[Greek cyto, cell, and kinesis, movement] is a soluble protein or glycoprotein or hormone like small protien released by one cell population that acts as an intercellular (between cells) mediator or signaling molecule. by binding to specific receptors of target cells. These non-antibody proteins are secreted by WBCs and some other types of cells. Their major function is the activation and regulation of general immune system of the body.

1. M. kamil khan
Microbiologist
hindi/urdu
Cytokines

2. Introduction
 [Greek cyto, cell, and kinesis, movement] is a soluble
protein or glycoprotein or hormone like small protien
released by one cell population that acts as an
intercellular (between cells) mediator or signaling
molecule. by binding to specific receptors of target cells.
 These non-antibody proteins are secreted by WBCs and
some other types of cells.
 Their major function is the activation and regulation of
general immune system of the body.

3.  When released from mononuclear phagocytes, these
proteins are called monokines;
 when released from T lymphocytes they are called
lymphokines;
 when produced by a leukocyte and the action is on
another leukocyte, they are interleukins;
 and if their effect is to stimulate the growth and
differentiation of immature leukocytes in the bone
marrow, they are called colony-stimulating factors
(CSFs).

4.  Cytokines can affect the same cell responsible for their
production (an autocrine function)
 or nearby cells (a paracrine function),
 or they can be distributed by the circulatory system to
distant target cells (an endocrine function).
 Their production is induced by nonspecific stimuli such
as a viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection; cancer;
inflammation; or the interaction between a T cell and
antigen. Some cytokines also can induce the
production of other cytokines.

5. Cytokines Source of secreation Action
Interlukines
1
Monocytes/macrophages,
endothelial cells, neuronal
cells, glial cells,
keratinocytes, epithelial
cells, fibroblasts,
involved in inflammatory and immune
effector responses also affects central
nervous and endocrine systems; it is an
endogenous pyrogenic
Interlukines
2
Helper T cell 1 Stimulates, proliferation and
differentiation T-cells; Enhances
cytolytic activity of NK cells; promotes
proliferation and Ab secretion of
activated B cells
Interlukines
3
T cells, keratinocytes,
neuronal cells, mast cells
Stimulates the production and
differentiation of macrophages,
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and
mast cells
IL-4 T cells (TH2),
macrophages mast cells,
basophils, B cells
Induces the differentiation of naive
CD4+ T cells into T-helper induces the
proliferation and differentiation of B
cells; exhibits diverse effects on T cells,
monocytes, granulocytes, fibroblasts,

6. IL-5 Helper T cell 2 (TH2) Growth and activation of B cells and
eosinophils; chemotactic for eosinophils
IL-6 H T C 2 macrophages,
fibroblasts, hepatocytes,
endothelial cells, neuronal
cells, monocytes
Activates hematopoietic cells; induces growth of
T cells, B cells, hepatocytes, keratinocytes, and
nerve cells; stimulates the production of acute-
phase proteins
IL-8 Monocytes, endothelial
cells, fibroblasts, alveolar
epithelium, T cells,
keratinocytes, neutrophils,
hepatocytes
Chemoattractant for PMNs and T cells; causes
PMN degranulation and expression of receptors;
inhibits adhesion of PMNs to cytokine-activated
endothelium; promotes migration of PMNs
through nonactivated endothelium
IL-
10
TH2, B cells,
macrophages,
keratinocytes
Reduces the production of IFN-, IL-1, TNF-, and
IL-6 by
macrophages; in combination with IL-3 and IL-4,
causes mast cell growth; in combination with IL-
2, causes growth of cytotoxic T cells and
differentiation of CD8+ cells

7. IFN-
gamma
TH1, CTLs, NK
cells
Activation of T cells, macrophages, neutrophils,
and NK cells; antiviral and antiproliferative
activities; increases class I and II MHC molecule
expression on various cells
IFNs
alpha/beta
T cells, B cells,
monocytes
macrophages,
fibroblasts
Antiviral activity, antiproliferative; stimulates
macrophage activity; increases MHC class I
protein expression on cells; regulates the
development of the specific immune response
TNF -Alpha T cells,
macrophages and
NK cells
A wide variety of effects due to its ability to
mediate expression of genes for growth factors
and cytokines, transcription factors, receptors,
inflammatory mediators, and acute-phase
proteins; plays a role in host resistance to
infection by serving as an immunostimulant and
mediator of the inflammatory response; cytotoxic
for tumor cells
TNF-beta T&B cells Same as TNF- Alpha

8. G-CSF T cells, macrophages,
neutrophils
Enhances the differentiation and activation
of neutrophils
M-CSF T cells, neutrophils,
macrophages,
fibroblasts, endothelial
cells
Stimulates various functions of monocytes
and macrophages, promotes the growth
and development of macrophage colonies
from undifferentiated precursors
PAF 1. Neutrophils 2.
Monocytes
Acceleration of agglutination and
aggregation of platelets
Cathelicidin
s
Neutrophils,
Macrophages, Airway
epithelial cells and
Macrophages
Antimicrobial activity in air passage and
lungs
Chemokine
s
T cells, B cells,
Monocytes and
Macrophages
Attraction of WBCs by chemotaxis

9. Defensin
s
Neutrophils, Macrophages,
Paneth cells in small Intestine,
Airway epithelial cells, Salivary
glands and Cutaneous cells
1.Role in innate immunity in
airway surface and lungs
2. Killing the phagocytozed
bacteria
3. Antiinflammatory actions
4. Promotion of wound healing
5. Attraction of monocytes and
T cells by chemotaxis

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