The Four Stages Of Sleep Research

The Four Stages Of Sleep Research
The human brain is complex and the way the body advances is through sleep. Sleep allows the body to rest, repair and rejuvenate itself. The brain is
responsible for wave patterns called alpha and beta waves that through a series of stages, produces what we know as non–rapid eye movement
(NREM), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. At the beginning of sleep, our minds are relatively active, conscience, and producing beta waves,
which are small and fast. The brain begins to produce alpha waves when it relaxes and starts to slow down. At this point, it is possible to have lucid
or strange events called hypnagogic hallucinations, which can be responsible for you having episodes of seeing and hearing things as you are falling
asleep or sudden... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this process, dreams occur due to activity in the brain and the voluntary muscles are immobilized. REM sleep is defined by rapid movement of
the eyes, raised respiratory rate and elevated brain activity. This stage occurs about 90 minutes into a person's sleep and repeats itself every 90 minutes
getting longer throughout the night; people spend about 25% of their sleep time in this
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A Interview On The Sleep Disorder Institute ( Sdi )
Maor MashiachInterview Write–Up #1 Mrs. TrombettaBQ: What is sleepwalking? Language Arts 8 1/26/15 Introduction Gary Zammit Doctor 12
years in the Sleep Disorder Institute (SDI) in NYC. 5:30–6:00 January 28, 2015. Telephone interview Gary is a CEO and leading expert in sleep
disorders. 1) Are there any new technologies that can prevent or treat sleepwalking? I am not aware of any new technologies that are available to
prevent or treat sleepwalking. There are some different forms of sleepwalking. Sleepwalking occurs in very deep sleep early in the night, and
some of it is disorganized. There are other forms of sleepwalking that are more organized and have a purpose. For example, sleep eating is a
disorder when people get out of bed and consume food during their sleep. But for all of those various forms of sleepwalking, we do not have any
new or novel technologies that prevent or treat sleepwalking? 2) Is there a treatment for this disorder? Well sleepwalking is more common in kids
and as children age and get into their teen years and adulthood, it is more common that sleepwalking goes away by itself. So it's kind of self–limiting
for most people but not everyone. For kids and adults who sleepwalk the best thing to do is to gently guide the sleepwalker back into bed and that is
what takes care of it. Very often, they will stay asleep in bed and that is what takes care of it. So you don't want to startle a sleepwalker and you don't
want to shake

Sleepwalking Essay
Sleepwalking
Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, belongs to a group of parasomnias. This disorder of arousal is characterized by complex motor behaviors initiated
during stages 3 and 4 of non–rapid–eye–movement (NREM) sleep (slow–wave sleep) (3). Behaviors during sleepwalking episodes can vary greatly.
Some episodes are limited to sitting up, fumbling and getting dressed, while others include more complex behaviors such as walking, driving a car, or
preparing a meal (2). After awakening, the sleepwalker usually has no recollection of what has happened and may appear confused and disoriented. The
behaviors performed while sleepwalking are said to be autonomous automatisms. These are nonrelfex actions performed without conscious volition and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This stage is believed to help people enter deeper stages of sleep (4). Stage 3 sleep consists of 20–50 percent delta activity and stage 4 sleep of more
than 50 percents delta activity (4). Stages 3 and 4 are characterized as being slow wave sleep in addition to being the deepest levels of sleep.
Approximately 90 minutes after being asleep, people enter rapid–eye–movement (REM) sleep (4). REM sleep consists of rapid eye movements, a
desynchronized EEG, sensitivity to external stimulation, muscle paralysis and dreaming (4).
Sleepwalking occurs during stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle, the deepest levels of sleep. This slow–wave sleep is normally characterized by
synchronized EEG activity (4). This indicates that mental activity is very low during these stages of sleep. However researchers have shown that the
EEG of a sleepwalker has diffuse, rhythmic, high–voltage bursts of delta activity associated with abrupt motor activity (1). This is very different from
the EEG activity normally associated with slow–wave sleep. In addition to the EEG results, they found that there is a decrease in regional cerebral
blood flow in the frontopariental cortices during sleepwalking (1). This indicates that sleepwalking is a dissociated state consisting of motor arousal
and persisting mind sleep, which seems to arise from the selective activation of thalamocingulate circuits and the persisting inhibition of other
thalamocortical arousal systems (3).
This study

Investigation Of Sleep Essay
Introduction
The amount of sleep varies with each individual and there are many factors that affects this such as age, lifestyle, environment and health. However, the
recommended number of hours for the average adult is between seven to nine hours. To remain unconscious for approximately a third of one's life
suggests that sleep must serve some crucial function, especially when considering the evolutionary viewpoint that to be less responsive to potentially
threatening external stimuli (e.g. predators) for such prolonged periods of time has been conserved across all animal species despite being
counter–intuitive and a danger to survival.
There have been countless numbers of studies investigating the function of sleep leading to various theories, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As shown in figure 2, one particularly well–known experiment was inducing total sleep deprivation (TSD) in rats; almost all the rats died and besides
looking exhausted, thinner due to weight loss with damaged tail and paws, they did not show clear physical signs that caused their death. Dogs were
also seen to die with induced TSD over a time period of 12 days. For obvious ethical reasons, the same experiment has not been conducted on humans,
contrary to what was rumoured. The ethics of animal testing are being viewed much more seriously in the recent years with TSD experiments resulting
in death of animals being put to an

Summary Of Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Stage 1 is the Electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG provides a summary of electro activity from a certain area of the brain. The EEG is also the
sum of the electrical activity of all neurons between the two recording electrodes (Garrett,2015). Stage 1 is when one is feeling drowsy and
transitioning into a state of sleep (Thien Thanh Dang–Vu, 2017). Stage 2 is the K complex. These are sharp waves that happen at least once a minute.
This stage characterizes the first stage of sleep. Stage 2 has an appearance of spindles (Thien Thanh Dang–Vu, 2017). Where the waves have a gating
function that help to prevent the unsettling stimuli from reaching the cortex part of the brain that will in turn awaken the sleeper. Stage 3 is known as
the slow–wave

Informative Speech On Sleep
The average human spends about 25 years of their life sleeping. That is equal to one–third of a person's life. So if sleep is vital and common among
every single human, what do you know about it? What happens when we sleep (Attention Grabber)? Before the 1950s, scientists believed that the
brain would just "shut off" when we would go to sleep. It wasn't until the discovery of the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) state that scientists really
looked into what happens in the brain while we are asleep. Studies have found that we go through a cycle of stages during sleep, and it is
important for our health (Orientation to Topic). Today, I am going to inform you about what really happens when we sleep, and some issues that
are found among it (Specific Purpose). In order to really understand this worldwide commonality, you need to know some background on sleep, the
stages in the cycle, and some common disorders (Central Idea). I have taken a year long psychology course that went into depth on sleep
psychology, and I have done extensive research on the topic to better grasp it (Statement of Credibility). I want to inform you on sleep so you can
understand what happens when you close your eyes every night, and so you can detect any irregularities in your sleep pattern (Statement of
Goodwill). First, I will give a background of why and how we know to sleep, then I will explain the stages in the sleep cycle, and finally I will tell
you about some common disorders (Preview). Transition: First, let's talk about how and when our bodies know to sleep. Our bodies have an internal
sense of time through circadian rhythms and biological clocks. A. Circadian rhythms are daily cycles that follow a 24 hour time that we mentally and
physically follow. 1. An example of this would be our response to light. We follow a circadian rhythm of being awake in the daytime, and sleeping
when it is dark outside. 2. Circadian rhythms help influence and control sleep patterns. B. Biological clocks are an instinctive and internal timing
mechanism that is made from special molecules. C. Biological clocks are not the same as circadian rhythms, but they work together. Transition: Now
that you know about our internal clocks that help dictate

Five Different Cycles: The Five Stages Of Sleep
Sleep is composed of five different cycles, each cycle lasts for about 90 minutes. It is consists of two main broad stages, the first four cycles is known
as non– rapid eye movement (NREM) and the last stage of the cycle is denoted by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The various stages of sleep
are measured by a polysomnography. Polysomnographs measure several aspects such as brain waves from an electroencephalogram (EEG), eye
movements using a electrooculogram (EOG) , and muscle activity using an electromyogram (EMG).The majority of the time spent sleeping is during
NREM sleep. NREM sleep is considered to be a dreamless sleep, during this phase brain waves and physiological activity is slow and at a high
amplitude, blood pressure, heart... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sleep serves many functions throughout the body such as rejuvenating cells, restoring energy, protein synthesis, as well as it regulates the body's
homeostasis. Sleep is a time that also allows our memories, and information processing to be restored organized, thus it allows us to be concentrated
and it balances our cognitive and psychological functions. Several important hormones are also produced and secreted while asleep, this includes;
cortisol, human growth hormone, testosterone and prolactin. Circadian rhythms function by regulating the body's internal clock. The internal clock
is a very small region within the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). SCN is affected by light and dark, when it is light
photoreceptors in the retina send a impulse to the pineal gland to stop producing melatonin, allowing the rest of the brain to wake up. Sleep is
composed of 2 main types REM sleep and NREM sleep. NREM sleep is composed of four separate stages leading to the final stage REM, each stage
has physiological differences. Sleep related disorder such as narcolepsy, sleep related eating disorder, insomnia, and restless leg syndrome. Sleep plays
an extremely important role in many functions in the body. Sleep deprivation can be deadly as it disrupts the body's

The Five Stages Of Sleep
Most sleepers pass through five stages; 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. A complete sleep cycle lasts between 90 to 110 minutes, once
the cycle is completed it starts back at stage one and repeats itself. Stage 1 is a very light sleep, where you can drift in and out of sleep and you are
easily awakened. Eye movement and muscle activity will begin to slow down. People most commonly experience muscle contractions throughout
stage 1. When stage 2 begins eye movement has stopped completely and our brain waves begin to slow down. It is in stage 3 where a person will
experience delta waves in the brain, these are very slow brain waves. The delta waves in stage 3 are intercepted with a few smaller, faster waves. In
stage 4 the brain is only producing delta waves. Stages 3 and 4 are known as deep sleep, it is very hard to wake someone if they are in a deep sleep
because there is no eye movement or muscle activity. Stages 1–4 are the longest stages of sleep lasting between 4 to 7 hours a night.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This stage is also the shortest of the stages, lasting around 90 – 120 minutes per night. During REM sleep epinephrine is released and the person's
breathing speeds up and becomes irregular. There is a lot of eye movement during REM sleep, however, there is not a lot of muscle activity
because the limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. A person's heart rate and blood pressure rise and their brain waves are equal to those of a fully
awake and functioning person. Most dreams typically occur during REM sleep due to the fact that the brain is highly active. If a person is waken
during REM sleep they are more likely to remember their

NREM Sleep
Sleep affects our daily functioning and our physical and mental health. It is characterized by a number of things such as a reduction on voluntary
movement, decreased reaction to external stimuli, an increased rate of anabolism, decrease rate of catabolism, a stereotypic posture, and reversibility.
The sleep cycle consists of two types of sleep and five stages. Stages 1–4 are NREM (non rapid eye movement) sleep, while stage 5 is REM (rapid eye
movement) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by low amplitude, high frequency EEG (electroencephalography) rhythms, whereas NREM sleep
involves high amplitude, low frequency rhythms (Dave & Margoliash, 2000). NREM sleep accounts for 75%–80% of our sleep and REM sleep the
rest. During stage 1, it is light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When we sleep, important connections are strengthened and unimportant ones are pruned (Ghosh, 2015). Sleep is also an opportunity for the brain
to be cleared of any unwanted waste and plays an important role in memory consolidation. Benington and Heller, researchers at Stanford, stated,
"Sleep has therefore evolved as a state in which animals retreat to a safe environment, behavior is suppressed, and glycogen stores are replenished."
Sleep serves as a survival function. Without it, it interferes with information processing and specifically learning and memory (Nierenberg, 2016).
This makes it more difficult for people to respond to their environment, have motivation to do things, and to recover from stress. A vital role of sleep
is to help us solidify and consolidate memories ("Why do we sleep?, n.d.). Sleep consolidates memories and enhances learning, when getting the right
amount. Sleeping betters your health by improving your immune system. It can also benefit things such as decreasing pain, allowing the body to
heal, having a better mood, and being a much more clearer thinker (Breus, n.d.). Healthy sleep is critical for everyone, since we all need to retain
information and learn skills to thrive in life ("Why do we need sleep?",

Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity
Animal sleep is presented in various patterns like hibernation, nocturnal activity, and even napping! For example, penguins rarely sleep in case of
abrupt attacks of predators. They sleep in standing positions for only a few minutes to provide security. In some occasions, penguins take naps in the
ocean after a full meal. In contrast, brown bats spend generally nineteen hours just on sleeping hanging upside down. As these examples demonstrate,
the state of sleeping in animals is confirmed based on scientific research. The evidence of animal sleep is obvious, mainly characterized by temporary
unconsciousness, non–responsiveness to external stimuli, and passivity in movement. Although animal sleeping is corroborated by these common
symptoms,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In particular, birds compensate for sleep loss with SWS (slow–wave sleep), the fourth stage of sleep. Higher blood circulation in the hippocampus was
caught on the PET scan demonstrating the same result as REM sleep. Although birds spend five percent of their sleep in REM sleep and the rest in
SWS, they seem to have very brief dreaming episodes. Finally, involuntary body movements show unconsciousness or resemble the movements which
happen in the dream.Initially, intellectual animals exhibit body movements only at stages associated with dreaming. Body movements include
occasional spasms of the face, twitching, and muscular atony.For instance, dogs generally bark or twitch their legs during REM sleep. Besides dogs,
five zebra finches and their body movement were monitored byPhilip Low at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences. Muscular atony is a symptom
of paradoxical REM sleep and the state in which muscles are relaxed.In the 1970s, Adrian Morrison, Ph. D of university of Pennsylvania observed the
state of atonia in dogs which occurred after REM sleep. Furthermore, animals demonstrate movements similar to previous experiences which show that
they have collective memory. The imitation of mammals made in REM sleep can be led to the relation between REM sleep and memory. Platypuses
also make movements imitating the process where they kill

Sleep : Memory And Memory
Sleep Enhances Memory
When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or encode a memory. There are many different kinds
of memories that can be formed. Each must be consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of
learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that
potentially strengthens memory while sleeping.
Memory
Sensory, short–term, and long–term are the three types of memory. Together they work to encode, consolidate, store, and recall information. Short–term
memory is the temporary place that information is stored before forgetting or further encoding occurs. Long–term memory consists of subcategories
that relate to different types of information with different activation sections of the brain. These include Explicit/Declarative memory and Implicit
/Non–Declarative memory. The Declarative memory is responsible for holding episodic and semantic memories. Episodic pertains to experiences and
autobiographical events. Semantic memories involve facts, concepts, and verbal symbols. While the implicit (unconscious) memory is involved in
procedural memories such as skills, tasks, use of objects, and movements of the body. It is also involved in emotionally conditioned memories as well.
Each type of memory demands activity in particularly different areas of the brain. (CITE)
Short–Term

Sleep Onset Research Paper
Sleep onset is when you transition from being awake to going to sleep, when that happens sometimes you'll have rapid eye movement but other
times you won't. How sleep onset happens is when you're still awake while laying down then eventually you'll transition to barley going to sleep.
the NREM sleep stages are Stage 1. You're drowsy which means you tired, it eventually gets replaced even slower theta brain waves then you enter
the first step of sleep which doesn't last for long you eventually disengage from your surroundings. Hypnagogic experiences can happen in stage 1.
Stage 2 is onset sleep, you have brain activity that only last 1 or 2 seconds. You can get K complexes which means it is a high–voltage that spikes of
brain activity, eventually

Common Misconception Of The Brain's Five Stages Of Sleep
It is a common misconception that when we fall asleep, our brains go to sleep as well. This is most definitely not the case. Our brain is hard at
work while we sleep; making memories, cleansing toxins, and many other activities. When falling asleep, our brains go through multiple stages,
from triggering a loss in consciousness to highly erratic activity. Sleeping has five stages to it, the first being the state between wakefulness and
sleep. This stage is often referred to as drowsy sleep due to the muscles in the body still being fairly active and the eyes roll around a bit. In this stage
the brainwaves transition from erratic beta and gamma waves, which is the normal range of brain wavelengths when the body is awake, to less erratic
alpha... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The brain activity during REM sleep is mainly mixed brain waves consisting of theta, alpha and beta waves. This is also the point in a sleep cycle
where the body is basically rigid. The brain has shut off all muscle movements other than the ones that keep you alive. This stage is a prime example
of how the brain is busy while we are sleeping, "REM sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of the brain called the pons. These signals
travel to a brain region called the thalamus, which relays them to the cerebral cortex – the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for learning,
thinking, and organizing information. The pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb
muscles"(Brain Basics). Being that REM sleep deals with learning, scientists believe this is the reason infants sleep a large amount of time and also
why they are more susceptible to being woken up by the slightest noises. Since this stage of sleeping has a great deal of dreaming and brain
involvement some scientists believe that dreaming is the brain's way of sorting out information it receives during sleep, creating a "story" out of what
it gathers. REM sleep could be considered as a work out for your brain, helping us to make sense of what we experience throughout our

Deep Slow-Wave Sleep
we can understand the deep slow–wave sleep characteristics by remembering the last time we were kept awake for more than 24 hours and then the
deep sleep that occurred during the first hour after going to sleep.This sleep is exceedingly restful and is associated with decrease in both peripheral
vascular tone and many other vegetative functions of the body. For instance, there are 10 to 30 per cent decreases in blood pressure, respiratory rate,
and basal metabolic rate.Although slow–wave sleep is frequently called "dreamless sleep,"dreams and sometimes even nightmares do occur during
slow–wave sleep. The difference between the dreams that occur in slow– wave sleep and those that occur in REM sleep is that those of REM sleep are
associated with

Sleep Cycle Stages
Sleep is a condition were the body & mind which is typically recurs for several hours every night in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the
eyes closed the postural muscles relax and consciousness practically suspended.
Usually sleep passes through four stages of sleep and (REM) Rapid Eye Movement sleep. A complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90 minutes to 110
minutes. The first sleep cycle of sleep are short REM sleeps and long periods of deep sleep.
Stage 1 is a type of sleep where you drift in and out of your sleep. You can be easily awake. The eye moves slow and muscle activity is slow during
this stage. During these stages many can experience sudden muscle contractions proceeding by sensation of falling. Stage 2 eye movement stops in
your brain wave become slower with only an occasional burst for rapid waves. Stage 3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In deep sleep there are no eye movement or any kind of muscle activity. This is when some children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking, and or
has night terrors. In 2008 the sleep professionals eliminated the use of stage 4. And stages 3 & 4 are what most people experience. Slow waves
sleep comes mostly in the first half of your sleep. (REM) is the second half. Walking may occur after (REM) if the walking period is long enough, the
person may remember it the next morning. Infants spend almost 50% of their time in (REM) sleep. Adults spend nearly half of their sleep in stage 2,
older adults spend less time in their (REM) sleep.
To get the most of our sleep both quantity and quality are important. Adults need about 8 hours and on average 9 ВЅ hours of interrupted sleep. Sleep
helps us thrive by contributing to a healthy immune system, and can also balance our appetites by helping to regulate levels of the hormones ghrelin
and leptin which play a role in our feelings.
Setting better habits of our sleep would be

Sleep And Slow Wave Sleep Essay
improves procedural memory, i.e. skills and procedures [1,2] as well as declarative memory [3]. REM and slow–wave sleep
(SWS) have been implicated in memory consolidation [3–5].
Lack of REM sleep is associated with poor recall of visual location [6]. Decline in declarative memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in
slow–wave sleep [7]. Spencer et al. observed similar initial procedural learning in older and younger adults; however, the older adults' performance did
not improve following sleep, suggesting that sleep dependent memory consolidation decreases with age [8]. This may reflect the disturbed sleep and
disrupted SWS in the elderly [3,8,9]. Slow wave sleep increases until shortly before puberty and then shows a prominent drop across adolescence,
decreasing by more than
60% between ages 10 and 20 years [10]. It is critical to understand the cognitive effects of normal sleep in order to understand the consequences of
disrupted sleep. This is important since the majority of adolescents do not obtain the recommended amount of sleep and that disrupted sleep is a key
symptom in most adolescent psychiatric and developmental disorders [11].
Backhaus et al. studied twenty–seven children with an average age of 10.1 years (range of nine to twelve), on a learned word pairs list, employing a
within subject design and two post–learning assessments. They found that declarative memory was significantly increased immediately after an interval
of sleep, as well as with
delayed

The Stages Of Non Rem Sleep
The stages of non–REM sleep, stages 1–3, are defined by EEG activity. Slow–wave sleep in stage 3 is the deepest stage of sleep. Alertness consists of
desynchronized beta activity (13–30 Hz); relaxation and drowsiness consist of alpha activity (8–12 Hz); stage 1 sleep consists of alternating periods of
alpha activity, irregular fast activity, and theta activity (3.5–7.5 Hz); the EEG of stage 2 sleep lacks alpha activity but contains sleep spindles (short
periods of 12–14 Hz activity) and occasional K complexes; stage 3 sleep primarily consists of delta activity. About 90 minutes after the beginning of
sleep, people enter REM sleep. Thereafter, cycles of REM and non–REM sleep occur in periods of approximately 90 minutes. Muscle tone decreases
throughout the stages, resulting in deepest relaxation and paralysis in REM sleep (Carlson & Birkett, p. 268).
The rate of cerebral blood flow during REM sleep is high in the extrastriate cortex but low in the striate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. This activity
reflects a lack of visual in– put in REM (little or no activation in the striate cortex), but the presence of active visual hallucinations during dreaming
(activation in the extrastriate cortex). Lack of prefrontal cortex activity likely reflects the lack of organization and planning that occur in dreams.
Regional cerebral blood flow during slow–wave sleep is generally decreased throughout the brain compared to waking. However, some researchers
have found localized increases

Five Stages: The National Sleep When The Human Brain
Bedtime Minds One third of a human's lifetime is spent sleeping, and six years is spent dreaming that is more than 2100 days. Dreams are series of
images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur in the mind during certain stages of sleep. There are many myths based on the ideas of why the
human brain dreams. Many believe that what happens in the brain at night is the experiences that the human body goes through during the daytime
while the body is awake putting it all together into one's dreams while the body is at rest at night. However, reams affect, and are affected by, daily
life. How it all begins, the working of dreams, the foundation of dreaming all starts with REM sleep, where all the dreaming takes place. The National
Sleep... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is marked by jerky eye motions called rapid eye movement..." (McPhee 22), also known as REM sleep. REM sleep occurs in cycles of about 90–120
minutes throughout the sleepers' night, and it accounts for up to 20–25% of total sleep time in adult humans (Mastin). Most dreaming occurs during
this stage. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, increasing respiration rate and also increasing the sleepers brain activity. REM sleep is
also referred to as paradoxical sleep because, while the brain, other body systems, and parts become more active, the person's muscles become
more relaxed, or almost in a paralyzed state. Dreaming occurs because of all the increased brain activity happening in the sleepers brain, but
voluntary muscles become paralyzed. Voluntary muscles are those that are needed to move by choice (Mastin). This period of paralyzation is a part
of stage five because it is for protective measures to keep the sleeper from harming themselves at night from the dreaming occurring. In stage five is
where the most vivid and memorable dreaming is going to occur for the sleeper a in any other stages "You may have images float by in earlier stages,
particularly when you are going through Alpha or Theta, but the actual dream state occurs in REM" (Mastin). Therefore this is due

Electroencephalography Essay
Electroencephalography is a form of measuring electrical activity in the brain using electrodes that are attached to the scalp. EEGs are interpreted by
looking at amplitude, frequency, and shape of the waves that are formed. The significance of the results relies on patient specific information such as
age, state of the patient, and the location of the electrodes on the scalp. Different areas of the brain can produce different wave patterns. There are four
types of wave forms: alpha, beta, theta, and delta. Frequency is key in determining normal and abnormal EEGs, with normal frequencies ranging
between 0.5–500 Hertz. Each wave type has its own range of normal frequencies, because each wave has its own set characteristics.
Alpha waves are present in all age groups, but most commonly adults. They occur on both sides of the head, usually having a higher amplitude on
the nondominant side. Alpha waves tend to be more posteriorly located and are associated with relaxation. Alpha waves are not present when a
person is stressed, their eyes are open, or they are at attention. An abnormal alpha wave is known as an alpha coma, where the alpha waves are seen
in both anterior and posterior parts of the head usually indicative of a person who is unresponsive to stimuli. Beta waves are also observed in all age
groups, tend to have a small amplitude, are symmetric, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The DMN was named for the fact that this region is more active when the brain is at rest than when performing tasks. The DMN is comprised of the
posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobes. By looking at this network in
particular, researchers are able to gain knowledge on the differences in brain activity between the non–depressed PD participant and the depressed PD

The Effects Of Light Emitting Electronics On The Human...
Ellie Murphy Mrs. Webb Science Fair Research Paper October 6, 2015 "Eye" can 't get to sleep! The effect of light emitting electronics on the human
sleep cycle. Which affects your sleep more: blue light, books, or doing nothing before bed? Americans on the whole are not getting enough sleep. A
recent study conducted by the CDC determined that, among 74,571 adult respondents in 12 states, 35.3% reported less than 7 hours of sleep during a
typical 24–hour period, 37.9% reported unintentionally falling asleep during the day at least once in the previous month, and 4.7% reported nodding
off or falling asleep while driving at least once in the previous month. (CDC, Par. 4)There are several factors many of which are controllable which
affect... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is easier for people to get more sleep if they try to go to bed at the same time and wake up at the same time every day. (Williams & Carey, Pg. 1, 3)
Having good sleep hygiene is important because when people sleep, bodies can repair themselves. Human bodies repair both physically and
psychologically when they sleep. When a body repairs itself physically, it heals things such as broken bones and bruises. Furthermore, when the
human body repairs itself mentally, it heals things such as stress and memory loss. Bad sleep behavior and hygiene can lead to sleep decreasing. One
way for sleep to decrease is drinking caffeine or alcohol before bed if they do it will take them forever to fall asleep. Don't have a heavy meal right
before bed, or it will interfere with sleep. Never try to make an effort to go to sleep because sleep should come naturally to everyone. (Williams &
Carey, Pg. 3–4) There are many several different stages of sleep. These stages are called the sleep cycle. During this cycle people have five
measurable stages of sleep, but these can be simplified into just three stages. Stage one is light sleep. In this stage people drift in and out of sleep
and can wake up easily. When in light sleep, eye movement slows down and muscles relax. If anyone has ever felt the sensation of falling, this is the
stage it happens in. (ВЁStages of SleepВЁ, Par. 1–2) The brain waves of the

Sleep Deprivation And The Sleep Cycle
Sleeping is very important for everyone as it helps our body to rest and recover its energy. Anyone, who doesn't sleep well, can have many
disorders that we will discuss later. We have first to explain what is a typical night`s sleep cycle then go ahead and describe how sleep deprivation
impacts your ability to learn and your health as well. Regular night`s sleep cycle can always be described in 4 stages N1, N2 and N3. Where each
stage has different information and different description. N1 can be said for light sleep. N2 is for sleep spindles. N3 is for the delta waves. Also
there is REM and NREM sleep which defers from one stage to another. First stage will be N1 which is light sleep. In this stage your body starts to
adjust itself and the other organs that it is about to stop working. Where at this stage the body drift between sleeping and out of sleep and it can be
easily awakened from this stage. This stage affects the eye movement as it makes it move slowly and the muscle activity as well starts to relax.
Many people said that they experienced sudden muscle contraction. There is also a hypnagogic images as hallucinations or vivid visual events and
hypinc jerk for the knees, legs and sometimes for the whole body Second stage is N2, which can be expressed by sleep spindles as it is accompanied
by stop of eye movement and different stuff.in this stage, the body relaxes to the extreme as it stopes the eye movement and brain waves starts to slow
down with an occasional

Case Studies Essay
CASE STUDIES
Submitted for course SSC 130
Essentials of Psychology
February 20, 2013
Assignment number 05020600
THE CASE STUDY OF:
THE FALLEN ATHLETE (P.79)
1.In the story," The right side of Tim's body was paralyzed and he was having great difficulty trying to talk". Thus, it suggests that the left hemisphere
of Tim's brain suffered during his stroke, because language processing occur more in the left side if the brain. In general, the left hemisphere
concentrates more on tasks that require verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning.
2.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology would be best reveal the location and extent of damage to Tim's brain produced by his ...
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5. Sound is the movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration. Skin senses – touch, pressure, temperature, and a pain – play a
critical role in survival, making us aware of potential danger to our bodies. Thus, sound and skin senses allowed passengers to detect the aircraft's
motion. For example, ears start to feel weird and heavy pressure on your body.
THE CASE OF:
THE WOMAN WHO DREAMS OF STRESS (P. 157)
1.If I were her friend, I would tell her that normally there are 4stages of sleep. Stage 1 sleep is the stage of transition between wakefulness and sleep.
Stage 2 sleep is a sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern. Stage 3 sleep is a sleep characterized by slow
brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than stage 2 sleep. Stage 4 sleep is the deepest stage of sleep. Rapid eye movement, or
REM, sleep and contrasts with stages 1– 4, which are collectively labeled non – REM sleep. REM sleep usually accompanied by dreams, which – are
experienced by everyone during some part of the night. Thus, I would explain her that dreaming is a normal experience during a sleep and people
usually dream about their everyday activities.
Also, because she has been unable to fall asleep, or waking up frequently over the past

The Effects Of Caffeine On Children 's Performance On...
In the neocortex, acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates arousal and plays a major role in attention and working memory (Jones, 2008). Neuropsychological
studies on caffeine report increased arousal, alertness, increased energy and concentration (Smith, 2002; Ruxton, 2008; BrunyeВґ et al., 2010) even at
doses as low as 50 mg, which is comparable to the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea. It has been indicated that even in low doses caffeine improves
performance on attention tasks (BrunyeВґ et al., 2010a). However, caffeine intake has also been associated with anxiety, nervousness, irritability,
insomnia and even panic attacks (Bruce et al., 1992; Lieberman, 1992; Sicard et al., 1996) . During an elevated plus maze test of anxiety in rats, it
was found that high doses of caffeine brought a remarkably increased anxiety–like behavior (Jain et al., 2005).
Similarly, nicotine improves cognitive performance by improving learning, memory and attention (Levin and Rezvani, 2002; Swan, 2007). In a social
interaction test for anxiety, nicotine was shown to have an anxiolytic effect at lower doses and an anxiogenic effect at high doses (File et al., 1998).
Analysis of the EEG power spectrum, in the present work, revealed a significant increase in delta wave while theta, beta–1 and beta–2 waves showed a
significant decrease. Delta and theta frequencies are dominant during sleep and drowsiness, alpha frequency dominates during relaxed wakefulness, and
beta frequencies occur during intense mental

Sleep Restoration Theory
Nathan Skemp Rawl 12:20 4/21/17 The Function of Sleep Almost every known animal on planet Earth spends a large portion of its life asleep.
Humans who sleep an average of eight hours a night spend about one–third of their lifetime in this unconscious state of mind (Schenck). By logical
reasoning, all scientists of merit believe sleep is important since we spend an entire third of our life participating in the activity, the disagreement
between scientists occurs when discussing the purpose of sleep. There are many theories as to why we sleep, the latest arguments revolve around the
restoration theory, brain plasticity theory, evolution theory, energy conversation theory, and the dreaming theory. Recent research suggests the
combination of two theories to accurately represent the purpose of sleep, the restorative theory and the brain plasticity theory. These theories claim that
quality sleep promotes restoration processes within the body and brain, as well as the physical development and growth of the body... Show more
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Therefore, the brain plasticity theory was created and so widely accepted by experts within psychology and other respectable related fields of science.
However, there are other functions that occur during sleep that aren't fully explained by the brain plasticity theory, purposes that become highlighted
by the restoration theory. The restoration theory of sleep claims that "sleeping is essential for revitalizing and restoring the physiological processes
that keep the body and mind healthy and properly functioning" (Foster). This theory suggests that REM sleep is what allows the brain and body to
heal itself from damaged tissues, diseases, and toxins that may accumulate in the brain or body during the day. This theory splits the brain into two
functions, awake and alert or asleep and

Pros And Cons Of 15 Minute Manifestation By Eddie Sergey
15–Minute Manifestation By Eddie Sergey – Detailed Review Hi Friends Today we will review the 15–Minute Manifestation system By Eddie Sergey.
For your convenience, we will divide our review into a few sections: In the first section we will explain what "15–Minute Manifestation" is all about. In
the second section we will explore the pros and cons of this self–help course. In the last section we will summarize everything that you should
remember about Eddie Sergey's system before making a final decision... Let's start with the basics :) What Exactly is 15–Minute Manifestation? In
simple words, "15–Minute Manifestation" is an easy to follow self–help system that was designed to help people manifest their dreams by using unique
techniques... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Called "Deep Sleep Now", this track uses delta waves to help you fully relax and have a fantastic sleep. These are just the basics of the 15–Minute
Manifestation system. For more details about the different tracks and the ideas behind this self–help program, please ZZZcheck this pageZZZ. Now,
let's talk about the pros and cons... The Pros And Cons Of "15–Minute Manifestation" The Pros Small Time Investment As the name suggests, it takes
only 15 minutes each day to listen to these tracks. And because they're audio tracks, you can listen to them no matter where you're at. Moreover, you
can do other things while you listen, such as work or chores at home. The only exception is that you can't listen while you're driving. Supported By
Medical Science Brain plasticity is a well studied phenomena, and a quick Google search will bring numerous studies and reports on the subject. The
15–Minute Manifestation system is based on the results of this kind of studies, which is a great advantage when compared to other similar programs
online that usually don't have any science behind them. Break Away From Self–Limiting

Sleeping and Dreaming Essay
Each night without fail our eyes grow heavy and our minds tired, and dreaming we drag ourselves to bed and normally fall asleep quickly and
peacefully off to dream land we go. Why is this though? Why do we sleep every night? Why do we awake with dream fresh in our heads? How
important is this most basic human routine to our survival? What happens when it is disturbed? Sleeping is extremely important for all mammals,
but humans especially. Without sleep we are unable to function properly and at our fullest abilities. When we sleep we grow, and it is an opportunity
for us to dream which has many benefits. Sleep is also a way for us to relieve ourselves of stress. Sleeping is a very unique process, performed only by
creature with brains... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The brains electrical activity is able to be measured with an electroencephalograph (EEG). The EEG measures your brain activity or brain waves.
When you are awake and alert you exhibit beta waves which are small and fast, but immediately before sleep and when you are relaxed and
allowing your mind to wander you exhibit alpha waves, and during deep sleep there are large slow waves called delta waves (2). It resulted in
major leap in what was known about sleeping. The first phase of modern sleep research is roughly considered to be 1928 through 1953 (1). A lot
of new information about sleeping was gained during this time period. The brains electrical activity is able to be measured with an
electroencephalograph (EEG). The EEG measures your brain activity or brain waves. When you are awake and alert you exhibit beta waves
which are small and fast, but immediately before sleep and when you are relaxed and allowing your mind to wander you exhibit alpha waves (2).
Aside from noticing night and day and clocks our body has its own system to tell us when to sleep and when to wake, our circadian rhythm. The
human body naturally runs on a twenty five hour clock, so living on a twenty four hour schedule is often hard on the body because it loses an hour
each day. On top of this natural loss most people do not get the right amount of sleep each night which can cause a whole host of problems. This is
part of

Does Sleep Affect The Brain: Why Do We Sleep?
Sleep is not actually the episode in time when your brain or body goes dominant as most of us believe; in truth sleep is another state of
consciousness. So, while you sleep your perceptual window remains slightly open. Sleep is aperiodic, natural, reversible and near total loss of
consciousness. We actually spend one third of our lives sleeping, we know it is essential for our health, but scientists are yet to present us with a
consensus as to why we do it. Sleep contributes significantly to the recuperation of bodily cells by allowing them to rest and repair. According to the
American Sleep Association ASA (2007) , "Without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with the byproducts or normal
cellular activities that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the transitional stage between light and deep sleep and is considered as slow wave sleep (SWS), consisting of delta activity. If woken from
this sleep individuals feels confused and dopey for a few minutes, as they are unresponsive to environmental stimuli. Stage 4 or NREM 4 lasts about
30 minutes and is sometimes considered to be deep sleep. According to Carlson (2013) , "The distinction between stage 3 and stage 4 is not clear–cut;
stage 3 contains 20–50 percent delta activity, and stage 4 contains more than 50 percent" (p. 291)

The Eight Stages Of Sleep Cycles
Sleep consists of many different 90–minute cycles. These cycles are: alpha waves, NREM–1, NREM–2, NREM–3, and REM sleep. The first stage of
sleep is known as the alpha waves. Alpha waves are "relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state" (Myers, 2017, p. 55). During the alpha
waves stage the person is not yet asleep, but is laying calmly with his or her eyes closed. Eventually the person falls asleep, without being consciously
aware of it, and moves into stage two of sleep. Stage two, or NREM–1 sleep, is the time where people often have hallucinations or feel as if they are
falling, when in reality nothing is there and they are laying flat on the bed. This stage usually lasts about ten minutes. During this stage the muscles
are still active and the eyes may still open and close occasionally. The breathing and heart rate of a person also slows when in NREM–1 sleep. Often, if
a person is awakened during this stage they may think that they have not fallen asleep at all. NREM–1 sleep accounts for about 10% of the total night
of sleep. Stage three, or NREM–2 sleep, is the first stage where muscle activity is decreased much more and the sleeping person becomes completely
unaware of their surroundings. During the night this stage occurs multiple times, more than... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NREM–3 sleeps lasts around thirty minutes. During this stage the brain sends out large delta waves, which are "large, slow brain waves that are
associated with deep sleep" (Myers, 2017, p.55). It is during this stage of sleep that the unconscious individual would be very hard to wake up.
NREM–3 sleep happens longest during the first half of the night and accounts for 15% of the total night of sleep. After this stage the sleeping person
will go backwards to NREM–2 sleep and ultimately stay here for half of the night of

Sleep Disorders: The Five Stages Of Sleep
There are many sleep stages people go through when resting. The first sleep stage is the theta waves, also known as light sleeping. In this stage
theta waves are increasing as the alpha waves fade out to put you into light sleep. If awaken from this stage most people are unaware they were
actually beginning to sleep. Secondly you move on into the second stage, which is the sleep spindles. In this stage your temperature drops, heart
rate slows, and your breathing becomes flat and irregular. Sleep spindles show up on paper as quick bursts of activity in the brain that last only a
few seconds. During this sleep if you are awaken you will notice you were actually asleep. Next you have sleep stage three where the delta waves
come in. Delta waves are the largest and slowest waves of them all; when a person hits this stage they are in the deepest stage of sleep. Lastly REM
sleep is the final stage of sleeping. During this stage the body with go back through stage three and then through stage two to increase the body's
temperature. The eyes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on your age you will require certain amounts of sleep. The younger you are the more sleep you need; the older you are the less sleep
you need. When you're young sleeping is what aids your body in growing, revamping, and helps you be able to generally function when awake. For
example, being pulled out of your sleep by your college roommate getting ready for their day by blow drying their hair or being generally loud brings
negative affects to you. It decreases your memory, the ability to learn, it can cause future accidents, and it will affect your mental and physical health in
the long run. The effect on your mental and physical health can be dangerous and result in things such as: heart attacks, heart disease, high blood
pressure, strokes, diabetes, and irregular heartbeat. So getting a good night's rest is more important than people

Sigmund Freud's Interpretation Of Dreams
While most people do not give a second thought to the reasons why human sleep or about what their dreams mean, a great deal of psychologist
dedicate their lives to studying sleep and dreams. In this paper, I will discuss the reasons for sleeping, the stages of sleep, and theirs abut dream and
their interpretation. I will also provide an analysis of my own sleep pattern and dream through the data I have collected in my dream log.
First, let's review some reasons why people need sleep. People need sleep for multiple reasons. The general reason is that sleep helps our physical and
mental help. It does this by resorting our body tissues, encouraging body growth, and increasing our immune system. It also helps to keep our mind
sharp, enhance our moods, and helping learning and memory (Pastorino & Doyle–Portillo, 2013, p. 4–1a). There are five stages or sleep, the four
stages of Non–rem sleep and the single stage of Rem Sleep. Stage I of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most well–known theories is Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. Freud thought that we convey our fears during our dream, as well
as our aggressive and sexual desires, through symbols that personify our unconscious desires. Another theory is the threat simulation theory (TST). This
theory suggests that dreaming is a biological defense mechanism and hat through our dream we can experience possibly threating situation so that we
can practice our actions during these situations. However not all a have survival themes. The activation–synthesis theory is a theory that proposes that
dreaming is merely a consequences of the extremely active brain during REM sleep. During REM sleep, random neural impulses are created.
According to this theory, the brain tries to establish meaning out of these impulses by blending them into familiar stories or images based on our
memories, and that they have no underlying meaning (Pastorino & Doyle–Portillo, 2013, p.

Summary: Structural Boundaries
The brain is composed of 3 main structural divisions, the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem. The cerebrum fills up most of your skull, it is
divided into right and left hemispheres it is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. It also controls movement. Functionally, it
obtains information from your surroundings then sends that information to a specific part of the cerebrum. The cerebrum interprets the knowledge and
decides what must happen next. The cerebrum, holds the instructions for everything you do in your daily life. The cerebellum sits at the back of your
head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance. Most body movements require the coordination of multiple muscle groups. Times
muscle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dreams can occur in other stages of sleep other than REM, but are usually vaguer. We are able to incorporate external sounds into our dreams such as a
telephone ringing of thunderstorm. Instead, most active dreaming occurs during REM sleep, when the brain is most active. During REM sleep, signals
from the pons travel to the thalamus, which relays them to the cerebral cortex, which is the part of the brain that interprets and organizes information
from the environment during consciousness and stimulate its regions that are responsible for learning, thinking, and organizing information the pons
also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing

The Function Of Sleep Behavior
Across species, animals spend a substantial minority of their lives sleeping. In fact, humans spend on average approximately one–third of their lives
asleep (Colten and Altevogt, 2006). With such devotion of time resources and the his tells us, from an evolutionary standpoint, that sleep is an
important part of the success of an animal. But what fitness does sleep confer to an organism? Although sleep occurs across many species of animals,
the function of sleep behavior is not fully understood. Studies might suggest that this behavior might play a role in several important processes, such as
the regeneration of tissue and energy management (Sara, 2017, Rasch and Born, 2013). Recent work in the field suggests slow–wave sleep may fulfill...
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As early as the 1950s, scientists have parsed the main stages of sleep. In one such study, eye movements, recorded by electrooculograms (EOG)
correlated with the brain activity in electroencephalograms(EEGs) as well as respiratory rate, indicating the existence of distinct sleep states which
were not randomly generated (Aserinsky and Klietman, 1953). The discovery of distinct states showed sleep was not just a passive behavior. Instead,
it consists of three to four distinct states as well as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, each with their own unique brain activity.
While REM sleep has been in the scientific spotlight since its discovery for its role in consolidation of emotional memory (Sara, 2017), recently more
studies have begun to focus on the role of slow–wave sleep. Slow–wave sleep (SWS) encompasses the stage 3–4 subset of non–REM sleep and is
characterized by delta waves that consist of slow oscillations of activity. This type of sleep occurs primarily at the onset of sleep and time spent in
SWS declines in humans as aging occurs. SWS seems to be most important in the consolidation phase, though the mechanisms of this consolidation are
still being explored in the scientific community. However, the method of this memory consolidation is currently a subject of hot debate. What caused
scientists to link memory and sleep, particularly SWS? Research as early as 1914 began to point to a decrease in memory capacity capabilities

Activation Synthesis Theory Of Sleep
Sleep is a beautiful thing, but people do not get enough of it. It is a time for the body to rejuvenate and process the events of the day. Sleeping is
something that we seek out. Getting the recommended amount of sleep allows our body to function properly the next day. Without it, there could be
detrimental consequences. The National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke says that without sleep, neurons could be "polluted with
byproducts". In severe cases, people who get very little sleep often experience mood swings, hallucinations and cells do not continue to reproduce.
According to the National Sleep Foundation, sleeping makes up one third of a person's lifetime. Despite that fact, people do not get nearly enough
sleep to be productive.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was not able to sleep as much during the school week. Monday night through Friday morning, I averaged five hours of sleep. Because I was
unable to go through the four stages of sleep and REM sleep, I did not function to my fullest potential. During school, I found it difficult to focus.
My lack of sleep did not allow me to remember very many of my dreams during the school week. From Friday night to Sunday night, I was able to
sleep much more because I did not have a crushing amount of homework. Although I did sleep the recommended eight hours those days, I only
remember a little snippet of a dream. From Friday night to Saturday morning, I remember my family and I on a beach together in Hawaii.
Dreaming about Hawaii represents trying to escape your daily problems. That is fitting because the end of the school week oftentimes I want to
forget all of the work that I have to accomplish over the coming weekend. Family represents security, warmth and love. This could be because I am
leaving for college next year, and I do not fully know what will happen, and I desire a sense of warmth and love from my family. My dream follows
the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis for two main reasons. It follows the parameter that the dream goes along with something going on in my life. The
second reason is that my brain was trying to comprehend what was going

The Five Stages Of Sleep
Sleep is one of the most important things needed. Without efficient sleep, there are many health concerns and daily issues. Each time a person
sleeps he or she goes through a cycle of five stages. Usually a person goes through four to five cycles per night. Each stage has its own unique
aspects and roles. Stage One of the sleep cycle is a light sleep in NREM. This stage usually lasts about five to ten minutes. During this stage, "the
brain activity exhibits alpha and theta waves." (Smith, 2016). With this, the eyes slow down their movement, and the muscles begin to relax. It is
common for people to have vivid dreamlike sensations in this period. This is known as hypnogogic hallucinations. These occur because the person
is not fully asleep, but not fully awake either. Also, for this reason, a person can easily be awakened by someone or on their selves. In fact, this is
the last stage before a person naturally wakes up. After completing this stage, a person drifts off to a slightly deeper sleep. Stage Two, or the NREM
light sleep stage, lasts for about 20 minutes. In this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When asleep, the brain commits new info for learning and memory. Also, metabolism and weight is regulated. It helps with cardiovascular health
and fighting diseases as well. Mood and Safety is increased with sleep. The body is rejuvenated and ready to take on everyday tasks. It is also very
important that a person gets a good amount of sleep. Most adults need seven to eight hours of sleep a day. Sleep deprivation and oversleeping can
have serious consequences. Not getting enough sleep can lead to depression, stress, laziness, high blood pressure, and an increased risk for heart
disease and stroke. It can also cause drowsiness and a craving for unhealthy food; potentially leading to weight gain. If a person gets too much sleep,
there is an increased risk for diabetes, stroke, and even death. Therefore, a person should make sure to get a reasonable amount of

Sleep Research Paper
Sleep Research Paper As an average American, do you know what you spend one third of your life doing? Sleeping. That is why it is vital to
understand what goes on while you are sleeping. In this paper I will be going over what happens while you sleep. I will discuss how many stages of
sleep there are, and why there are stages of sleep; I will also go into detail on each stage of sleep and what happens in each stage of sleep. I will discuss
deep sleep so you will know when that takes place. Then I will talk about the cycles of sleep and in what order, and how long a refreshing nap
should last. Now I mentioned that there are different stages of sleep, so let's go over how many there actually are. There are four stages of sleep; the first
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you get a full amount of sleep, the average person will go through this cycle five times throughout the night. So what is the right amount of sleep per
night? For infants four to eleven months old the amount of sleep recommended would be twelve to fifteen hours of sleep. Ages one to five years old,
should receive ten to thirteen hours of sleep. Ages six through seventeen, should receive eight to ten hours of sleep per night. The average adult should
receive about eight hours of

5 Sleep Stages
There are five stages of sleep. Each one is distinguishable from the others. During the course of a night's sleep, on average, humans cycle through
all of these stages several times, usually about 4 to 6 times. Circadian rhythms in the body tell us when it is time to sleep. Before sleeping, while
alert, beta waves appear on an EEG. During a state of relaxation, immediately prior to sleeping, alpha waves appear on an EEG. After drifting off
into sleep, the first sleep stage begins. This is characterized by being the lightest stage of sleep, with brain waves being slow and irregular. After
drifting further to slumber, the second stage begins. Body temperature drops, and both heart rate and brain waves slow down. Breathing becomes
shallow as well.

Stages Of Sleep Essay
Stage 1 (awake, relaxed) This is a stage of sleep, which usually takes place between sleep and waking, and sometimes arises between periods of deep
sleep and REM periods. The muscles are active, and the eyes roll slowly open and close moderately. The transitions of alpha brain waves that have a
frequency of 8–13 Hz (normal waking state) and theta waves with a frequency of 4–7 Hz. EEG activity is wider and lower than the frequency during
wakefulness. People wake phase one claim had not slept. Stage 2 At this stage, theta activity is observed and sleepers gradually become more
difficult to wake; alpha waves of the previous step is interrupted by the sudden activity called sleep spindles (or Thalamocortical spiders) and
K–complexes. EEC is of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
REM sleep is enabled and the secretion of acetylcholine is inhibited by secreting neurons are monoamines, including serotonin. This level is also
known as paradoxical sleep because the bed, even though the exhibition EEC waves similar to a waking state, high frequency, it is harder to wake
up than at any other stage of sleep. Vital signs indicate the pickup and oxygen consumption of the brain is larger than when the sleeper is awake. An
adult reaches REM about every 90 minutes, and remain in REM sleep longer during the second half of sleep. REM sleep occurs as a person returns to
Step 1 of a deep

Effects Of Sleep Walking And Night Walking
Abstract
One of the most frightening sleep occurrences to a family is when a family member is having a night terror, or sleep walking. It's difficult to
understand how someone could have their eyes open, walking, and talking but not really being awake. For the person that has the sleeping issue, they
have no memory of the occurrence. However, observing a person going through one of these episodes makes it appear that the person is witnessing
pure horror, not to mention the confusion if they happen to wake up. This paper will explore the psychophysiological aspects of parasomnia with a
focus on night terrors and sleep walking. Including psychological aspects that pertain to the mind, and the physiological aspects that pertain to the
living system of sleepwalking and night terrors. The paper will also examine an actual current case of a 4–year–old that currently has night terrors, and
an 18–year–old young adult that sleep walks almost nightly. Finally, the paper will conclude with current treatments for both night terrors and sleeping
walking when the person doesn't just grow out of the sleep disturbance. Taking a closer look into parasomnias, will offer more clarity in understanding
how important good quality sleep is to all people of all ages.
Keywords: Slow–Wave Sleep, REM Sleep, Memory, Learning, Sleep Deprivation, Parasomnia, Night Terrors, and Sleep Walking
Sleep Disorders: Night Terrors and Sleepwalking
The one human need that all organisms require is sleep. The body will eventually shut down to get rest because it requires sleep to function properly.
Adequate sleep is what keeps our learning and memory on point. Sleep–deprived people can't focus their attention to its full potential, because there is
a lack in a basic human need. Studies done on both animals and humans suggest that the quantity and quality of sleep have a profound impact on
learning and memory. According to the article, "In the study, findings suggest that sleep disturbances can be detected using both subjective and
objective measures and that, for these individuals, fluctuations in sleep duration may have real consequences for daytime anxiety" (Mullin et al., 2017).
When sleep lacks the other areas fall short. Good

The Importance Of Sleep Deprivation
The average amount of sleep obtained by high school students per night is classified as sleep deprivation, which negatively cognitive functions
including: mood/emotion regulation, verbal, visual, and auditory processing, concentration/attention, and memory. The focus of this paper is sleep
deprivation. Concepts necessary to understanding sleep and sleep deprivation are sleep–control mechanisms, stages of sleep, and the different types of
sleep deprivation. There are two biological mechanisms in the body that regulate sleep. Both processes interact and balance one another, and together
are known as the two–process model of sleep–wake regulation. These two sleep–controlling mechanisms consist of: circadian rhythm, which is also
referred to as process C, and sleep–wake homeostasis, called process S. Circadian rhythm is the regulation of the internal processes and levels of
alertness in the body controlled by the hypothalamus. The two parts to circadian rhythm include the circadian drive for arousal, and the circadian
alerting system. The circadian drive for arousal is the tendency towards wakefulness, and arousal and alertness generated by alerting pulses of the
circadian alerting system. The circadian alerting system is an alerting pulse sent out by the suprachiasmatic nucleus throughout the day, which
counteracts increasing homeostatic sleep pressure and creates the circadian drive for arousal. The circadian rhythm is governed by one's "biological
clock", which is also

The Four Stages Of Sleep Research

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