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FOURIER SERIES Presentation of given functions.pptx
1. FOURIER SERIES
Periodic Functions
A function π(π₯) is said to have a period T if for all π₯, π(π₯ + π) = π(π₯), where π is a positive
constant. The least value of π > 0 is called the period of π(π₯). Example: sinx, cosx, tanx etc.
Example:
1. What is the period of ππππ?
Solution:
π(π₯) = π πππ₯ = sin(π₯ + 2π) = π ππ(π₯ + 4π) =. . .therefore the function has periods
2π, 4π, 6π, etc. However, 2π is the least value and therefore is the period of π(π₯).
2. What is the period of ππππ?
Solution:
π‘πππ₯ = π‘ππ(π + π₯)
Hence π‘πππ₯ is a periodic function with period π.
Piecewise Continuous Function:
A function π(π₯) is said to be piecewise continuous in an interval if
(i)the interval can be divided into a finite number of subintervals in each of which π(π₯) is
continuous.
(ii) the limits of π(π₯) as π₯ approaches the end point of each subinterval are finite.
Dirichletβs conditions for the existence of Fourier series of π(π) in the interval
(π, ππ ):
A function π(π₯) can be expanded as a Fourier series of π(π₯) in the interval (0,2π) if the
following conditions are satisfied.
2. (i) π(π₯) is single valued and finite in (0, 2π)
(ii) π(π₯) is continuous or piecewise continues with finite number of finite discontinuities
in (0, 2π)
(iii) π(π₯) has a finite number of maxima or minima in (0, 2π).
Problems in the interval (βπ , π )
1. Find the Fourier series for π(π) = |π¬π’π§ π| in βΟ< π < π .
Solution:
Given π(π₯) = |sin π₯|
Since π(π₯) is an even function ππ = 0
π0
β
π(π₯) = + β ππ cosππ₯
2
π=1
β¦ β¦ β¦ . . (1)
2
π0 =
Ο
β« π(π₯) ππ₯
Ο
0
2
Ο
= β« |sin π₯| π
π₯
Ο
0
2
Ο
= β« sin π₯ π
π₯
Ο
0
2
Ο 0
= [β cos π₯]Ο
2
Ο
= β [cos Ο β cos 0]
2
Ο
= [β1 β 1] =
4
Ο
8. 4
β = [
π 2π cosπ
+
cos3π
π2 12 32
+
cos 5π
52
+ β― ]
β
βπ2
8
1 1 1
12 32 52
= β β β β β―
1 1 1 π2
12 +
32 +
52 + β― =
8
Problems in the interval (βπ, π)
1. Expand π(π) = πβπ as a Fourier series in the interval (β π, π)
Solution:
Given π(π₯) = πβπ₯
π(π₯) is neither even nor odd
The Fourier series is
π0 πππ₯
π
+ ππ sin
πππ₯
π
)
β
π(π₯) = + β (ππ cos
2
π=1
β¦ β¦ β¦ . (1)
1
π
π0 =
π
β« π(π₯)ππ₯
βπ
1
π
1
π βπ
= β« πβπ₯ππ₯ = [βπβπ₯]π
π
βπ
1
π
1
π
2
π
= [βπβπ + ππ ] = [ππ β πβπ ] = sinh π
1 πππ₯
π
ππ₯
π
ππ =
π
β« π(π₯) cos
βπ
9. π
βπ
π π
1 πππ₯
= β« πβπ₯ cos ππ₯
= I
π
1 π₯
πβπ₯
I1 +
[ π2
π2π2 [β cos
πππ₯
π
+ sin
π π
ππ πππ₯ 1
]I
I
]βπ
π
=
π2
π(π2 + π2π2)
[βπβπ cosππ + ππ cosππ]
=
π(β1)π
π2 + π2π2
[ππ β πβπ ]
2π(β1)π
= sinh π
π2 + π2π2
1 πππ₯
π
ππ₯
π
ππ =
π
β« π(π₯) sin
βπ
π
βπ
π π
1 πππ₯
= β« πβπ₯ sin ππ₯
= I
π
1 π₯
πβπ₯
I1 +
[ π2
π2π2 [β sin
πππ₯
π
β cos
π π
ππ πππ₯ 1
]I
I
]βπ
π
=
π2
π(π2 + π2π2)
ππ
π
ππ
π
[βπβπ cosππ + ππ cos ππ]
π(β1)π ππ
= π [ππ β πβπ ]
π2 + π2π2
2(β1)πππ
= sinh π
π2 + π2π2
Substituting in (1), we get
10. π(π₯) =
sinh π
π
2π(β1)π
π2 + π2π2
sinh π cos
π
+ sinh π sin
πππ₯ 2(β1)πππ πππ₯
π2 + π2π2 π
]
β
+ β [
π =1
=
sinh π
π
π(β1)π
π2 + π2π2
cos
β
+ 2 sinh π β [
π=1
πππ₯
π
+ sin
ππ(β1)π πππ₯
π2 + π2π2 π
]
Half Range Expansions:
In many Engineering problems it is required to expand a function π(π₯) in the range (0, π)
In a Fourier series of period 2π or in the range (0, π) in a Fourier series of period 2π. If it is
required to expand π(π₯) in the interval (0, π), then it is immaterial what the function may be
outside the range 0 < π₯ < π.
If we extend the function π(π₯) by reflecting it in the Y β axis so that π(βπ₯) = π(π₯), then the
extended function is even for which ππ = 0. The Fourier expansion of π(π₯) will contain only
cosine terms.
If we extend the function π(π₯) by reflecting it in the origin so that π(βπ₯) = βπ(π₯), then the
extended function is odd for which π0 = ππ = 0. The Fourier expansion of π(π₯) will contain
only sine terms.
Here a function π(π₯) defined over the interval 0 < π₯ < π is capable of two distinct half range
series.
(i) Sine Series
(ii) Cosine Series
Problems under Half Range Sine series and Cosine series
14. 2 β1 π
= [βπ ( ) ] =
π π π
β2(β1)π
Substitute in equation (1) we get
β2(β1)π
β
π(π₯) = β
π =1
π
sin ππ₯
Deduction:
By Parsevalβs identity
2
π
π
0
π
β«[π(π₯)]2 ππ₯ = β π2
β
π =1
2
π
β« π₯2 ππ₯ = β (
π
0
β2(β1)π
π
)
2
β
π =1
2 π₯3
π 3
( ) = β
0
π
4
π2
β
π =1
π3
2 1
β
β [ ] = 4 β
π 3 π2
π=1
β
2π2
3
1
π2
β
= 4 β
π =1
π2
β
π =1
(π.π. ) β =
1 2π2 1
3 4
( ) =
π2
6
Complex or Exponential Form of Fourier series:
1. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of π(π) = πβπ in βπ β€ π β€ π
Solution:
15. The complex form of the Fourier series in (β1,1) is given by
π πππππ₯
π(π₯) = ββ
π=ββ π β¦ β¦. . (1)
Where ππ
=
1
β«
1
π(π₯) πβππππ₯ ππ₯
2 β1
1 1
1 1
= β« πβπ₯ πβππππ₯ ππ₯ = β« πβ(1+πππ)π₯
ππ₯
2 2
β1 β1
1
= [
πβ(1+πππ)π₯
2 β(1 + πππ)]
β1
1
=
π1+πππ β πβ(1+πππ)
2(1 + πππ)
=
π(cosππ + π sin ππ) β πβ1(cosππ β π sin ππ)
2(1 + πππ)
=
π(β1)π β πβ1(β1)π
2(1 + πππ)
ππ =
(π β πβ1)(β1)π
2
1 β πππ
( )
1 + π2π2
=
(β1)π(1 β πππ)
1 + π2π2
sinh 1
Hence (1) becomes
πβπ₯ =
(β1)π(1 β πππ)
1 + π2π2
sinh 1 πππππ₯
β
β
π=ββ
16. 2. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of π(π) = ππ¨π¬ ππ in (β π , π ) where βaβ is
neither zero nor an integer.
Solution:
Here 2π = 2π or π = π
Let the complex form of the Fourier series be
ππππππ₯
β
π(π₯) = β
π=ββ
β¦ β¦ . . (1)
π€βπππ ππ =
1
2π
π
β« π(π₯) πβπππ₯ ππ₯
βπ
ππ =
1
2π
π
β« cos ππ₯ πβπππ₯ ππ₯
βπ
1 πβπππ₯
= [ (βππ cosππ₯ + π sin ππ₯)]
2π π2 β π2
βπ
π
=
1
2π(π2 β π2)
[πβπππ(βππ cosππ + π sin ππ) β ππππ(βππ cosππ + π sin ππ)]
=
1
2π(π2 β π2)
[ππ cos ππ ( ππππ β πβπππ) + π sin ππ( ππππ + πβπππ) ]
=
1
2π(π2 β π2)
[ππ cos ππ (2π sin ππ) + π sin ππ(2cosππ) ]
ππ =
1
2π(π2 β π2)
(β1)π 2 a sin ππ
17. (β1)π
Hence (1) becomes cosππ₯ =
π sin ππ
ββ
π π=ββ (π2βπ2)
ππππ₯
Harmonic Analysis:
The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical values is known as
harmonic analysis.
In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients π0, ππ and ππ of the function π¦ = π(π₯) in
(0,2π) are given by
π0 = 2[ππππ π£πππ’π ππ π¦ ππ(0,2π) ]
ππ = 2[ππππ π£πππ’π ππ π¦ cos ππ₯ ππ(0,2π)]
ππ = 2[ππππ π£πππ’π ππ π¦ sin ππ₯ ππ(0, 2π)]
Problems under Harmonic Analysis:
1. The following table gives the variations of a periodic function over a period T
π₯ 0 πβ6 πβ3 πβ2 2πβ3 5πβ6 π
π(π₯) 1.98 1.3 1.05 1.3 β
0.88
β
0.25
1.98
Find π(π) upto first harmonic.
Solution: ππ’π‘ π =
2ππ₯
π
When π₯ takes the values of 0,
π
,
π
,
π
,
2π
,
6 3 2 3 6
5π
, π
then ΞΈ takes values 0,
π
,
2π
, π,
4π
,
5π
, 2π
3 3 3 3