Affirmative Action Research Paper

Affirmative Action Research Paper
Affirmative Action
University of Phoenix
Susan E. Ricard
Since the beginning of affirmative action, there has been controversy about the program being an
effective tool to eliminate discrimination in education and the workplace. Even though the numbers
with affirmative action plans seemed to have improved the percentage of minorities in schools and
workplaces, it does not work to mandate that people change. Once the mandates disappear the
numbers begin to decrease.
In its conception in 1964 with the implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, affirmative action
was meant to be a way of allowing an equal opportunity for, at this time, blacks to be given the
same chances as white men. The argument was that since the beginning ... Show more content on
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Should not the proponents of affirmative action, rather, want to improve the education of the
minorities before college so that the standards can remain equal? How compassionate are people
when the standards are lowered and what does that do to the mentality of the ones who get accepted
without actually being good enough. Lyndon Johnson stated it perfectly by saying, "You do not take
a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting
line of a race and then say," 'You are free to compete'... and still justly believe that you have been
completely fair". (Nagel, 2001). To make someone more equal, progressive steps should be
involved.
Those on the minority side, who may not have the best education, sometimes must work harder to
prove themselves. This work ethic is not all bad and especially, today, does not only apply to
minorities but also to those with any disadvantage. Who has ever been disappointed in themselves
for working hard to get where they are, or for their accomplishments? Those that work hard to
acquire success have greater self–esteem and more self–worth than those who have not had to earn a
position or status. There are many prominent blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and women who have
gotten their positions by hard work and determination, not affirmative action. Some of the black
prominent figures who advanced themselves include:
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Action Research Project : Oversite Of Operations Essay
Action Research Project – Oversite of Operations
Synopsis of this paper contends with action research, and looks into processes and starts with
genuine reflection coordinated toward recognizing a point or themes deserving of a implementing
change within an organization. Considering the interconnected relationships and culture in our
organizations and the value placed on producing more and carrying more responsibility, no action
merits doing unless it guarantees to make the focal part of a managers or organizational production
more effective and fulfilling striving to enrich the environments that work. Therefore, selecting a
center, to begin to expand of the interworking of a project to bring this change about, is crucially
essential. Selecting a center starts with key participants that will be critical to the success of an
action research project or activity analysts inquiring usually by stakeholders of some issue that
needs attention for this ultimate implementation of change.
Further, we need to recognize the qualities, convictions, and hypothetical viewpoints from real life
experiences related to the issues that are being identified as needing change with the participants
involved in their core interest. For instance, if a stakeholder is worried about the expanding products
or equal consideration for cultural diversity, it will be useful for them to start by illuminating which
approach–through action research can be qualitative or quantitative in nature. Pending on the

Action Research Project Financial Management Essay
Action Research Project–Financial Oversite of Operations Synopsis of this paper contends with
action research, and looks into processes and starts with genuine reflection coordinated toward
recognizing a point or themes deserving of a implementing change within an organization.
Considering the interconnected relationships and culture in our organizations and the value placed
on producing more and carrying more responsibility, no action merits doing unless it guarantees to
make the focal part of an managers or organizational production more effective and fulfilling
striving to enrich the environments that work. Therefore, selecting a center, to begin to expand of
the interworking of a project to bring this change about, is crucially essential. Selecting a center
starts with key participants that will be critical to the success of an action research project or activity
analysts inquiring usually by stakeholders of some issue that needs attention for this ultimate
implementation of change.
approach–through action research can be qualitative or quantitative in nature.

Research Is Affirmative Action Fair
Is Affirmative Action Fair?
A black student has been waiting for that letter of acceptance from the college of her choice. She
receives that letter and gets in. At the same time a female white student is also waiting for her letter
of acceptance from that same college. The white student receives a rejection letter even though she
had higher test scores and a better GPA than the black student. Was this fair to the students? Was it
the best outcome for the country in the long run? Many minority students are accepted into colleges
and law schools due to their race while at the same time white students are rejected because colleges
have to make room for these minorities. The question many colleges are facing now is whether race
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
White, middle class language in a college application essay, they point out, makes a more favorable
impression on the normally middle class essay reader who makes a conscious or unconscious
connection with the applicant. In a college interview, a well dressed, articulate, white middle class
student will make a better impression than the black product of an inner city school of less quality.
White parents have the money to hire private guidance counselors and college admissions coaches.
Diversity is a very legitimate issue on college campuses to Liberals.
The world is diverse and preparation for personal success and contributions to society must include
learning how to function effectively in diversity. The seemingly unsolvable conflicts of Irish
Catholics/Protestants and Israelis/Palestinians are in some ways products of people who grew up
separated by physical walls. People who have never learned to live together as students can become
adults who see the only solution as killing each other. A college needs to have a geographically and
an ethnically diverse campus to be well rounded and balanced.
Many benefits have come from affirmative action and without it, we as a culture would be stuck in
an environment of unrest. In the 1999 article "Affirmative Action in College and University
Admissions: Yes," the author, Martin Michaelson, has tried to use evidence to show that we need to
see affirmative action

Evaluation Of An Action Research Design
This qualitative research study included application of an action research design that explored the
gap in the afterschool program at The Agency. Action research is a cycle, with each step involving
the refining and shaping of the research question and design (Stringer & Dwyer, 2005). Action
research is a reflective process that engages stakeholders in the inquiry of a problem or issue
affecting the community or agency (Herr & Anderson, 2005). The steps in action research can
involve groups or communities taking action or planning for action that will bring about change
(Greenwood & Levin, 2007). The goal of the action research study was to collaborate collectively
with stakeholders from within the community to explore their perceptions of the best methods to
incorporate an educational intervention at The Agency. Stringer's (2007) action research model
describes the look, think, and act process of action research. This model was used to design the
proposed project. The look was discovered when several parents inquired about academic services
at The Agency for their children as their children, because their children were academically
performing below average at school. Parents asked for help with homework assignments or big
projects or sometimes reported their child did not get his or her schoolwork done because of the
child's disruptive behaviors. Parents also stated they felt like they didn't have the knowledge or
skills level to help with the assignments. Staff

Action Research in Od
ACTION RESEARCH & ORG. MIRRORING IN OD
Action research is a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working
with others in teams or as part of a "community of practice" to improve the way they address issues
and solve problems. Action research can also be undertaken by larger organizations or institutions,
assisted or guided by professional researchers, with the aim of improving their strategies, practices,
and knowledge of the environments within which they practice. Kurt lewin described action
research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action
and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a
circle of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data are again gathered from the client system so that progress can be determined and necessary
adjustments in learning activities can be made. Minor adjustments of this nature can be made in
learning activities via Feedback Loop B (see Figure)
[pic]
.Major adjustments and reevaluations would return the OD project to the first, or planning, stage for
basic changes in the program. The action–research model shown in Figure 1 closely follows Lewin
's repetitive cycle of planning, action, and measuring results. It also illustrates other aspects of
Lewin 's general model of change. As indicated in the diagram, the planning stage is a period of
unfreezing, or problem awareness. The action stage is a period of changing, that is, trying out new
forms of behavior in an effort to understand and cope with the system 's problems. (There is
inevitable overlap between the stages, since the boundaries are not clear–cut and cannot be in a
continuous process). The results stage is a period of refreezing, in which new behaviors are tried out
on the job and, if successful and reinforcing, become a part of the system 's repertoire of problem–
solving behavior.Action research is problem centered, client centered, and action oriented. It
involves the client system in a diagnostic, active–learning, problem–finding, and problem–solving
process. Data are not simply returned in the form of a written report but

Action Research and Autoethnography
Literature Review: Autoethnography and Action Research
Introduction
Within this literature review two emerging research methodologies will be discussed: Action
research and autoethnography. Each of these methodologies has their own purposes, powers and
strengths and both differ from other traditional forms of academic research. To gain an
understanding of these methodologies, 16 pieces of empirical research have been used. Although
two articles are dated back to the 1990s, the majority of research is from the 2000s and onward. This
review will begin by discussing action research. First, there will be an analysis of the research
platform which will demonstrate the stance, approaches, positioning and history behind this
methodology. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
23). This methodology has been characterised as an interactive cycle consisting of identifying
problems, diagnosing, developing intervention and evaluating the outcomes to find what has been
achieved and to plan further interventions. In this research, Bargal (2008) highlights the importance
of bringing together action and reflection and theory and practice. It is suggested that action
research should be done in participation with others in the aim of making social change for the
betterment of policy and practice.
Although the purposes and characteristics of action research are similar between researchers,
criticisms of this methodology lie in the restrictiveness and 'confusing array' of models (Davis,
2013; Costello, 2011). With a large variety of models, a few examples are given here to show the
variation between each. Costello (2011) refers to an action research model by Denscombe (2007,
p.126). This model demonstrates the cyclical process of action research and includes five
components: professional practice, critical reflection, research, strategic planning, and action. The
idea of this framework is that it involves beginning with professional practice and reflecting on this.
It is through reflection that there may be an identification of an issue or problem and it is this issue
which requires research. Once an inquiry is completed, the research findings become the starting
point for the instigation and development of an action

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Action Research
Type of research Advantages Limitations
Traditional
Research Traditional research uses a variety of research methodologies– particular techniques are
utilized to accumulate and examine data, provide various interpretations of a particular subject.
Numerous research approaches are placed into qualitative. Conducted by researchers who do not
form part of the environment they're studying.
They may be removed from authentic research site.
Traditional researchers often seek explanations for existing phenomena and try to do so in an
objective.
Action research Emphasis on critical issues that can be a hindrance to learning.
Continuous research and reflection enables teachers to develop and improve their self–confidence.
Mutual communications.
Ability to effect change in the school context.
Teachers reflect on their own practice. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, McNiff & Whitehead say that "action research is strongly associated with work–based
learning". Through action research I can change my work environment; it includes factors such as
management, leadership, curriculum, policies and others. This can take place through my quality
work–based research and the ability to influence other people's thoughts. In conclusion, action
research brings different cultures together, so in the work environment there will be peace, unity and
transformation.
5. Action research
Action research is known of other terms which include participatory speech, collaborative inquiry,
emancipatory research, action learning and contextual action research; however they differ in
various contexts. In simple terms, action research can be defined as "Learning by doing", a number
of people identify a problem, ways to resolve it, assess their efforts, if they aren't successful, and
they give it a try.
A brief

Origins Of Action Research
Chapter 3 describes the origins of action research and the different methods, steps, and types of
action research to use. The first point that really stood out to me was the explanation of action
research attitude. Johnson and Christensen (2017) define this attitude when, "you take on the
attitude of a practitioner and a researcher and you think about how you can improve your
workplace, try new strategies, and determine the consequences" (p.58). As a teacher, the root of this
attitude and mindset is something that I do on a daily basis. I am constantly trying to find ways to
improve my classroom and the overall school itself. However, action research requires more than
having this attitude, and utilizing research to work towards a solution is something that I have
slowly started to utilize. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dewey was an advocate for S–O–R psychology and inserted the thinking and acting organism into
the stimulus–response (S–R)psychology (p.60). He believed that humans are not separate from our
environments and that our environments affect us and we affect our environments. As humans, we
adapt to situations around us and therefore can be problem solvers. Dewey referred to himself as an
instrumentalist and believed that people should try new approaches and situations to determine
which method or actions could best solve a problem or issue (Johnson and Christensen, 2017, p.61).
The Deweyan inquiry outlined this concept in five phases, describing what to look for and observe
when discovering a problem, and the questions that need to be asked and answered through
observation, reflection, and

Participatory Action Research Essay
Understandings of Participatory Action Research
Research is the method of intense enquiry into a particular topic/s. The ethical implications of
conduction of research ventures without properly defined values or ethical process allows for the
risk of breakdown of research structures and possible legal sanctions. This paper will aim to provide
a meaningful, in–depth understanding of the research approach 'Participatory Action Research' and
its conducive uses in relation to effective implementation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people.
The National Health and Medical Research Council has currently a released document titled 'Values
and Ethics: Guidelines for ethical conduct in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research'.
This thorough document acts as a guide to research in Indigenous matters and incorporates core
process and justifications to conclude with the best possible research outcomes. The inception of
separate guideline process when conducting research with Indigenous people was put forward
"...both in submissions and in personal representations at public forums..." (NHMRC, 2013), by
Aboriginal and Torres Strait communities, researchers and health organizations. Several
recommendations have since followed in reference to the need for review and updated to the
relevant research guideline policies.
In the past history of Indigenous life, many challenges were present for the Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander community, however in our

Qualitative Research Study And Action Research
For this qualitative study the researchers chose a retailer of prescription eyewear, and prescription
sunglasses positioned in a busy area of Surprise. The main street was closed off due to heavy
construction, however, the parking lot was full. The business was positioned in a small strip mall
between a real estate office, fast food restaurant, and yogurt shop. There were many patrons of
various cultures and ages. They were entering and leaving the surrounding shops including the
business setting we chose for observation. There were a lot more businesses, shops, fast food
restaurant in walking distance allowing us opportunities to observe people interact with each other.
"Qualitative research focuses on gaining insight and understanding about an individual's perception
of events" (Nieswiadomy, 2012). There are six common qualitative designs: phenomenological,
ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study, and action research. Phenomenological studies
are based on human "lived" experiences and what the experience means to the person being studied.
The researcher has to put aside their own personal ideas or belief systems in order for them to be
able to concentrate on the person in the study. Ethnographic studies which was used in this study,
the researchers went in to the "field" to observe people of various cultures and ethnicities interacting
together in their own environment. "Ethnographers study how people live and how they
communicate with each other"

What Is Action Research?
What is Action Research?
Action research is a type of study that is carried out, generally within education. It is constructed by
whom is carrying out the research around a specific issue or weakness that may be occurring. In
most cases it is an ongoing process that the researcher will learn from and may share and contribute
the knowledge that was found to others who are interested (Koshy, 2007). The idea behind this type
of research is to improve practices, methods, and approaches for each individual educator's
professional development. It is a way of self–reflection, a way that can change practices and a way
that can change educator's understandings of practices (Kemmis, 2009).
Introduction
The topic I have chosen to focus my research on is family involvement within early childhood
environments, and how this can foster the development of children. I have many reasoning's behind
my choice. Firstly this is an area of weakness for me, although I am comfortable with the everyday
talk with families I find it difficult to include them in their own children's learning. Secondly as an
early childhood educator I think it is important to be able to build positive relationships with
families that will help get them involved within their child's environment as there should be
connections between all worlds of the child. And lastly I believe that by choosing this weakness and
completing this action research I will be able to improve my teaching practices within this particular
area.

Action Research Is Not Only Collect Data Essay
The purpose of action research is not only collect data but to aim for useful data that can be used to
change the lives around us. According to Esterberg, "action researchers see knowledge as power"
(pg. 137) thus meaning if individuals can see the inequality around them and are educated on it then
they can use the "power" to change society and promote equality.
2. Describe the three varieties of action research.
The three varieties of action research include participatory action research (PAR), feminism action
research, and evaluation research. Participatory action research focuses on "the active participation
of those being researched" (pg. 137). Meaning, there is a focus on equal participation between the
researcher and the people being observed. Feminist action research is the promotion for change.
There is an "emphasize on political action and critique of model of research that emphasize on
hierarchal relationship between he researcher and those being researched" (pg. 139). Evaluation
research is the evaluation of a program or policy. This type of researchers focus on collaborating on
field notes and collecting interviews from areas they are observing.
3. What does Esterberg mean when she states that action research is focused on "democratizing" the
research process?
When Esterberg states that action research is focused on "democratizing" the research process she is
stating that the research is for everyone. Traditionally the researcher owns the work and data they

Level 1 Action Research
Bennett, 1994; Calhoun, 1994, and Kelsay, 1991 (as cited in Spaulding & Falco, 2013) stated,
"Level 1 action research is conducted by teachers individually in their classrooms" (p. 19).
Spaulding and Falco (2013) stated, "The purpose of action research studies is to improve teacher
instruction while at the same time improving student achievement and outcomes" (p. 19). Level 1
action research can and should be utilized in every classroom in the United States. Research
conducted by Bernhardt, 2004 and Reilly, 2007, (as cited in Spaulding and Falco, 2013) stated, "It is
our belief that action research naturally occurs in the classrooms of highly effective and reflective
teachers" (p. 20).
Possible investigation opportunities through action

Action Potential Research Paper
An action potential is the rapid depolarisation of the membrane potential to +40mV from its resting
potential of –70mV. The resting potential of a neuron is the difference in electrical voltage between
the inside and outside of the neuron's membrane.
An action potential is a short electrical impulse generated at the axon hillock which travels the
length of an axon. Its generation happens in three distinct stages, depolarisation, repolarisation and
hyperpolarisation. When the threshold of excitation is reached, depolarisation starts, the threshold is
between –55mV and –65mV in most neurons. When the neuron is stimulated voltage–activated
Sodium (Na+) channels open, allowing Na+ ions to rush into the neuron. This reverses the polarity
in the neuron towards its peak of +40mV. At this peak Na+ channels ... Show more content on
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In this stage, there are too many K+ ions outside the axon, causing the membrane potential to be too
low. The resting membrane potential is returned to –70mV after these ions diffuse.
The propagation of an action potential describes the movement of an action potential along an axon.
This is done through the regeneration of the action potential at different points as Na+ ions move
along the axon. The propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon is quicker than in
unmyelinated axons. This is due to Saltatory conduction; where an action potential moves from one
node of Ranvier to another, along an axon. Saltatory conduction allows for faster and more efficient
propagation.
Two laws govern the generation and propagation of an action potential, the All–or–None Law and
the Rate Law. The All–or–None Law states that if an action potential occurs it will continue to the
terminal buttons without interruption. The Rate Law, however, describes how the different rates of
an action potential represent different stimulus

Liliana Garces Affirmative Action Research
The past has shown that minorities do in fact have equal opportunities compared to the white
majority, but they do not use them. There are statistics from the AAMC saying the average MCAT
scores and GPAs of applicants who are Latino, Black or American Indian are lower than those of
their White and Asian American peers (Liliana M Garces). Liliana M. Garces is an Assistant
Professor in the Higher Education Program and a Research Associate in the Center for the Study of
Higher Education at The Pennsylvania State University. With her contributions to this area of study,
people can see how the ever–growing population of minorities in the United States is becoming an
issue. If the minorities can now still get into colleges and universities with these ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were a large "series of federal court decisions, culminating in the high court's Franks v.
Bowman Transportation decision in 1976, prohibited affirmative action in layoffs" (Dennis
Deslippe). Dennis is a highly regarded associate professor of Women's, Gender, and Sexual studies
at Franklin and Marshall College. He has devoted his whole life to studying equality within the
United States and its effects. His writing prompt ideas that the United States government realized
through a court case exhibits how ineffective the affirmative action really was and this proposes that
affirmative action was not necessary for society, especially in a time of need for the American
citizens. The United States government were not the only ones to push against this idea. There were
Jewish American organizations that "took the lead in lobbying government officials to abandon
policies," and argued that "not only violated individual rights but might also revive quotas like the
ones that kept racial and religious minorities out of the nation's most prestigious institutions through
the mid–twentieth century"(Dennis Deslippe). The court systems at the time were not the only ones
to notice just how unjust the affirmative action plans were. Every day people came to rise up in a
voice against these laws that went against the Bill of Rights. Which is examined when Allan

Action Research Project : Oversite Of Operations Essay
Action Research Project – Oversite of Operations
A synopsis of this paper contends with action research, and looks into processes and starts with
genuine reflection coordinated toward recognizing a point or themes deserving of an implementing
change within an organization. Considering the interconnected relationships and culture in our
organizations and the value placed on producing more and carrying more responsibility, no action
merits doing unless it guarantees to make the focal part of a managers or the organizational
production more effective and fulfilling striving to enrich the environments that work. Therefore,
selecting a center, to begin to expand of the interworking of a project to bring this change about, is
crucially essential. Selecting a center starts with key participants that will be critical to the success
of an action research project by stakeholders of some issue that needs attention for this
implementation of change.
approach–through action research can be qualitative or quantitative in nature. Pending in the area of
focus, the action researcher

Guidelines for Action Research
"Action research is simply a form of self–reflective enquiry undertaken by participants in social
situations in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own practices, their understanding
of these practices, and the situations in which the practices are carried out". (Carr and Kemmis
1986: 162).
The type of research needed for educational practice can best be characterised as research for social
management and/or engineering. But if this is the context, the practise can be changed into the
concept of educational management with social and or educational engineering.
Educational researchers are drawn to Carr and Kemiss' understanding of action research because the
primary focus of the theory is that of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But also it could be seen that in starting on a particular path of research, the researcher will see the
benefit of switching between one or more methodologies in order to achieve a stated aim or
perceived objective. This switching from one process to another, is what Donald Schön (1983)
called 'knowing–in–action' (4). This research methodology can also be called Discovery learning.
This methodology is experienced when the learner draws on their own experiences and prior
knowledge. Bruner is credited with the implantation of discovery learning in the 1960s. Bruner
argues that 'Practice in discovering for oneself teaches one to acquire information in a way that
makes that information more readily viable in problem solving' (5) (Bruner, 1961, p. 26).
Because the very act of education is principally a practical activity, to find a positive outcome or
indeed any outcome to the educational problems that can occur in the day to day delivery, the
practitioner/researcher can only find the answer by taking a specific course of action research. Any
action research undertaken cannot exist outside the understanding of the practitioner. To help
understand what course of action to take, it is essential to have a research approach that can help the
practitioners in their own particular situations. The ability of action research enables this to happen.
'Teaching....can only be understood by reference to the framework of thought in terms of which

Participatory Action Research And Explanation
In the reviewed literature, a case is made for participatory action research and explanation given on
its composition and on how it enhances the quality of research (Greenwood et al, 1993). They define
participatory action research as a type of research that brings together a member of the organization
(insider) and an expert research to carry out the research process.
Gibbons et al (1994) talks about the knowledge production mode as well as a number of author later
(Huff and Huff, 2001; Huff, 2000; Starky and Madan, 2001; Tranfield and Starky, 1998). The
definition is articulated into 'traditional' or mode 1 (pursuit of scientific truths), and 'interactive' or
mode 2 (production of knowledge by application) (Huff, 2000). Mode 3 and mode 1.5 is also
referenced by Huff (2000). It is worth noting that no specific mode fit my organization exactly: I see
a lot of mode 2 as management wants to solve problems quickly to reduce loss.
In the problem solving process, innovations (their spread or lack of spread), pro–innovation biases,
and their influencers will be encountered. From review literature, Abrahamson (1991) teaches us
how to handle these and how to prevent pro–innovation biases by using a matrix and rejecting
assumptions.
Critically reflecting on my wicked problem, some thoughts were investigated and in some cases
evidence: these were reviewed.
First to consider is if a metaphor (or school of thought) can adequately represent the totality of our
organizational life. This

A Research Project On Action Research
Introduction: Action research is a structured process of inquiry by and for the person taking the
action. The primary reason for doing this study is to assist the person conducting the study to
improve or refine an issue seen to need improvement. The Action Research Project that I conducted
was fun because I was working with 5th grade students and they still have some innocence left and
they enjoy and are excited about participating in projects that I have worked on this semester. I fear
that they were more excited about participating than actually participating.
The challenges I faced during this project were that I did not have as many students as I would have
liked for participation and data analysis. The spring semester is the time that teachers are conducting
benchmark testing and preparing for the STAAR standardized tests. My mentor teacher assisted me
in selecting students that she had observed as not having a huge interest in reading. Unfortunately
the students chosen were ones that required intensive tutoring in preparation for the STAAR tests.
This was interesting in that students that struggled on the benchmarks and standardized tests were
ones that were not motivated readers.
Action Research Question: My initial action research question was: What is the impact of allowing
students to choose texts based on their interests on their attitudes about reading? Dr. Stufft felt that
this question was a too broad for a study so I modified my question to read: How

Difference Between Action Research And Action Learning
7. The difference between Action Learning and other action based techniques Action learning, in
contrast to action research, focuses on the learning and the action does not require the extension of
new knowledge in a theoretical sense. In action learning the participants select some issues, analyze
them, take some action and say on that action, while Action research is a process by which change
and understanding can be pursued at the one time. It is usually described as cyclic, with action and
critical reflection taking place in turn. It is commonly done by a group of people, though sometimes
people use it to improve their practice. It has been used often in the field of education for this
purpose. It is not unusual for there to be someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of a team with a common project or problem leads to an action learning program which
looks remarkably like action research.
There were also some differences, on average, in field of application. Action learning was more
often used in organisational settings. Action research more common in community and educational
settings. Both action research and action learning may be compared to experiential learning. It can
be described as a process of learning from experience. The experience can be something which is
taking place, or more often is set up for the occasion by a trainer or facilitator. Clearly, both action
research and action learning are about learning from experience. The experience is usually drawn
from some task assumed by a person or team.
Action learning and research involve action and reflection on that action and have learning as one of
their goals. As experiential learning is the basis for both the learning part of both action learning and
action research.
You could also say that both action learning and action research are intended to improve practice.
Action research intends to introduce some change; action learning uses some intended change as a
vehicle for learning through

Conducting Action Research in the Foreign Language Classroom
CONDUCTING ACTION RESEARCH IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM
Northeast Conference 1998
New York, NY
Anna Uhl Chamot Sarah Barnhardt Susan Dirstine Materials Contributor: Jennifer Kevorkian
National Capital Language Resource Center 2011 Eye Street NW Suite 200 Washington, DC 20006
THE NATIONAL CAPITAL LANGUAGE RESOURCE CENTER GEORGETOWN
UNIVERSITY/ THE CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS/ THE GEORGE WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY NORTHEAST CONFERENCE 1998 CONDUCTING ACTION RESEARCH
Foreign language teachers develop insights into their students' learning from observing their
behavior. Reflective teachers analyze the students' behaviors, identify potential problems, modify
their teaching practices, and evaluate the results. Some ideas succeed; ... Show more content on
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= =
Why do some of the students seem to master information much faster? Is my knowledge of multiple
intelligences being transferred to my classroom instruction?
Then pick the topic of the question that interests you most.
Examples: learning strategies, portfolio assessment or computer technology in the classroom.
Developing a List of Questions Related to the Topic:
What are some questions you have on this topic? If you have a topic/problem you would like to
address, but you are not quite sure what aspect to investigate, coming up with a list of questions is
the next step. Why? In order to help narrow your topic/problem statement to a research question.
How? Keep a journal. (see Keeping a Research Journal, p. 5)
2
Determining Resources:
Do I have the resources I need? This is another phase in defining and refining your research
question. Why? Each teacher research is bound by resource; these need to be taken into account

before settling on a research topic. Before you choose a research question, be sure you will be able
to answer it. Do you have the resources to do so? Does your school have the necessary equipment
for data collection? Are there instruments to measure what your research calls for? If not, are you
prepared to develop instruments?
How? Check your physical resources, such as audio/video equipment. Do some reading in the
current literature if the data collection instruments are available. Ask relevant

Discuss The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Action Research
This study is an Action Research –. K. Lewin, coined the term "action research" in his 1946 paper
Action Research and Minority Problems there he described action research as "a comparative
research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to
social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action
and fact–finding about the result of the action". The aim of an Action Research is to resolve realistic
issues of importance to education. Action Research can be considered both quantitative and
qualitative; however the researcher will use the quantitative approach in this case.
According to Qualitative Research Consultants Association (QRCA) a qualitative research is
designed to reveal a target audience's range of behavior and the perceptions that drive it with
reference to specific topics or issues. The information collected was analyzed statistically due to the
fact that a qualitative research reflects information in a numerical manner. Everything in life has
advantages and. A qualitative research allows the following advantages:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Direct communication (face to face) with the people.
2. Researcher learn about experiences of individual within that particular community.
3. Researcher can study individuals and their related behaviours, more closely.
4. Participants are able to give data in their own words.
Some disadvantages of the qualitative research are:
1. It is very difficult to know the reliability and validity of information provided by participants.
2. Small groups interviewed, might not truly reflect the general consensus of the larger community.
For example, conclusions drawn will be based upon researcher's observations, and responses from
participants, in that specific context.
3. Vital background information might be withheld by participants. An example of this could be, a
person's socioeconomic status or

Qualitative Research Study And Action Research Essay
Introduction
Qualitative research plays an important role in evidenced–based practice. Qualitative research often
lay down the platform for added official quantitative studies or a follow up to a broad quantitative
study. Qualitative research is a subjective design that investigates exceptional life concepts in a
naturalistic setting using narrative descriptions as the findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). There are six
general types of qualitative research designs, namely phenomenological, ethnographic, historical,
grounded theory, case study and action research, each one of these research design studies distinct
human experiences phenomena (Polit & Beck, 2017). The phenomenological research design
studies the human understanding or knowledge base through descriptions that are afforded from
lived experiences while the ethnographic design comprises data collection and analysis related to
cultural groups (Polit & Beck, 2017). Qualitative research is opposite of quantitative research,
quantitative research counts on numerical and measurable with scales, tools, and intervention, it
focuses on tightly controlled variables in a structured setting to provide explanation of laws and
qualitative design is more flexible with variables and wants to understand the participants' behaviors
(Polit & Beck, 2017).
Validity in Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative research validity relates to the dependability and trustworthiness of data, events, and
activities as indicated from research

Research Methodology : Mixed And Action
Methodology: Mixed and Action
MGMT605–1503B–01
Dolores Jackson Williams
Colorado Technical University Online
Action Research
Action research methodology involves societal and psychosomatic research to help researchers to
categorize social issues in a group or within the community, by using active participation in the
research the group for the express exertion to solve the issues. Action research is in any environment
where people will engage in a collective manner and are goal directed. Action research starts with
an action theory the primary focus of the theory is to introduce changes brought about by the
conjecture of the community, group or organization. Action research relies upon the evident
gathered from numerous standpoints, while lending to a more effective strategy to progress a
community, organization or groups as a whole. You will gain knowledge through the point of action
research application, it involves problem solving as the research progresses a solution will be
achieved resulting in your action development plan however, they are not considered irrefutable or
unconditional (Miller, G. E. 2003).
Goals of action research expansion of specialized practice for ongoing problem solving; developing
specified theory of action; improvement within the community through action research.
(Greenwood, Whyte, & Harkavy, 1993 Action research process
Selecting a focus
1. Clarifying theories
Action research starts with an action theory the primary focus of the

Action Research Proposition 3
Action research is a strategy I can use to inquire and gather information of how to conduct and
interpret my own research for educational and building improvement purposes. Proposition 1:
Teachers are committed to students and their learning.
Indicator 1f: Teachers model ethic behavior and civic responsibility and address a student's character
development.
After reading Craig Mertler's (2013) book, Action Research: Improving Schools and Empowering
Educators, I learned there are four basic steps in the process of action research: identify the area of
focus and determine what the problem is, collect data to answer the question, analyze and interpret
data, develop a plan of action.
Next year I would like to use the process of action research ... Show more content on
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I wondered if it would work with sixth graders and what the effects of using Class Dojo to manage
student behaviors would be. Students are encouraged to persist with building their own individual
points, while also building teamwork skills to earn overall group points. I invited parents to log into
the program to also track their student's behavior throughout the day, receive or send instant
messages, and photos from the classroom. As a quantitative method in the research, I designed a
survey to ask students to name the "positive behaviors" we should have in our classroom and the
"needs work behaviors" we could have. I used their results to set up the behaviors to track in our
classes. The qualitative method looks at the evidence, which is the data collected from each student
and the class as a whole group. The data can be broken down into daily, weekly, monthly or all time
points collected. My plan is to compare the positive and needs work behavior data from first and
second semester to investigate how affective Class Dojo is in encourage positive student

Comparative Look at Action Research Essay
Comparative Look at Action Research: Application 1
Lona Burch
Walden University
Dr. Cindee Easton
Action Research for Educators (EDUC – 6733R – 1) January 9, 2011
Comparative Look at Action Research Based on my prior knowledge and this week's resource, I see
a little clear why action research can help me address the needs of my students better. This week I
have learned the difference between action research/teacher inquiry and education traditional
research. Also, I have learned the relationship between action research and teacher professional
growth and decision making. Last, I have been able to see what teacher inquiry/action research look
like, how they are similar and different. I have discovered this week that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At this point in my personal education and with the current economy, I feel that this is a course that
is wasting time for teachers today with all the pay cuts, class size increases, and furlough days.
Currently I go to school only the days my students go to school. All my planning is done at home
after hours and unpaid therefore; what teacher has time for active research?
| |Action Research Study #1 |Action Research Study #2 |Action Research Study #3 |
|Questions | | | |
|Who is the author of the study (i.e., insider or|insider – teacher |insider– teacher |insider– teacher |
|outsider, researcher or teacher)? | | | |
|What is the title of the action research study? |"Understanding high school black male
|"Understanding high school black male |"The mother tongue: The role of |
| |students' achievement and school experience." |students' achievement and school

Action Of Action Research Process Essay
Action Research Process In Action Research group of research associates involves in various stages
of action research like planning, action, analysis, observing each and every task that is performed.
The cyclic nature of Action Research means that the requirement for activity arrangements to be
adaptable. According to the Kurt Lewin 's model, the covering of activity and reflection is planned
to allow changes in arrangements as the individuals learn from experience (Huxham, 1996).
Generally Action Research process starts by identifying the particular issue. Once the issue is
identified, the AR team starts collecting relevant data. The required data is collected by various
methods like conducting surveys, interacting and interviewing people. Once the data is collected it
is reported to the organization, researchers identify the need for change (Huxham, 1996).
Action Research Models
According to Cunningham (1993), action researchers can delineate their work on several action
research models and communicates that "The difficulty with any definition of action research is that
the term can be utilized to consolidate many activities which have the "completion" of research and
action. Two researchers endeavoring to solve the same problem could inevitably reach distinctive
conclusions and still meet the criteria of action research within some standard or alternative". There
are different types of AR models as researchers drawn variety of models to execute their research.
Susman's

Sample Action Research Report Evaluation1
Sample Action Research Report Evaluation
Fretarsha Muse
Dr. Kathy Hoover
EDU 671: Fundamental of Educational Research
March 31, 2014
Sample Action Research Report Evaluation
Area of focus The area of focus is integrating technology into middle school curriculum to influence
the students' enthusiasm for learning science (Hollis, 1995). This area of focus does involve
teaching and learning because technology is being incorporated with teaching the students and the
students are learning about science. "Uniting the use of technology with academic content enhances
the overall learning" (Kelley, Finley, Koehler, and Picard, 2001), so by using technology, the
students should benefit greatly. Research questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researcher also showed that she was very caring and dedicated to her students.
Reflective stance The researcher looks at teaching and learning as being universal. Students all learn
differently and because it is not known how a specific student learns, the researcher did not believe
that they were a giver of learning, but was thought to be very assertive about pedagogy of the
material. The students must be willingness to learn and their "enthusiasm for discovering knowledge
and developing understanding" would tell where students are when learning. If students show that
they are more interested in learning, then they are more prone to wanting to gain the new
information. So by the students showing a positive influence from using technology, it can show
that it related to the researcher' reflective stance.
Action
The outcome of the study were that "the level of enthusiasm for learning science was increased
through the incorporation of computers and multimedia software into the middle school science
curriculum" (Hollis, 1995). So the integration of technology would be used regularly in the
researcher's classroom since there was a success.
Action–data connection The action and data do coincide with each other as the data showed that
there was an increase in enthusiasm with learning with technology. The students were

The Credibility Of Action Research In A Short Film
The majority of research was conducted through productive interviews. With limited worthwhile
information existing online, the internet proved to be unreliable and an insufficient source of
information, due to information being brief in most articles and only basic information existing. As
interviews proved to have greater credibility, useful and reliable information, a majority of key
findings were derived from interview sources. As a means of ensuring the credibility of research
action research was conducted through the making of a short documentary which gave support to
unequivocal findings made during interviews. During the production of the film information which
seemed untrustworthy or unrealistic was detected through the action research, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
With additional research the film could have been to the standard of a professional filmmaker and
the final film could have been finalised at a much higher quality. As the research focused on
production of a short film, the outcome format is ideal for aspiring filmmakers, due to the structure
of the film following that of a short film. The film gives brief and precise overviews of major topics
which are most important in the production of a short film. Each scene is brief and gives insight into
each stage of the filmmaking process and the processes involved. To ensure the establishment of the
film's messages, each finding is placed into an individual scene with concise and precise
information. Through the use of action research the credibility of the film is made apparent, with
obvious knowledge of filmmaking being presented. The key findings were made apparent through
the use of red text which indicated to the audience of the key finding. Key findings were limited in
the duration of their presentation. This resulted in each key finding only consisting of a single scene
in which the finding is concisely explained. Variations in findings resulted in some scenes being
shortened due to amount of information. Although key findings with less supportive evidence was
emphasised to assert importance. Weaker key findings

Qualitative Research Study And Action Research Essay
Qualitative research plays an important role in evidenced base practice. Qualitative research often
lay down the platform for added official quantitative studies or a follow up to a broad quantitative
study. Qualitative research is a subjective design that investigate exceptional life concepts in a
naturalistic setting using narrative descriptions as the findings (Polit & Beck, 2017). There are six
general types of qualitative research designs namely phenomenological, ethnographic, historical,
grounded theory, case study and action research, each one of these research design studies distinct
human experiences phenomena (Polit & Beck, 2017). The phenomenological research design
studies the human understanding or knowledge base through descriptions that are afforded from
lived experiences while the ethnographic design comprise data collection and analysis related to
cultural groups (Polit & Beck, 2017). Qualitative research is opposite of quantitative research,
quantitative research counts on numerical and measure with scales, tools and intervention, it focuses
on tightly controlled variables in a structured setting to provide explanation of laws and qualitative
design is more flexible with variables and wants to understand the participants behaviors (Polit &
Beck, 2017).
Validity in Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative research validity relates to the dependability and trustworthiness of data, events, and
activities as indicated from research results analyzed.

Action T4 Research Paper
Action T4 was the postwar designation of for a programme of forced euthanasia in wartime nazi
germany. The name T4 is an abbreviation of Tiergartenstrasse 4 which is the address for chancellery
department, set up in spring 1940.
Under the program German physicist were to sign off patients as "incurably sick by critical medical
examination'' therefore allowing them to administer them a "mercy death" this was done through
drugs, starvation, lethal injections and gas chambers. Reich leader phillip Bouhler and Dr. Karl
Brandt began leading the euthanasia program around 1939. They were the ones responsible for
extending the authority physicists to determine which patients are regarded as incurable.
The program first ordered midwives to report any infant or child ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Six Euthanasia program facilities were created (Brandenburg, Grafeneck, Bernberg, Hartheim and
sonnenstein). The facilities are still active to this day as a memorial and exhibit about the nazi
program.
After continuing the Euthanasia program, patients were killed in a less obvious way. This was done
by using methods such as starvation, lethal injections and drug overdose.Parents were given a faulty
death certificate with cause of death.
Forced sterilization in Germany was the forerunner of the systematic killings of the mentally ill and
handicapped an estimated amount of patients sterilized were 300–400 thousand people.
Hitler's euthanasia program came to place after receiving a letter from a father of a handicapped
child whom wished to his child to death as a 'mercy killing'. Therefore the euthanasia program was
approved to rid of all seriously

Research, Experimentation, Observation, Action Research...
Executive Summary
This report reflects understanding of one of the research methods such as survey, case studies,
experimentation, observation, action research and focus groups. It explains advantages and
disadvantages of the research method through examples.
Furthermore, it gives correct philosophical perspective to the method and describes method
considering different aspects affecting the implementation of research such as risk, cost, time and
expertise.
1. Introduction
Research method is a way to approach a controlled and a systematic research. This report focuses on
one of the research method that is 'Survey'. A survey falls under the category of positivist research
which is consider to be highly organised and involves collecting of information from individuals
through their response to the certain type of questionnaire. In other words, it is a method of
collecting quantitative data in a more versatile manner with a set of questions given to group of
people.
Survey research is been changing dramatically as we move up with new technology and generation.
If you go through the history of survey research, it was divided into two main categories: the
questionnaire and the interview. Questionnaire survey was typically conducted with the help of
papers and pencils. The data was supposed to be collected from individuals through their response
with help of pencil. On the other side, due to the growing technology survey research has been

Evaluation Of An Action Research Project
Evaluation of an Action Research Project
In action research, an individual or a group of colleagues applies scientific methods to real–life
problems or issues occurring within a work or educational environment (Conscious Educating,
2009a). According to Dr. Waddell, "action research seeks to accomplish two goals, which are to
stimulate learning and make a difference" (Waddell, 2007). Teachers, researchers, and
administrators all evaluate, investigate, and analyze problems or concepts in hopes of improving
them and thereby benefiting students, the classroom environment, and their own teaching practices.
Ms. Senter, an English teacher, is researching the benefits of adding a fantasy unit to her eleventh–
grade English curriculum. She wants to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ary et al. (2015)," Action research allows educators to focus on an issue that directly
relates to their learning environment" (p. 549).
Step 2, Plan, involves taking action–gathering data or information by observing or monitoring the
effects. Ms. Senter set out to find information regarding a fantasy unit. Through her research, she
was able to locate ready–made units on science fiction but not on fantasy. The benefit of action
research is that it "encourages collaboration and the development of learning communities" (Ary et
al., 2015, p. 550). Ms. Senter collaborated with fellow English teachers, then realized that she still
needs more resources and support. Accordingly, she drew on the local library for extra support,
deepening her knowledge and gaining materials to help her design her own nine–week instructional
unit on fantasy to add to her eleventh–grade literature curriculum.
Step 3, Act, sees the practitioner implementing a plan of action. Ms. Senter has completed her unit
on fantasy and has developed her unit based on four major themes: (1) fantasy as a unique literary
form that emphasizes imagination and magic, with stories often set in an imaginary place; (2)
fantasy's use of elements also found in other novels (character, setting, plot, theme); (3) fantasy
stories' multiple levels of meaning; and (4) fantasy's use of the usual pattern of narrative progression
(background, build up, climax, resolution). Ms. Senter selected

Introduction And Action Research : Sri Reddy Koranda
Introduction and Action Research
Durga Reddy Koranda
Wilmington University
Introduction and Action Research
AppLabSystems is an IT services company and a solution provider for wide spectrum of verticals in
the industry. AppLabSystems mainly focuses on the Telecom, Healthcare, Banking and
Manufacturing domains. At AppLabSystems people do work on implementation, support and
maintenance of the projects at all levels. AppLabSystems our mission is to build productive
partnerships with clients and help them achieve greater success by providing the best in knowledge,
skills, solutions and services. "Our focus is on providing value–based solutions for our clients that
deliver exceptional customer experience, and to do so in a cost effective way ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
With the existing 7+ experience I have, I would like extend my services to help the teams in solving
the tasks assigned to me. At the same time I am looking forward to learn new things from the teams
and my supervisors. I also look forward to extend my great support to the project I am assigned to
solve any ongoing issues with the help of Action Research methodologies.
At AppLabSystems I will be responsible for the end to end development of the assigned task. I will
be working on the requirement analysis which includes collecting the requirements from the
business teams and converting them into the technical requirements to be able to convey to my
technical teams. I will be involved in designing the application modules as per the requirements,
developing the modules, Supporting the testing teams and also responsible for the successful
delivery of the project assigned to me.
Action Research
According to Hayes. R. G (2012), Action Research (AR) is described as a process of learning by
doing in other words it is a form of research that take actions for both solving a problem and
learning from it. Action Research can also be defined as a process of continuously taking feedback
while performing something action or while researching something new. According to Avison. D.,
Lau. F., Myers. M., & Nielsen. A. P. (1999), AR methodology is stated as continuous iterative
process, where a certain rotation needs to be followed starting from "problem diagnosis, action

Action Research Literature Review
Executive Summary
Action Research believes that "Human organizations can only be understood as whole entities"
(Baskerville, 1999) and that social processes are best to be studied when change is introduced to
observe the effects of these. Furthermore, It makes use of a cyclical approach in order for an initial
holistic understanding of a social setting. The action research literature has strongly challenged the
character of positivism. It is believed that this type of research is derived from a different
ontological basis; it tends to a humanistic social practice rather than a traditional natural science.
Lewin started with the term ‘action research'. His approach to the process is composed of a circle
of planning, action and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interpretivism beliefs that the world is socially constructed and subjective, that the observer is part
of the what is observed and that science is driven by human interest. Furthermore, interpretivism,
like action research, tries to understand what actually is happening by looking at the totality of each
situation.
Positivism is a "research philosophy that involves working with the observable social reality. The
emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the end product can be
law–like generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists" (Saunders,
2003). The basic beliefs are that the world can be seen as an external and objective object where the
observer remains independent. The action research literature has strongly challenged the character
of ‘positivist' research (Waterman et al, 2001; Hart, 1996; Susman and Evered, 1978).
These can be summarised as follows:
§ The impossibility of achieving the assumption of objectivity in research findings and outcomes as
well as the ability to control a limited number of research variables.
§ A critique of the notion of researchers attaining a detached/value free/neutral position and a
recognition of the existence of oppressive ideologies and vested interests;
§ A questioning of a ‘scientific' approach and the features of generalisability,

Action Research Is Way Of Learning Things With Different...
Action Research is way of learning things with different types of means. Some learn new things by
doing it (O 'Brian, 1998). It could be through collaborative inquiry, participatory research, action
learning or through contextual action (O'Brian, 2001). Basically, Action Research involves group of
people working towards the same goals. For example, the company X created a group of 5 people to
figure out the problem the company is facing such as to figure out ways that caused poor
performance. In this case, they should identify what the major problem is, take steps to gather data
and information, analyze them and work together to come with the best solution. Once they come up
with the plan, they use that to see if their efforts are good enough to solve the issues. In this case,
management decides whether it's successful or not. If they are unsatisfied, they can ask the group to
try again (O'Brian, 2001). In Action research, the researcher and the client work together in order to
meet or achieve the targeted goals (Padak, 2015). There are different stages associated with this
research such as identifying questions what are the major issues that need immediate care, collecting
data and information from various sources so that one can understand what the real problem is. The
real problem can only be found if you do immense research, analyze all the data and information
and share the results with others in the research team (Padak, 2015). Action Research is a name that
covers a

Participatory Action Research At A Public New England...
In the case study about Participatory Action Research (PAR) in a public New England middle
school, researchers attempted to implement the PAR approach into a program that moves students
who are behind 1 year, at an accelerated rate – 3 years of school over the course of 2 years –
allowing them to be in the appropriate grade for their age group. The accelerated program was
called Higher Academic Achievement Program (HAAP). Two teachers and their classes participated
in the research, taking on the PAR approach two days a week, while continuing their normal
academic schedule the rest of the week. The HAAP program was a very traditional and strict
program. The academic schedule was to be abided by profusely to ensure that students were being
properly prepared for their state exams. While the actual teaching style of the teachers differed, their
traditionalistic teaching views were shared. Both students, teachers, and administrators were
assessed and interviewed at the conclusion of the study to report feedback about the successes,
weaknesses, opinions, and criticisms about PAR. While the program has a unique and engaging
approach, there were several large complications in appropriately implementing PAR into the HAAP
program.
First, in implementing the PAR program, researchers did not assess the fit between the program and
the setting as extensively as required. This is the first factor that researchers should fully look into
before proceeding with placing a program into a new

Teachers and Colleagues in the Action Research Process
Teachers and Colleagues in the Action Research Process The action–research process is a term that
is hotly discussed and employed in pedagogy today. Hewitt and Little cite the work of Rawlinson
and Little, who describe action research as " 地 model of professional development that promotes
collaborative inquiry, reflection, and dialogue. "Within the action research process, educators study
student learning related to their own teaching. It is a process that allows educators to learn about
their own instructional practices and to continue to monitor improved student learning" (2005).
Thus, one can see the apparent benefits of the action research process; it allows teachers to take on
some extent of lifelong learning. Teachers can reap a better understanding of the teaching practices
that they've been hardwired to practice within so that they can focus their efforts on improved
student learning in a richer and fuller manner. As Hewitt and Little explain, "Action research
provides teachers and administrators with an opportunity to better understand what happens in their
school. This process establishes a decision–making cycle that guides instructional planning for the
school and individual classrooms" (2005). However, in order for all educators to really reap the
benefits of an action–research plan, there really needs to be clear instructional layout so that the
action–research plan is presented in a lucid and attainable manner. According to Hewitt and Little,
"The action

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