costs were said to be twenty times lower
(Canada and the Kyoto Protocol

Questions On The Protocol Architecture
Assignment 1
2.3 Protocol:
A protocol is predefined set of rules or conventions which governs the way in which two entities
co–ordinately cooperate to exchange data.
2.4 Protocol Data Unit(PDU):
A PDU is the combination of data from the next higher communications layer and control
information.
2.5 Protocol Architecture:
The software structure that implements the communications function. Typically, the protocol
architecture consists of a layered set of protocols, with one or more protocols at each layer.
2.6 TCP/IP:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are the two protocols which were
designed to provide low level support for internetworking. The term is also used generically to refer
to a more comprehensive collection of protocols developed by the U.S. Department of Defense and
the Internet community.
2.7 Advantages of Layering in TCP/IP architecture:
Layering is the process which is used and helped to reduce the overall problem, which is huge in
size, to number of sub problems, which are manageable is size.
2.8 Router:
A router is a device that is used to connect dissimilar device. It is present and operates at the
Network layer of the OSI model.
2.9 Version of IP, that is prevalent today:

IPv4, is the version of IP that is prevalent today. It may also be expected that IPv6 may be prevalent
in the future.
2.10 Does all Traffic on internet use TCP ?
No, we cannot say like that as there are other protocols such as UDP, which are also used

Kyoto Protocol Essay
The purpose of this essay is to review the major characteristics of the Kyoto Protocol's compliance
mechanism and its function. The essay will address the structural elements of the compliance system
and how these are integrated and how they operate. Further the essay will discuss the general
operation of both the Enforcement Branch and the Facilitation Branch and the powers available to
the compliance committee to ensure compliance or resolve issues. Finally, the essay will provide an
analysis of the strengths and weaknesses inherent within this system.
The challenge facing the global community in achieving an effective response to climate change, is
that often the long–term sustainability objective of the global community is weighed against short–
term economic objectives of States and found wanting. Article 2 of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), states that the
'objective of the treaty is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should
be achieved within a time–frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change,
to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner'.
Although the UNFCCC set out a clear vision for the global response to climate change, it lacked the
mechanism to ensure compliance. The Kyoto Protocol is an

Essay about Kyoto Protocol
"After ten days of tough negotiations, ministers and other high–level officials from 160 countries
reached an agreement this morning on a legally binding Protocol under which industrialized
countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. The agreement aims
to lower overall emissions from a group of six greenhouse gases by 2008–12, calculated as an
average over these five years." (UNFCCC, 2011)
In December of 1997, 160 countries gathered in Kyoto, Japan to agree upon a Protocol that will
curb emissions and hopefully restore emission levels to pre–industrial numbers. This Protocol is the
Kyoto Protocol established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Control. It is
widely believed that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The atmospheres absorption of this energy helps keep our average global temperature at an ideal
level for life. Notably important is the temperature of our oceans. Our oceans are compared to a sink
for carbon dioxide, in that they hold much of the carbon dioxide that would otherwise be in the
atmosphere (Wikipedia, 2011). As the temperature of the oceans rise, they absorb less and less
carbon dioxide. Thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and increasing the
global mean temperature, creating a snowball like effect, that would be nearly impossible to reverse.
To prevent this catastrophe the Kyoto Protocol was established as a "global legally binding
agreement" (Wikipedia, 2011). The objective of this agreement was to provide financing for
developing countries. The financial aid would go towards new technologies to help these countries
develop in a more sustainable manner. The Protocol also hoped to install mechanisms that report,
verify, and review the carbon emissions of each country. Lastly, the countries that helped create the
Kyoto Protocol wanted it to be a legally binding agreement that had consequences for countries who
failed to meet their emission target. The Kyoto Protocol was established as a part of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Control (UNFCCC). All parties that are

Kyoto Protocol : A Global Problem
Kyoto Protocol:
Introduction:
1. The problem of Global Warming has been one that has increased dramatically throughout the past
150 years. This is thought to be due to increased industrialisation throughout the world in this time
and this is backed up by the fact that approximately 97%(NASA, n.d.) of scientists worldwide
believe that it is strongly likely the increasing global climate is due to human activity. International
cooperation is required in order to solve the problem of global warming as it takes a global effort to
solve a global problem. In order to reduce worldwide carbon emissions that lead to global warming,
every country has to work together in order for real progress to eventuate. It isn't good enough for
most countries to reduce their carbon emissions while the main emitters like USA and China,
continue to emit almost as much as the rest of the nations in the agreement. The Kyoto Protocol was
created in 1997 to encourage the governments around the world to reduce their greenhouse–gas
emissions. The specific goal was that countries should try to reduce their carbon emissons by 5.2%
below their 1990 level by 2012. This 5.2% is a collective goal however and different countries had
different targets, for example developed countries such as the USA had higher targets to reach
(reduce emissions by 7%) whereas developing countries were able to increase their emissions
slightly. This is because the developing countries were not the ones responsible for the initial

The Internet Protocol
The internet was invented around the early 1960s with the research of Packet switching. What they
called ARPANET led to the development of the internetworking, where multiple networks could be
joined together over to create a network of networks. IP defined by RFC791 was the first widely
used versions of the internet protocol. This was known as version four, this would make you think
that there were three other versions of IP before this version however, there really was not. IPv4 was
originally designed for an internetwork, a fraction of what the size of the internet is today. IPv4 has
served its purpose very well, however with the growth of the internet it was just a matter of time
before they would need to create a new version of IP. The development of a new version IP would
began in the mid–1990s. The new version of IP is known as Internet Protocol version Six (IPv6) or
sometimes called IP next generation or IPng. One of the biggest questions that came about when the
announcement of IPv6 was what Happened to IPv5. "The answer is: it doesn 't exist. While this may
seem confusing, version 5 was in fact intentionally skipped to avoid confusion, or at least to rectify
it." (Tcpipguide.com, 2014) If you consider just how much the internet has grown over the years
you will notice that IPv4 has done its job very well, however as discussed it has been apparent for
many years now that the limitation of IPv4 would be reached. This is where IPv6 comes into play.
IP play such a

The Pros And Cons Of The Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto accord is a set of rules to the United Nations, on climate changes. This protocol is aimed at
fighting global warming; UNFCCC is an international treaty to deal with the greenhouse gases and
reduce their effect on the climates. This protocol was introduced in 1997 in Kyoto Japan and was
enforced fully in 2005. Almost 187 countries signed this protocol to aid in the stopping of drastic
detrimental changes to the environment. The protocol serves many purposes staring from the
awareness about the global warming. This then legally states that members must help fight global
warming. The protocol's objective is to stabilize the reconstruction of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere to prevent dangerous altering with the climate. Specifically, ... Show more content on
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Potential climate risks avoided include more severe weather patterns, abnormal ecosystems, less
biodiversity, less drinkable water, loss of coastal areas from rising sea levels, rises in temperature,
and the increased incidence of infectious diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. On the other
hand, climate change might benefit agriculture and forestry by increasing productivity with longer
growing seasons and more fertilization. Also, the Kyoto Protocol neglects economic as well as
scientific realities; therefore, qualifies as a fundamentally flawed treaty. The Kyoto protocol relies
on governments applying tax and regulatory measures that require companies to send out lower
volumes of greenhouse gases. This action would raise production costs and result in lower earnings
for greenhouse gas–generating activities. An emission rights "market" created by the Kyoto protocol
would reduce earnings further. Due to the purchase of emission rights involving an additional cost,
profitable production will be lower. These rights risk becoming increasingly expensive as time goes
on since the aim of the protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Companies will find these
rights increasingly hard to purchase. With the restraints enforced by the Kyoto conditions, some
companies will be unable to support losses from investments with no payback and costs required by
new spending on "greenhouse friendly" technologies. In addition to this struggle, are the costs
resulting from the fact that resources redirected to meet the protocol; several hundred billion dollars
a year will not be available for companies to invest, or individuals to spend on other more beneficial
projects. Despite global warming and climate change being a major issue, the economic sacrifices
outweigh the benefits of reduced greenhouse gas emissions due to major countries not taking the
Kyoto protocol

The US Involvement In The Kyoto Protocol
Global warming has become one of the most complicated issued facing the whole world. It may
cause significant changes in natural, ecological or social systems. Under this circumstance,
developed nations has decided to work together to combat this serious problem. The Kyoto Protocol
is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change. Its objective is to make nations that ratified the agreement reduce their emissions of carbon
dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase
emissions of these gases toward the target set for each nation. Many countries are trying their best to
support the Kyoto Protocol. On the other hand, some other nations, ... Show more content on
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Additionally, it is said that the new standard was considering would have caused devastating harm,
wiping out millions of American jobs and costing our economy more than $1 trillion over a decade,
without any significant environmental or health benefits. As we can see these facts, to work on
reducing the greenhouse gas emission, the US has to spend a lot of money. In addition to this fact, it
is obvious that economic growth and increased energy demand are closely linked to increased
emissions of CO2. The US cannot go on achieving the recovery of its economy and the reduction of
greenhouse gas emission at the same time. Therefore, it will take a long time to make the US get
involved in the Kyoto Protocol. It is now busy to rebuild its economy, and doesn't have much scope
to care about this global issue. Out of this economical problem the US facing, there are some other
reasons why the US cannot be active on supporting the Kyoto protocol. I'd like to think of them in
the next paragraph.
It is often discussed in the relation to the Kyoto Protocol its exemptions of many nations including
major emission nations like India and China. This is one of the most difficult point regarding the
Kyoto Protocol; at the same time, and one of the reasons why the US cannot be cooperative about
the Kyoto Protocol. China, India, and other developing countries were exempt from the
requirements of the Kyoto Protocol, even though

Under the Kyoto Protocol, a group of developed countries' (so–called Annex B countries) pledged to
cut their greenhouse–gas (GHG) emissions by varying amounts, averaging 5.2%, by 2012 as
compared to 1990. Was Kyoto Protocol a success? According to IEA (2014), the Annex B countries
emitted 6.4% less in 2012 compared to 1990, and the participating Annex B countries emitted
14.2% less (excluding the US and Canada). However, the global GHG emissions soared by more
than 50% in the same period (IEA, 2014). Researchers argue that the effect of the Kyoto Protocol
should be discounted by production offshoring to the Non–Annex B countries (Kanemoto, et al.,
2014; Peters et al., 2011a). For example, Peters et al. (2011a) find that the net emission ... Show
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To bridge this gap, trade in value–added (TiVA) database is developed jointly by OECD and WTO
(Ahmad et al., 2011; OECD–WTO, 2012). In the database, TiVA accounts for value–added of one
country directly and indirectly embodied in the final consumption of another country.
Nevertheless, not only the value–added but also the air pollutants, such as GHG emissions,
associated with the production process of the final products are often partitioned across different
countries (Davis and Caldeira, 2010; Peters et al., 2011a; Wiedmann et al., 2007). Under the
production fragmentation and lower costs of transportation, on the one hand, trade in final products
is increased due to outsourcing of assembling activities. On the other hand, trade in intermediate
products is also increased due to increased international processing. Trade with final or intermediate
products concurrently implies trade with embodied emissions. Consequently, there is a fast growth
of emissions embodied in the world trade during the past decades (see Chapter 2). Using the
example mentioned above, Figure 1.1 illustrates that to serve the US consumers' demand of mobile
phones, carbon emissions rise not only in the US (E4), but also in Chile (E1), Korea (E2) and China
(E3) that involved in the production procedures. Despite that

Global Warming : The Kyoto Protocol
Introduction
According to the American Meteorological Society, there is a 90 percent probability that the global
temperature will increase between 3.5 to 7.4 ℃ by 2100 [1]. This increase in global warming could
trigger widespread catastrophes such as rising sea levels and famine. International cooperation is
crucial because there is not a single country that accounts for 26% of global emissions, and
mitigation will require more than 15 countries in order to account for at least 75% of emissions [2].
Also, some countries may free ride other countries' efforts and gain a competitive advantage
because they will continue maintaining their current carbon footprint [2]. Thus, international
cooperation will also satisfy a country's political and economical concerns.
In response to the threat climate change poses, the Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted
by the UNFCC in the year 1997, which entered into force in 2005 [3]. In particular, the protocol
hopes to legally compel ratifying and industrialized countries into lowering global warming through
the reduction of six greenhouse gases that affect it. Quantifiable targets included reducing collective
emissions by 5.2% compared to 1990 levels, with each country having a "common, but
differentiated" responsibility that was based on their contribution to global emissions (see Appendix
A) [3]. Each country's target had to be met with either national measures or the following three
flexibility mechanisms that would

Global climate change has been a concern for everyone since scientists first discovered that our
actions from polluting can have drastic effects on our environment. Many scientists began to note
the changes in the atmosphere and temperature, global warming, in the mid 1800's. Many people
believe that the Earth's climate cycles and changes periodically over time. Many believe that the
changes occur as a result of human activity. The big questions is what effect is our activity having
on the environment.
The costs benefits of global climate change
The costs of climate change for a developed country is easy, because there is money to spend there.
These countries are the richer more developed areas of the world who have the money to spend ...
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The Kyoto Protocol has several provisions that allow for geographic flexibility. Reductions in costs
can also be done through international trade of emissions rights. This will also depend largely on
how many countries participate in this trade. The economic costs will also depend on the length of
time a country has to enact the changes needed to fit their requirements. The longer a country
procrastinates the more expensive it will be.
Recommend a policy for climate change
There are many ideas out there on how to reduce GHG through various policies, but, coming up
with an idea on short notice is not an easy task. The best thing to do is come up with some goals that
have worked over time and put those together as one idea.
The first though would be working as a whole. Done just make this a political objective, make it a
national objective. Get the people of our country involved. Ask them for ideas and what they can do
to help out. Find ways for smaller communities to get involved and set up models for cities to help
them with ideas to reduce emissions. Many cities like Tokyo, Japan have train systems that reduce
the number of cars used by the public.
The plans have to be more individualized by area because some may need more attention than
others. Some parts of the US might not need any adjustments while other places need more.
Southern California, for example has immense smog issues and is

Pros And Cons Of The Kyoto Protocol
By 2008, more than 29 millions of carbon dioxide emissions had been produced to the earth and the
number keeps rising drastically each year. The irony is that this carbon dioxide itself is only one of
the all greenhouse gases that emit, affect our earth, and become a major environmental problem.
This problem that may lead us to the brink of destruction would probably become the reason on why
there is Kyoto Protocol from the very first time.
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the
presence of greenhouse gases. Countries that ratify the Kyoto Protocol are assigned different
maximum carbon emission levels and can participate in carbon credit trading. Demanding more than
the assigned limit will result in a penalty for the violating country in the form of a lower emission
limit in the following period.
The Kyoto Protocol separates countries into two groups. Annex I includes developed countries
while the Non–Annex I refers to developing countries. In this ... Show more content on
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As stated by BBC in 2001, President Bush declared that he did not want to do anything which made
the condition of the states worse.
As a government, it is important to make the best decisions for the society. Best decision does not
mean a contradiction–less decision, but the least harming one out of the all flawed choices. There
were only two options left for the US, whether US would focus on the economy stability and
domestic condition or have a torn concern by applying the Kyoto Protocol and maximizing the
economy at the same time. In this case, US chose to prioritize the stability of the country rather than
having a torn focus and gambling the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Energy Efficient Medium...
1 ) Energy Efficient Medium Access Protocol
A medium access control layer is the most suitable level to address the energy efficiency.
This layer is used to coordinate node access to the shared wireless medium. The MAC is the core of
communication protocol stack which provides the basic for achieving Quality of Service (QoS) in
any wireless networks. A versatile MAC should support diverse applications and different types of
data such as continuous, periodic, burst and non–periodic data along with high level QoS. MAC
plays a major determining factor in improving overall network performance. The fundamental task
in MAC protocol is to avoid collisions and to prevent simultaneous transmissions while preserving
maximum throughput, minimum latency, communication reliability and maximum energy
efficiency. It is important to note that while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In all the three processes of basic operation, communication should be initiated by the master.
Moreover, only one slave node can join the network at a time.
2) BodyMAC
Fang and Dutkiewicz in [28] propose energy efficient TDMA–based MAC protocol for WBAN. In
this protocol, packet collision, idle listening and control packet overhead have been reduced by
allocating three bandwidth management schemes: Burst Bandwidth, Periodic Bandwidth and Adjust
Bandwidth in order to improve energy efficiency. An efficient sleep node is introduced to turn off a
node's radio, especially for the nodes supporting low duty cycle applications.
The MAC frame in BodyMAC protocol has three parts:
Beacon, downlink and uplink sub frames.
The beacon serves the purpose MAC layer synchronization. The downlink frame is used for
transmission from gateway to node, which can accommodate on–demand traffic. The uplink frame
consists of two sub–parts: Contention Access Part (CAP) and Contention Free Part

Hackers: Transmission Control Protocol and Protocol...
Week 4 Lab Part 1: Network Traffic Analysis and Baseline Definition & Secure WLAN
Solution Part AAssignment Requirements Watch the Demo Lab in Learning Space Unit 7 and then
answer questions 1–10 below. 1. Which tool is better at performing protocol captures and which tool
is better at performing protocol analysis? The best tool for protocol captures is Wireshark. The best
tool for protocol analysis is Netwitness. 2. What is promiscuous mode and how does this allow
tcpdump, Wireshark, and Netwitness Investigator to perform protocol capture off a live network? ...
They would want to see both internal and external LAN segments because they have to be able to
implement solid security practices, perform in depth risk analysis, configure proper access rights
and permissions, secure data, and recognize methods used to attack resources, perform security
audits, and develop a BCP. Part B Assignment Requirements Answer the following questions based
on the packet capture that precedes them. You may research any of these on the Internet if you need
to do so. 15:40:19.571032 IP 192.168.2.62.44389 > 192.168.2.104.22: S
1273007928:1273007928(0) win 5840 <mss 1460, sackOK, timestamp 885 0, nop, wscale 6>
15:40:19.571720 IP 192.168.2.104.22 > 192.168.2.62.44389: S 1312754191:1312754191(0) ack
1273007929 win 5792 <mss 1460, sackOK, timestamp 107351 885, nop, wscale 6>
15:40:19.571812 IP 192.168.2.62.44389 > 192.168.2.104.22: . ack 1 win 92 <nop,
nop,timestamp 886 107351> 15:40:19.604635 IP 192.168.2.104.22 > 192.168.2.62.44389: P
1:40(39) ack 1 win 91 <nop, nop, timestamp 107361 886> 15:40:19.611687 IP
192.168.2.62.44389 > 192.168.2.104.22: . ack 40 win 92 <nop,nop,timestamp 898
107361> 15:40:19.612844 IP 192.168.2.62.44389 > 192.168.2.104.22: P 1:40(39) ack 40 win
92 <nop, nop, timestamp 898

The Pros And Cons Of Kyoto Protocol
Global warming influences every country in the world adversely. In order to relieve this issue, in
1997, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) formulated and enacted
Kyoto Protocol in Japan. At the beginning, more than 150 countries joined the conference. After
that, other countries ratified Kyoto Protocol in succession. Until now, there are about 192 countries
have already ratified the protocol. The United States, however, chose to drop out in 2001 after
becoming one of the participants for four years. (Cable News Network Library, 2017) Drawbacks of
Kyoto Protocol and negative impacts on the economy are two main reasons why the United States
dropped out.
Kyoto Protocol is an agreement that forces all the signatory countries to make great efforts to relieve
global warming. It is widely accepted that greenhouse gases are able to heat earth since they can
prevent heat from escaping from the atmosphere, a reasonable amount of greenhouse gases is
needed to keep the earth warm at a constant and comfortable level, but the overabundance of those
gases can influence earth adversely and thus increase the temperature beyond desirable level. Kyoto
Protocol is aimed at solving this kind of problem. Therefore, we can say that Kyoto Protocol "is an
international treaty among industrialized nations that sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas
emissions." (Rouse, M., 2013) The countries who ratified the protocol will be a member of the
United Nations Framework

The File Transfer Protocol And Server Protocol
The File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, is a client/server protocol that allows users to transfer various
types of data between hosts and servers through the TCP/IP network. FTP was originated in 1971,
when MIT engineers and other academic institutions were looking for an efficient method of file
transfer, and is one of the oldest protocols that is still in use. Though it has evolved over the years, it
mainly was used in corporate area networks; utilizing the largest network that currently exists in the
world today, the internet. Even if, as a user, you are not familiar with or do not know how FTP
works, the chance that you have participated in an FTP function is quite large. For example, any of
the download links that most people use on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For active mode, a connection is used to transmit FTP commands from a port higher than 1024 of
the client to port 21 of the server. In the stable connection, the port used by the client for receiving
data transferred to the server, and the server opens port 20 to perform the transfer requested by the
client. Although the active mode is the native mode used by FTP, problems do occur when the
server opens a connection to the client, and the clients protected behind a firewall which could
potentially cut the connection off. The other mode used for connections is passive mode. In passive
mode, it 's the client that starts all the links, and the problem of the firewall from active modes pass
from the client to the server, which solves the limitation of the number of ports accessible for this
mode of connection. Furthermore, to the connection types, there are also two kinds of execution
methods to how FTP is reputable. Standalone mode, which runs as a system process independently,
and is always active and waiting for requests, which is the recommended method for establishing an
FTP connection. The other execution mode is supervisor mode, where the FTP server process is
executed as a child process and must start each time a new connection is complete. FTP constructed
on the client–server architecture, so in addition to FTP servers, there are also FTP clients. An FTP
client is a program on a computer that initiates the connection to an

Pros And Cons Of Transmission Control Protocol And...
Week 3– Written Assignment
Shiva shanker chennoju
BA 632 Information Systems Security
Professor Dr. Jimmie Flores
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are two distinct computer network protocols. A
protocol is an agreed–upon set of procedures and rules. When two computers follow the same
protocols the same set of rules they can understand each other and exchange data. Transmission
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are so commonly used together, however, that Transmission
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol has become standard terminology for referring to this suite of
protocols.
Transmission Control Protocol divides a message or file into packets that are transmitted through
the internet and then re–assembled when they reach their destination. Internet Protocol is
responsible for the address of each packet so it is sent into the correct destination.
Advantages of (TCP) :
A network is just a bunch of computers with wires running between them. Properly implemented, a
network is a system that provides its clients with unique capabilities, above and beyond what the
individual machines and their software applications can provide.
Most of the benefits of networking can be divided into two generic categories connectivity and
sharing, and Hardware sharing, Internet Access, Internet Access Sharing, Data Security and
Management, Performance Enhancement and Balancing. networks allow computers, and

Protocols For The Communication Protocol
IPV 6
ABSTRACT:
We have many protocols for the communication. Among them if we take communication protocol
which is related to internet, the popular and which is using today is IPV 4. In this paper we are
going to discuss about the later version IPV6.
INTRODUCTION:
Internet protocol is a communication protocol which provides location and identification of
computers on networks and routes traffic across the internet. IPV6 is the latest version of internet
protocol. It was developed by internet engineering task force, when they are dealing with the IPV4
exhaustion problem. Every device in this world which is connected to the internet is assigned IP
address for identification and its location. With rapid growth of technology, it became evident that
we need more addresses for connecting various new devices in the future. In 1990s, Internet
engineering task force has introduced IPV 6 to accommodate more addresses. IPV 4 uses only 32 bit
addresses but IPV 6 addresses uses 128 bit addresses.
Internet protocol version 4 is the first publicly used protocol. It was developed by the defense
advanced research projects agency. It is a United States defense department agency, after that they
have shifted towards internet and is developing many technologies. Address exhaustion is not an
initial problem concern because it is a testing of DARPA's networking concepts. Amid the first
decade of operation of the Internet, by the late 1980s, it got to be evident that systems must be
produced

Role Of Tcp / Ip Protocol
What is the role of TCP/IP protocol?
TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/ internet protocol. TCP/IP is responsible for how
devices like computers should be connected over the internet and how data should be transmitted
from one computer to another. The IP essentially functions by exchanging set of information which
is called packets. Packets are short structures of bytes which contains of headers and body. The body
only contains the application data. The headers keep on sending the information back on forth until
the data is sent to the right destination, the packets can usually send in the wrong order this means
that the data was crashed by the firewall or data was destroyed while sending information.TCP is the
transmission communication protocol which delivers packets to the accurate to destination.
TCP is responsible for breaking up data down into small packets be for they can be viewed and
accessed on the internet and they assemble and arrange the packets in the right and correct order.
However if the data is corrupted it could send it in the wrong order meaning that when the person
receiving the message will open up the message ad read it on the wrong order because the
information was corrupted during the process while sending the message.
The internet protocol is responsible for the communications which are sent over one computer to
another computer over the internet. It's responsible for addressing the messages, sending and
receiving messages the

Questions On Protocol And Protocol
2.3 What is a Protocol?
Protocol is nothing but set of guidelines, which supports the data exchange between the layers. The
guidelines describe what to do (the details like when and where to send the data, data format).
2.4 What is a Protocol Data Unit?
Telecommunication protocol create protocol data unit in sender side. This protocol data unit of
message is transmitted by using protocol. Each PDU have particular format and contains header
information in header information identify protocol type and send data to particular destination. The
type of data transmitted by protocol is called PDU.
2.5 What is Protocol Architecture? The protocol architecture is nothing but development of
communication protocols in network. Has multiple layers with many protocols.
2.6 What is TCP/IP?
The transmission control protocol/Internet protocol is used to transmit the data to hosts in network.
This is used in network topology communication establishment and data transmission purpose.
TCP/IP is a two layer protocol high layer is TCP and low layer is IP. Small packets data are
transmitted by TCP and it gets small packets grouped and form original data. IP protocol forward
these data to particular destination.
2.7 What are some advantages of Layering seen in TCP/IP Architecture?
The advantages to layering are as follows:
Flexible for the Extensible of applications.
Segmentation concept makes to solve the problems in easy way.
Easy to alter the network services.
2.8 What is a Router?
Router is

The Kyoto Protocol In Canada
On December 15, 2011, the Government of Canada authoritatively told the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that Canada would practice its legitimate
right to formally pull back from the Kyoto Protocol. The Environment Minister, Peter Kent, was the
one who announced this. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement connected to the
UNFCCC that sets internationally binding greenhouse gas reduction targets for each country that is
in the agreement. There are a lot of benefits as to why Canada should stay in the agreement, but at
the same time there are a few complications and setbacks that we will have to face as well. Canada
will reduce the amount of greenhouse gases, save money and create jobs, and reduce drastic ...
The UNFCCC should implement better ways for all nations to eventually fall under the 1990
emissions levels. Working slowly towards the goal is a better way to approach the problem rather
than giving the nations targets that are very hard to achieve in the first place. Canada had the
responsibility to fall 6% below the 1990 emissions levels, but instead went –23.4. Which basically
means, for example, if a nation had a target of –10%, but actually increased emissions by 10%, the
score would be –20, if it was 5% and the nation went 15% under, then the score is 10. Canada went
–23.4 which was the worst score out of all the other nations within the agreement at the time. In any
case, it was verifiably a vital initial phase in worldwide climate diplomacy. The question is whether
a more aspiring second step will follow so as to stay away from unsatisfactory dangers of destroying
environmental

Internet Protocol Is The Primary Protocol
1.Introduction:
Internet Protocol is the primary protocol in the internet layer of the OSI networking model. IP's job
is to deliver packets from a source computer to a destination computer. As of May 2015, about 97%
of web traffic uses IPv4. IPv6 is a 128–bit address. IPV6 is the standard fundamental infrastructure
to the internet addressing. It helps us to simplify the transition from ipv4 to ipv6. Mainly ipv6 helps
us in TCPIP networking and addressing architecture.
The present variant of the Internet convention (IP) is getting to be old as a result of its constrained
location space, absence of required usefulness and insufficient security highlights. The upcoming
era of IP, called IPv6, has now been institutionalized and will convey TCP/IP systems and
applications well into the following century. (Stallings.w , 1996).
Yes I agreed that IPv6 is implemented in the contemporary world. Still some researches and
improvements are going on to fix the problems. In the coming generation we replace IPv4
completely. IPv6 have more advantages then IPv4 protocol. The world needs more public IP's in the
future, IPv4 can't solve this issue. IPv6 is 128bit address which has enough addresses that next
generation works.
What is IPv6: According to (Vangie Beal, 2014) IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is additionally
called IPNG (Internet Protocol Next Generation) and it is the newest form of the Internet Protocol
(IP) IETF standards committee to replace the present version IPv4.
IPv6

What Is The CSMA Protocol?
Basically it means transmitter uses the feedback from receiver to decide if any other transmission is
in progress before initiation of another transmission. The transmitting node checks and verifies the
absence of other traffic before transmitting. In case of any transmission going on then the
transmitter waits for random period and then transmits data again. CSMA protocol was basically
developed to overcome the chances of collision in ALOHA so as to increase performance. As we
know CSMA is based on carrier sense principle in which the station senses the channel state to be
idle or busy before transmitting any frame. Many devices try to use the network when it is busy
reaching to a collision whereas in CSMA devices tends to sense the ... Show more content on
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● DISADVANTAGE– Reduction in efficiency P–persistent CSMA– In this method the channel
consist of time slots such that the timeslot duration is equal to or greater than the maximum
propagation delay time ● In this case whenever a station becomes ready to send it senses the
channel ● If the channel is busy , station waits for the next slot. And in case its idle it transmits with
certain probability p. ● If the probability is q=1–p then the station tends to wait for the next slot and
in case if the next slot is also vacant then it either transmits or wait with probabilities p and q. ● This
process is repeated until and unless every frame has been transmitted ● Advantage– reduces chances
of collision ● Improvement in efficiency of network ALOHA:– There are two protocols PURE
ALOHA:– 1. pure aloha works in the case when the channel is busy transmitting frame a. This does
not check if the channel is busy before transmitting. b. The users access the channel whenever they
have information to send i.e. data packets. c. In case the sender does not receive any
acknowledgement from the receiver, it waits for random period of time and then retransmits the data
again. d. Since ALOHA cannot use 100% of the capacity of the communications channel collisions
can occur and data may have to be sent again e. There maximum throughput is around 18.4% only.
2. SLOTTED ALOHA:– a. introduced discrete time slots and increased the maximum throughput. b.
This does not check if the medium

Kyoto Protocol Of The Unfcc ( 2005 )
Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCC (2005)
1. Introduction
As the evidence of climate change became more visible and better understood, an international
movement for environmental action emerged. Greenhouse gases were blamed for causing the most
damage to the Earth such as flooding, loss of wetlands and massive deaths of corals.
Since these greenhouse gases are transparent to incoming radiation from the sun but block infrared
radiation from leaving the earth 's atmosphere, they became the subject of worldwide attention.
Indeed, greenhouse effect traps radiation from the sun and warms the whole planet 's surface. As
concentrations of these gases increase, more warming occurs than would happen naturally. ("What
are greenhouse gases and how do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, according to Olawuyi (2012), the agreement allowed developed countries to meet their
emission reduction targets by investing in clean energy projects in other countries of their choice. As
well, industrialized countries that had been able to meet and exceed their agreed emission reduction
targets could sell their excess emissions to countries that found it difficult to meet their own targets
(Olawuyi, 2012). Measurement of the gas emission is based on a simple equation where one unit of
emission is equal to one tonne of CO2, or an amount of another gas with the equivalent global
warming potential. These units can be purchased or traded to offset emissions of greenhouse gases,
thereby creating a new commodity in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since carbon
dioxide (CO2) is the principal greenhouse gas, this market is widely referred to as the "carbon
market", with each of the units traded commonly referred to as "carbon credits"("Guide to Carbon
trading crime," June 2013). Although this trading mechanism offered countries flexibility, it made
tracking gas emission reduction per country an almost impossible task to perform.
3. Kyoto Protocol evaluation.
In reference to the specific goals of the agreement, which was to lower the overall emissions of

The Kyoto Protocol ( Kp )
Introduction: Increasingly high atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration is causing global
warming. If GHG emissions are not reduced drastically, global mean temperatures will continue to
rise to dangerous levels. Such drastic reduction in GHG emissions is only possible with
international cooperation.
With this in mind, the Kyoto Protocol (KP) was devised. The ultimate goal of the KP was
synonymous to that of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
to "prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"(United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2014). To achieve this, the KP outlined several goals
that include:
1. GHG emissions reduction and increased energy efficiency in developed countries,
2. Minimization of GHG emissions increases in developing countries, and
3. Promotion and research of sustainable practices and phasing out of unsustainable practices
(United Nations, 1998).
The KP includes specific emissions targets for developed countries that range from an 8% decrease
to a 10% increase from 1990 levels (United Nations, 1998).
In this paper, the following aspects of the KP will be examined:
1. One challenging aspect of international climate change negotiations,
2. The successes and failures of the agreement,
3. Contributing factors to the successes and failures of the agreement, and
4. Overall agreement assessment. The Challenge of Climate Change Negotiations: Internationally,
climate change

Disadvantages Of The Montreal Protocol
3.0 ADVANTAGES OF MONTREAL PROTOCOL The Montreal Protocol was use to save our
ozone layer that has become less thick and it was not good condition for us as human that was live
in earth. So this protocol was proposed so that we can save and reduce the gas that affects our ozone
layer that was protecting us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This protocol was working when the
scientist confirmed that the ozone layer was slowly to recover around 2050. There are many
advantages that we get when Montreal Protocol was proposed by the government. Firstly, the
Montreal Protocol can give dual benefit to the society or human. This is because the Montreal
Protocol has given help to reduce global warming and at the same times protect the ozone layer.
This was proven according to the research that was done by the Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency. That research also shows that the effect of the ozone–depleting substances will
become worse if the scientist not discover about change of the thickness in ozone layer. If the
Montreal Protocol can reduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, synthetic pesticides present hazardous impacts far beyond their intended targets. As
Montreal Protocol is restricting the use of ozone depleting substances, other initiative can be carried
out in order to reduce the usage of synthetic pesticides, which is classical biological control. This is
the practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced
pest. Classical biological control is long lasting and inexpensive. Other than the initial costs of
collection, importation, and rearing, little expense is needed. When a natural enemy is successfully
established it rarely requires additional input and it continues to kill the pest with no direct help
from humans and at no

Kyoto Protocol And Global Warming
In December 1997, Kyoto protocol was signed to address global warming specifically. Global
warming is the "gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth 's atmosphere and its
oceans due to green house gases emissions."(NRDC, 2005) In the past 100 years, the rate of global
warming is unprecedented. In fact, global warming has become one of the most challenging
environmental problems in the 21st century. In order to effectively address this issue, international
cooperation is necessary. Through international cooperation, undeveloped countries are able to
overcome financial obstacles in meeting their targets. In addition, it could also promote worldwide
technology sharing, data foundations and public awareness of climate change. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For starters, modern economy relies heavily on fossil fuels, which is a main resource that
contributes to global warming. Adopting renewable energy might sharply reduce GHG emissions.
However, according to international energy agency, "switching from fossil fuels to low–carbon
sources of energy will cost $44 trillion between now and 2050"(IEA, 2009). In case 44 trillion is too
abstract, 1 trillion dollar can fill up an entire soccer field and stack more than 10 feet high. This cost
could be intimidating for any country. Moreover, the cost also depends on how long it takes for us to
start reducing emissions. "The IPCC report showed that continuing to hold off on reducing
emissions could increase costs by 40 percent" (IPCC, 2008) For developing countries, this cost
would be a financial burden and a limiting reagent on GDP growth. Socially, civilian's life quality
will be affected by the GDP reduction. As a result, it becomes more challenging for countries to take
initiative in addressing this problem. The question eventually came down to whom should bear the
astronomical cost? Are we willing to invest in something that might cost more than its benefits?
Evaluation on its Successfulness
The achievements of Kyoto Protocol have been controversial. Nevertheless, the agreement has had a
mix of success. In order to evaluate its successfulness, we need data of the emission level of Annex I
parties from 1990 to 2012 explicitly. As a result, the United States did not ratify the

Network Technology, Structure, And Protocols
Introduction
This paper is about basic network technology, structure, and protocols. This paper will cover the
module question "Discuss how the structure of the TCP IP framework has enabled the expansion of
the Internet into a worldwide network. Discuss issues with this network. Is it big enough? Are
enough IP addresses for all? What is being done under IPV6? This will be accomplished by
addressing the crore topics as well as how IP started to grow, the issues with the network in regards
to technological limitations as well as the different types of vulnerabilities and attacks. This paper
will conclude with a summary.
Structure of TCP IP and expansion In the beginning, the internet was without form. It was in the
early phases with agencies such as DARPA and educational institutes that we laying the ground for
what the internet turned into. However, as the internet grew, not everyone used the same
communication method so there had to be gateways installed on the border of networks in order to
translate one type of protocol into another (Bellovin, S. M.). This was not good so the advent of
TCP IP was constructed. This allowed for uniformed communication and thus brought on the rapid
expansion of the internet. The internet follows the open systems interconnect model (OSI)
developed by Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services, this consists of seven layers. 1.
The physical layer, this includes both wired and wireless forms of communication. An Ethernet
cable or

Kyoto Protocol And The Protocol
As a basic description the Kyoto Protocol is a document, which legally binds all member countries
that are classified as 'developed' to meet specific emission reduction targets. The protocol brings
with it several 'Commitment periods', which as the name suggests are periods of time by which
member states are bound to the protocol. The initial commitment period began in 2008 and ceased
in 2012. The next began in 2013 and will end in 2020. Currently there are 192 member states to the
protocol. It has been determined that developed countries are primarily responsible for the current
elevated levels of Greenhouse gases (GHG). The Kyoto Protocol puts heavier goals on the
developed countries based on the idea of differentiated but common responsibilities. The Protocol
dictates that there are six primary Greenhouse gases identified as contributing the most harm to the
natural environment, these being: Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons,
Per fluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride (U.S. EPA, N.D.)
Each nation has their own individual targets. The average target was a cut of roughly 5%, in
comparison to the levels in the atmosphere in 1990 and 2012 (The Guardian, 2012). Some countries
have a different approach to the protocol than others. An example of this is the United States, which
is yet to ratify the protocol and also happens to be the second largest total emitter (second to China)
and largest emitter per capita of greenhouse gases in the world (M.

Taking a Look at the Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international agreement, which began in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. As
of June 2013, there were a total of 192 parties participating in the Kyoto Protocol, Canada was no
longer one of them. Canada was one of the first to sign the agreement, in 1998; more than 4 years
later, Canada formally approved the Kyoto Accord, in 2002. This meant Canada would have to
decrease its emissions, by 6% in comparison to 1990 levels (461 Mt), by the year 2012. Despite
some efforts, Canada failed to meet these requirements and in fact increased total emissions by
roughly 24% by the year 2008. Canada formally withdrew from the Kyoto Accord in 2011, avoiding
penalties and future detriments. The withdrawal of Canada from the Kyoto ... Show more content on
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In the year 2000, before ratifying the agreement, they began with $500 million, in comparison to the
total amount just three years later, $500 million is not a lot. Federal spending reached 1.7 billion in
2003, just one year after Canada ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and two years before the protocol took
effect. If Canada had endured the agreement, it was believed to have cost over ten billion. Although
we should be involved in saving the earth, the amount of money is too big of a price to pay, and we
will never know how much it would take to reduce greenhouse gases to that of the agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol does not benefit Canada because it is unfair, too costly, and now that the United
States has withdrawn from the agreement, it can only be bad news for Canada. The Kyoto Protocol
does not treat every country fairly. Canada has more to lose with the Protocol than other countries,
and they should all be treated in the same way. Some of the world's largest polluters, such as China
and India, are exempt from "round one" of the Protocol because they are seen as developing
countries with more important issues to deal with. Secondly, Kyoto allows some industrialized
countries, such as Russia and New Zealand, to make no cuts, and even permits some places, like
Iceland, to emit more greenhouse gasses. The protocol will be unsuccessful and ineffective if every
country is not on board. Finally, Canada will need to provide

Underlying Problems of the Kyoto Protocol
For the past years, global warming and climate change became important issues of science and the
environment. However, with the realization of the possible threats it poses to humankind in general,
global warming gained international significance. Climate change is a global problem that requires a
global response embracing the needs and interests of all countries (Boer, 2008). Countries around
the world, convinced by the threats of the global warming, choose to act hand–in–hand to face to the
issue. United Nations, the pioneering organization that resolves international conflicts, organized the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in July 1992. The
conference, organized a series of talks to create a treaty whose goal is to "stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system". It resulted in the creation of the United Nations Framework on Climate
Change Commission (UNFCCC), the first step of the international community in mitigating
greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The Convention enjoys near universal membership, participated
by 195 states. By considering global warming as a multilateral issue that knows no territorial
boundaries, the treaty asks the cooperation of the participating states in combating the issue. The
framework, although a very significant step in mitigating global warming, failed to accomplish its
targets because of its inadequate

The Kyoto Protocol and The Green Movement
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework
Convention on climate change, which commits its parties by setting internationally binding
emission reduction targets. Kyoto was seen only as the short–term costs of compliance, not the
long–term planetary benefits. Under the Protocol, countries must meet their targets primarily
through national measures. However, the Protocol also offers them an additional means to meet their
targets by way of three market–based mechanisms.
International Emissions Trading: Greenhouse gas emissions are considered a new commodity.
Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Parties) have accepted targets for
limiting or reducing emissions. These targets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within The United States the Clinton administration was silent and the Bush administration actively
hostile towards the Kyoto Protocol. This was because, The Kyoto Protocol allowed China, India and
other rapidly modernizing economies to use primarily carbon–spewing coal–fired power plants so
they could hurtle into the 21st century with early 20th century power sources. The Kyoto Protocol
recognized that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG
emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity. The Protocol
placed a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated
responsibilities." China then made a deliberate choice to lag the world in energy efficiency since it
has been so eager to just have more energy. Al Gore soon made himself a spokesman for the Kyoto
Protocol and a middleman to help diffuse the tension between The United States and China. He said
"that neither the United States nor China should be allowed to blame the other, or anyone else, for
the failure of each nation to do its part. Gore's nation has the practical responsibility to lead the
way." One day short of Kyoto's 10th anniversary (December 10th, 2007), Al Gore presented the
correct three–word prescription: "We must act." Global agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol that
limit, and start to reduce, carbon dioxide emissions are essential, and won't work without full
American

The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol, negotiated in December 1997, is the first major step toward implementation of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Protocol sets
targets for industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases over the next 10
years. It offers four means to achieve those targets: domestic action and three international market–
based instruments. These mechanisms work through emissions reductions or through enhancements
in the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to absorb carbon. This Dialogue focuses on the Protocol's
provisions to enhance the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to absorb carbon. These provisions may
create incentives and financial mechanisms for more effective and ... Show more content on
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Trees are a major storehouse of carbon, because they account for a huge amount of biomass. A
mature forest stores carbon in the roots, trunks, branches, and leaves of trees. As they grow, trees
absorb small additional amounts of carbon from the atmosphere. At the same time, the decay of
organic matter on the forest floor and in the soil emits carbon back into the atmosphere. In an old
forest, these emissions are less than the absorption by the trees, so the forest ecosystem is a net
carbon sink .Now suppose that the trees are harvested, after which young trees are planted. The
harvested trees are converted to lumber, plywood, sawdust, paper, and other materials. Their roots––
now dead––are left in the soil, as is some debris from the treetops. The lumber––up to one–half of
the trees' biomass––may be used in home construction or furniture, and so will continue to store
carbon for many years. The sawdust and paper, however, are likely to become waste fairly soon,
ending up in an incinerator or landfill from which their carbon will return to the atmosphere after
combustion or decay. On the land, new trees were planted after the harvest. They are small and
growing quickly, and they absorb carbon. However, the roots and debris from the old forest are still
in or on the ground, decaying and emitting carbon. The new plantation forestry ecosystem will be a
net emitter of carbon into the atmosphere, and will remain so for about a decade, until much of the

Kyoto Protocol Simulation
Almir Buco The Art of a Deal:A Kyoto Protocol Simulation 1st Hour In my first hour
Environmental Science class, we did a simulation of what it would be like to experience a real life
situation of deals, and arguments. There were four countries (A, B, C, and D) that were represented.
I was a part Country B. We had three members in our group, and we were just relaxing at the
beginning of the group assignment. Moments later, after the assignment was announced, we got into
our groups and headed to the other side of the room with the other countries. We sat and listened to
the other groups argue and make their deliberate deals. They seemed really sure of what they
wanted, so I and my group decided to step in. Apparently

Global Warming And The Kyoto Protocol
Recommendations
Over the last fifty years, different institutions, international organizations, industrial professionals
and federal governments have been working on addressing one of the major challenges the world
has been challenged to this day which widely is known as Global Warming. The Kyoto protocol is
the well–known abiding playground internationally recognized as a global treaty placing obligations
on developed nations to significantly minimize their Green House Gas emissions first adopted in
Kyoto, Japan in 1997. Three actions are recommended for the UN to take up on: First, the UN shall
bring all the major actors onboard to commit and work towards achieving the emission reduction
targets by 2050. Second, the UN should engage in awareness creation to give more focus and
special attention towards climate change policies at a deeper and wider level. Third, the UN is
advised to lead negotiations to reach at a fair and equitable share of climate regulation costs
Problem Statement
Growing concerns and levels surrounding the climate condition of the world was vindicated by the
late Peoples' Climate March campaign in New York City on September 21, 2014. However, the
main problem is sustaining the fragile climate change coalition and building on the current
momentum to strike a global agreement by the 2015 climate summit in Paris. The coalition is
threatened mainly by the multitude of actors involved and their unsymmetrical interests.
Strategic Issues
As a major

Introduction In response to growing concerns over the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere, many nations came together in 1992 to sign the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (1992). This voluntary agreement pledged that member nations
would work to reduce greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. As it became apparent
that major nations such as the United States would not be able to meet these guidelines, the parties
to the treaty decided in 1995 to start negotiations for a protocol that would legally bind nations to
reductions and limitations in greenhouse gas emissions (Congressional Research Service Report 98–
2). These negotiations took place in Kyoto, Japan and were ... Show more content on
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Developing countries do play a role in the other aspects of the agreement however, mainly in the
emissions trading and joint implementation sections. Emissions trading is defined in the protocol as
the system in which a member country "may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party
emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by
sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases" in order to meet its
treaty commitments. This trading has several regulations, among them that such trading only be in
addition to domestic actions towards emissions reduction (CRS Report 98–2). Joint implementation
is a form of trading in which a member country can receive emission reduction credits when it funds
an emissions reduction project in another country that effectively reduces emissions in that country.
This area of the protocol has received the most attention and debate, especially surrounding the
development of the "clean development mechanism" (CDM) through which joint implementation
could occur between developed and developing nations (CRS Report 98–2). It was clear at the end
of the Kyoto negotiations that many issues still needed to be addressed before the protocol would be
able to achieve the support and ratification of interested parties. The member nations decided to
work on finalizing the

Kyoto Protocol Of The Unfccc ( 2005 )

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