Visual Acuity Lab Report

Visual Acuity Lab Report
Results
Demographics
Were included 82 eyes of 49 patients, 32 (69%) females and 17 (31%) males. The mean patient age
was 33 +/– 7.4 years (range: 21 to 48 years). Mean follow up was 4.8 years (range 9 to 1 year). The
mean anterior chamber depth was 3.2mm (range 2.8 to 3.67mm). Were implanted 42 Artisan IOL
and 40 Artiflex IOL with a mean power of –11.1D
Visual Acuity
Mean preoperative UCVA was 1.9 logMAR and post operative UCVA was 0.3 logMAR after phakic
IOL implantation, showing a statistical significance (p=0.000).
After the surgery we observed that 79 eyes gain 4 or more lines of vision, 20/40 or better was
achieved in 76 eyes (92.68%) after the follow up period.
Mean preoperative CDVA was 0.2+/–0.3 logMAR and after post operative follow up period was
0.01+/–0.1 logMAR, which was statistically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Postoperative central endothelial cell count after the follow up period was 2323+/–286.03
cells/mm2, which was observed a statistically significative decrease in the cells count. The mean
ECD yearly lost was 121.36 +/–111.04 cells/mm2/year.
IOL distance from Endothelium
Mean distance from the center of the pIOL to the endothelium was 2.2 +/– 0.3mm and the mean
distance from the edge of the pIOL was 1.4 +/–0.2mm both distances were lowly correlated to the
endothelium cells loss (r–0.00 p0.000 and r –.308 p0.05 respectively)
Intraoperative Problems and Adverse Events
There were no intraoperative or postoperative problems. However in one patient elevated
intraocular pressure (IOP) were detected at the postoperative control. Were considered steroid
induced, the IOP returned to baseline levels after cessation of steroid. Throughout all follow–up
years, a total of 5 eyes of 5 patients have been received a new intervention due to a tilt of the lens or
had been dislocated from the iris. In this patients the endothelial cells loss was much higher than the
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How Do Green House Gas's Effect On Temperature?
How do water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen levels differ between land with recent prescribed
burns, natural burns, and a control, with no recent burns?
This is an interesting question because the results would have a major impact on how we implement
our land management practices. Depending on the results we could see if it would be best land
management move to stop prescribed burns for less controversial methods such as forest thinning to
have less numerous and less dangerous forest fires. Nitrogen is a particularly interesting variable as
it is a natural fertilizer so this variable could indicate which kind of land, if any, was most fertile for
vegetation to grow. A complete analysis of such variables aforementioned would indicate the
variation of the variables amongst all three categories to determine which kind area, if any, has a
greater impact on influencing our climate. Data sets measuring water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen levels from land with recent prescribed burns, recent natural burns, and a control, with no
recent burns. I would likely be able to obtain water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen levels for
land with recent prescribed burns from Manitou Experimental Forest. In order to have a chance to
get statistical significance I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do green house gas proportions vary with wind direction, and does it have an effect on temperature?
This would be an interesting question because with the statistics related to this, we could then
extrapolate on where the wind is coming from and the composition of green house gases in the areas
where the wind is coming from. Once origin of the green house gases is established I could
hypothesize on the industrial or natural reasons for such differences. The addition of surface
temperature would allow us to see how the proportions of green house gases effect temperature.
Such a project could lead to identifying model cities or destructive cities to our goal of minimizing
the effects of climate

What Does It Mean To Have Statistical Significance?
Statistical Significance
What does it mean to have statistical significance? Many students including myself confuse us when
trying to explain the statistical significance. Upon further research and reading, the best way to
describe statistical significance is to define it as "Unlikely due to chance". In technical terms,
statistical significance means, if the null hypothesis is true then there is a low probability it is due to
chance. There are a few factors that go into determining statistical significance, such as the P–value
and sampling error.
Sampling error is the chance that the differences viewed in a measure of a sample group are due to
chance and randomness. To avoid sampling errors, we run a statistical test that can help us find if

Negative Effect Of Gender Stereotype
Study Purpose: The purpose in this study is very clear because it explains the conclusion that the
researchers hope to find. The purpose was briefly stated in the abstract, and then in more details in
the introduction. Therefore, the question that is being asked in this study is very relevant for the real
world. The overall purpose of this study is to examine or proof the negative effects of gender
stereotype in girls. The purpose has the potential to elaborate suggestions for future research. This
study aim to assess children from 5 to 6 in novel and try hard games in order to demonstrates that
girls' intellectual abilities and interests in smart fields are affected by stereotype genders by the age
of six. Additionally, it clearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, generally, the research assumed that the readers understand gender stereotypes and the
importance of their studies. Thus, there is no evidence about how frequent is this social problem
affecting today world because researchers did not justify it statistically.
Design:
The design in this experiment was cross sectional and quasi experiment. The design was appropriate
for the study because researchers want to understand the factors that influenced girls' attitude toward
novel activities. Thus, cross sectional study helps them to prove their predictions. In this study, there
are four studies in total. In study one, researchers presented three tasks. In task one, researchers told
a story about a really smart person without telling the gender, then asked what the gender of the
protagonist was. In task two, they children pair different adults by guessing was really smart. In task
three, children play a novel puzzle in which they have to give objects genders. In study two,
researchers replicated study one. Study three, children were asked about their interest in really smart
or try hard games. In study four, divide the groups according to the age, and asked for their interest
in really smart games. Overall, the design was appropriate in order to obtain all the information at
the same time, so they can proof their ideas. However, the sample did not represent the whole
population because seventy five percent were white and middle class children. Thus,

Evaluation Of Statistics And Error Bars Essay
Evaluation of Statistics and Error Bars:
"Toxicity Inhibitors Protect Lipid Membranes from Disruption by Aβ42"
Presenting quantities in a research study requires use of statistical methods. Use of statistics help to
determine the trend in the studies population. Statistical methods also help to interpret and compare
research data and determine significance of the findings. Due to variety of statistical methods, it is
crucial to adopt an appropriate statistical approach before the conducting the experiments.
Furthermore, the representation of individual data points as well as the general trend (e.g. mean) are
critical for data comparison and interpretation in an experiment. Article, "Toxicity Inhibitors Protect
Lipid Membranes from Disruption by Aβ42" uses statistics to represents experimental data and
quantities (R Malishev et al. 2015). The statistics was used to present the data from thioflavin T
(ThT) fluorescence assay, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and Förster resonance energy
transfer (FRET) (R Malishev et al. 2015). Evaluation of the error bars, statistical design, and p–
value is essential to determine the appropriateness of statistical method in the R Malishev et al.
paper.
Looking at different sections of the R Malishev et al. paper, there is no indication of whether the
statistical method is adopted before or after conducting the experiments. The figure 2 represents the
fibrillation kinetic of the Aβ42, which were obtained from ThT assay. According to

Pearson's Correlation Paper
The statistical tests that were used in the research article were Pearson's correlation which examined
the correlations among the Independent variables : Caregiver level of education, Asthma Control,
Asthma Management Stress, Life Stress and the Dependent Variable : Caregiver quality of life. The
use of the Pearson's correlation was an appropriate test since the authors indicated in the beginning
of the research article that their study would be examining the interrelationships of asthma control,
stress and caregiver quality of life (Bellin,et al., 2013). A Pearson's Correlation test is used to
identify both the magnitude and direction of a relationship that may exist between two variables
(Polit & Beck, 2014). By using this Pearsons Correlation test the researchers did identify ... Show
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illustrated in Table 2., p. 132. Using this test the authors attempted to explain the variance in the
Caregiver Quality of Life by some of the Independent variables and predict which of the IV's would
impact the Caregiver Quality of Life.
These two statistical test were appropriate for this research study as described by the authors.
Type 1 error was minimized by the researchers by their setting their significance level (alpha) at
0.05. Using this significance level is important since it is the minimal acceptable alpha level used in
research and minimizes the risk of a Type 1 error (rejecting a null hypothesis that is true) ( Polit &
Beck, 2014).
A Type II error was not minimized since the authors did not discuss if they did a Power Analysis
which identifies the minimum number of persons needed in the research study. "Power" is the
ability of a statistical test to identify true relationships among variables (Polit & Beck,2014). The
researchers did have a sample population of 300 in their research study, but they did not discuss in
the article how they arrived at that

Journal of Counseling Psychology 1983, Vol. 30, No, 3,459–463
Copyright 1983 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.
Statistical Significance, Power, and Effect Size: A Response to the Reexamination of Reviewer Bias
Bruce E. Wampold
Department of Educational Psychology University of Utah
Michael J. Furlong and Donald R. Atkinson
Graduate School of Education University of California, Santa Barbara
In responding to our study of the influence that statistical significance has on reviewers '
recommendations for the acceptance or rejection of a manuscript for publication (Atkinson, Furlong,
& Wampold, 1982), Fagley and McKinney (1983) argue that reviewers were justified in rejecting
the bogus study when nonsignificant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To detect a small experimental effect in the bogus study, for example, we would have had to
increase the sample size from 81 to 1,206, or 134 subjects
459
460
COMMENTS argument is that because the average effect size for published research was equivalent
to that of a medium effect, the reviewer 's decision to reject the bogus manuscript under the
nonsignificant condition was "reasonable." Further examination of the Haase et al. (1982) article
and our own analysis of published research, however, demonstrates that the power of the bogus
study was great enough to detect effect sizes that are typical of research published in JCP, which
was our intention when we designed the bogus study. First, although the median effect size (if) for
all univariate statistical tests, significant and nonsignificant, reported by Haase et al. (1982) was
.083, this index was steadily increasing at a rate of approximately .5% per year, so that the projected
median if– in 1981 (the year our study was completed) would be .13. Importantly, an r)2 of .13
corresponds to an effect size (/) of .39, which Cohen (1977) designates as a large effect. A further
examination of the Haase et al. (1982) data also lends support to our argument. Their analysis
examined the strength of association for 11,044 univariate statistical tests derived from only 701

manuscripts; thus, each manuscript reported an average of more than 15 statistical tests. Since
statistically significant and

Introduction And Formulation Of Problem ( 116 Points )
Part I: Introduction & Formulation of Problem (116 points)
1. What are the researcher(s)' credentials and their institutional affiliation? The article published
2000 by Franklyn W. Dunford, who is Senior Research Associate at The Regents of The University
of Colorado. He is publishing books: Domestic Violence Experience in Omaha, Nebraska, 1986–
1987 (ICPSR 9481), The Omaha domestic violence police experiment 1989. National evaluation of
diversion projects: Executive Summary 1982.Dunford`s experience behavioral science. The article
topic is an assessment of interventions for men assaults their wives. In this article, Author
researched about couple 's behavior for wife abuse. He investigated three different 12–month
involvements for servicemen who had been confirmed as having physically abused their wives were
used and the conclusions inspected. Dunford (2000).
2. How is previous research in the field been reviewed? Previous research programs have been ruled
out as failures for the author, stating there is a "lack of information about how to best treat men who
abuse their wives or cohabitant partners," save for one literature conducted before the Sand Diego
Navy experiment conducted in 1991 used on Marine Corps that found one useful evaluation for an
intervention.
3. What are the purposes of the research? Are they clearly stated? The purpose of the research was
to evaluate experimentally whether or not cognitive–behavioral

An Analysis of Predictive Validity at Colleges Essay
Is NSSE Messy? An Analysis of Predictive Validity David DiRamio and David Shannon Paper
presentation for the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association April 10,
2011 in New Orleans, LA Contact Information: David DiRamio, Ph.D. Associate Professor
Administration of Higher Education 4096 Haley Center Auburn University, AL 36849 Office (334)
844–3065 E–mail: diramio@auburn.edu David Shannon, Ph.D. Professor Educational Psychology
4028 Haley Center Auburn University, AL 36849 Office (334) 844–3071 E–mail:
shanndm@auburn.edu Running Head: Is NSSE Messy? 4‐5‐11 Is NSSE Messy? An Analysis of
Predictive Validity Each year at colleges and universities across the nation, senior administrators
and governance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sample and Method The sample for this study consisted of 1,204 undergraduates who participated
in the NSSE survey as freshmen, from the spring of 2003 through spring of 2006. The setting was a
large, public research university in the southeastern United States. The school is characterized as a
predominately white institution (> 85% majority students) and had at the time the NSSE was
administered, and continues to have, a substantial residential component as part of its campus
environment (more than two–thirds of freshmen lived on campus). Bivariate correlations and
regression analysis were used to determine an overall statistical relationship between NSSE scores
and the two outcomes of interest, time to graduation and GPA (Pedhauzer, 1997). As a follow up,
multivariate analysis (MANOVA) was used to investigate differences in NSSE factor scores and
scale items for students grouped using two criterion. First, students were grouped by whether of not
they had graduated within six years. Six years has become the benchmark used by the U.S.
Department of Education for reporting graduation rates and likely represents the outermost extreme
that is palatable for those in governance positions in higher education. There now exits pressure
from various consistencies and stakeholders for students to graduate from college faster, as
evidenced by the

The Effects Of Physical Exercise On Children
statistical significance with a p–value of 0.16 at 5 minutes, 0.04 at 10 minutes and 0.03 at 20
minutes. It does not; however, show a statistical significance in digit recall with changes from p
=0.10 at a 5 minute exercise break, p=0.48 at a 10 minute exercise break and p=0.18 at a 20 minute
exercise break, and does not show a significant difference between cognitive functioning and
physical activity in children, thus refutes the notion that physical exercise may be affected by
different exercise doses. Findings again differed for Raine et al. (2013) as results showed an
increase in recall of locations on a map on the third day of testing after learning the information
tested via the study only strategy (with free recall and cued recall) and the test study strategy (with
free recall and cued recall) (Fig. 4). Figure 4 shows a significant difference between higher fit
children compared to lower fit children using the four different strategies. The study did show a
decrease in accuracy of the study only strategy tested with cued recall and testing strategy with free
recall compared to the testing strategy with cued recall. Study only with free recall showed a
decrease in accuracy compared to the three previously mentioned.
Additional research has also shown that acute physical activity in children may potentially increase
the P3 amplitude and increase the latency in the brain, most effectively at the central–parietal
region, within 25 minutes when incongruent tasks are

Women's Experience Mortgage Credit
4. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to examine whether women's experience mortgage
credit after the 2008 housing crisis. Origination, denial, and fallout rates were produced from
HMDA data and fallout rates. These rates captured the behavioral performance of lenders during the
loan underwriting process; thus, shedding light on women 's credit experience as compared to men
in the mortgage market. Between gender comparisons, the results reveal good news. The women's
mortgage credit experience is statistically equal to men as measured by mortgage origination, denial
and fallout rates. These findings are consistent with some mortgage gender stud–ies such as Dietrich
and Johannsson [15], Robinson [9], Awoonor–Williams [14]. They are in contrast to other studies,
Woodstock Institute [10] and Cyr [11]. Dietrich and Johannsson [15] study used a multivariate
model, which control for economic factors considered during the underwriting decision. They found
15 of 18 fair lending exams had no statistical gender effect on the decision to deny a mortgage. The
Robinson [9] study found that applications for low–income women were more likely to be
originated than men of similar income. Awoonor–Williams [14] found that being a female
statistically did not increase applicants' denial experience; results were based on Freddie Mac 's
national consumer credit survey and logistic regression analysis. Control–ling for income and loan
type, Diabate [13] found little differences

Functional Braces And Its Effects On The Body
Functional braces reduced the abduction angle in the knee when forces were applied at 0 degrees of
flexion, while prophylactic knee braces had no effect on joint movement. In functional bracing
conditions at a knee flexion of 30 degrees, the abduction angle reduced from 0 percent to 22
percent. When prophylactic braces were applied, there was no change in the angle, suggesting that
there was no effect between the non–braced and prophylactic braces conditions.(4/568) When the
MCL was intact, neither condition of braces had an effect on the ACL load when force was applied.
The MCL load was decreased by functional braces but not by prophylactic braces when force was
applied.(4/570) While the force conditions in this study did not exactly simulate the contact received
during athletic competition, they were accurate representations of the minimal force applied during
these events.(4/569) According to the results, most functional braces are effective at reducing impact
on the MCL and ACL when force is directly applied, while prophylactic braces had little to no effect
on force reduction to the ligaments. Additionally, when force was applied to the ACL, the load
increased significantly above the force levels found in a functional brace or non–braced condition.
This suggests that prophylactic braces might actually contribute to knee injuries when force is
applied to the ACL, but further research is need to prove that hypothesis.(4/569)
Furthermore, Grace et al. found that

Quantitative Research. Methodology. A Structured...
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Methodology A structured questionnaire was prepared using
Qualtrics as it was inexpensive, convenient and efficient way of collecting large and varied amount
of information from the target audience related to the accommodation needs of an international
student. The questions were related to the research objectives. The target audience were
undergraduate and graduate students of NYIT. The survey was distributed using various NYIT
groups on social media. The total number of respondents was 96 out of which 53 were male, 49
were females and 4 others. Each question on the survey was verified to be answered correctly and
completely. The statistical method used to analyze the data was obtained through SPSS statistical ...
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We kept Gender as factor and campus as the dependent list. Fig.3 Correlation Analysis According to
SPSS, off campus and on campus accommodation is negatively related and the 2–tail significance
value is highly significant as the P value (.000) is less than .05. This states that students who want to
stay off campus would not stay on campus while students who prefer on campus would not stay off
campus. The co–relation between students who do not have any preference for accommodation and
on campus is positively co–related as the significance value is less than .05. (p=0.016) This states
that students who prefer to stay on campus don't have a preference for their accommodation as they
are positively correlated. People who prefer to stay in Manhattan would not prefer staying in New
Jersey while those who prefer to stay in New Jersey would not stay in Manhattan as there is a
negative correlation between them and the P value is less than 0.05 which states that it is
significantly correlated. (p=0.009) The co–relation between students who prefer to stay in New
Jersey and people who would want to have an off–campus accommodation portal on NYIT website
is positive and is significant as the P value is less than .05. (p=0.025) This states that people who
live in New Jersey would want to have an accommodation portal. Academic level and rent is
negatively co–related and the significant value is less than .05. (p=0.010) This

Essay On Mental Health Promotion
systemic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in
low and middle income countries (2013) appropriately address various areas of explorations related
to therapeutic techniques that are best suited for low and middle income countries' populations.
Thus, a strength of the article is that Margaret et al., provides numerous, supporting techniques that
can be utilized for children and youth. In explaining most of the techniques, the audience would
most likely be able to practice them, being they are so detailed. For example, the specific age range,
length of intervention, implementation issues, study design, and the outcomes are all provided.
Though there is not an outline of what is specifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the study did not include a treatment outcome measure that was checked for reliability,
meaning there was not a list of numeric values to measure the reliability. The study also lacked a
reliability measure, a test of statistical significance, and there was no percentage related to the
follow–up. Though there were 20 miniature studies within this one, and it was mentioned that there
were follow ups for a few of the interventions, there was not a number stated as to how many
participants actually followed up or what the follow up entailed.
There were not any statistically significant numbers provided for proof, though it was stated that
varying therapeutic techniques were found to be statistically significant. Lacking the statistically
significant numbers is considered a weakness, because it does not provide support or evidence of
how significant or even if the study was significant. In a quantitative study, it is important to take
note of the statistical significance. Without seeing the actual significance value, there is no proof as
to whether or not the study was actually significant.
A strength of implementing the QSRF model is that it seeks out basic information. Meaning, when I
am evaluating the article, I am simply making note of whether or not the study contains basic
elements for it to be considered a

The Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use
The recruitment of participants shall come from the University aged population, 18–26. This aged
will be chosen because they are living in an environment with a prevalence of technological
apparatuses, and they are more likely to be engaged in the pursuit of further education at a post–
secondary institution. In light of this, we will seek to gain a representative sample of this population.
With this is mind, we will seek to gain participants through traditional and contemporary
advertising, this includes asking for participants through print media, through email, and by phone,
the entire process being randomized. The intent is to acquire a random sample that represents the
population, both in demographic/socioeconomic terms and in terms ... Show more content on
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For example, participants shall be provided with a series of unrelated words, to review for a specific
time period, and then asked to write down as many as they can remember. Tests like these have
good test–retest reliability (Ma et al. 2017, 2). Also, it appears to measure working–memory.
Turning now to social media, social media shall be operationalized as a user–oriented platform, for
the purpose of this experiment we will be going to focus on the aforementioned popular social
media platforms, but including time spent on social media outside of this domain. Suffice it to say,
that if it looks like social media, it probably is.
Finally, social media use will be determined by the random assignment of the participants to one of
the three conditions. In order to provide accurate conditions, participants shall fist complete a
questionnaire pertaining to their social media use, from this data we will take the average and make
our manipulations from it. For example, if it is found that the average time spent on social media is
two hours, we will have a low social media condition of one hour or less, and a high social media
condition of three hours or more, the intent is to ensure our manipulations are realistic and large
enough to determine if there is an effect. This questionnaire will be tested before the
commencement of the study to ensure it has reliable test–retest reliability. Besides this,

Synapsin Staining Report
Discussion
Based on the results of this experiment, it can be stated that there was no correlation between
serotonin and synapsin staining in both Camponotus floridanus and Pogonomyrmex badius. The
quality of synapsin and serotonin staining varied among all the individuals in the lab, some
individuals would get good quality stains, while others get subpar stains. This would be due to many
factors such as, amount of time spent in blocking solution, fixative, and both primary and secondary
antibodies, dehydrating the brains for too long. The initial hypothesis was that there would be a
large trace of serotonin and synapsin staining in the mushroom bodies and optic lobes of both ant
species as both areas of the brain are critical to their survival, with respect to olfactory sensitivity
and visual processing (Heisenberg 1998; Holldobler 1976). But, the quality and trace of serotonin
and synapsin staining was not significant across almost all of the brain samples. This signifies that
samples were affected by an outside source, thus causing less than desirable staining results.
The optic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1964). There was a statistically significant effect of time spent in the blocking solution and the
fixative and staining quality. In future experiments, the time samples are placed in blocking solution
and fixative should be monitored more closely and left for a sufficient amount of time to get better
and more accurate results, concerning staining quality. On the contrary, there was a positive
correlation between the amount of time the samples were left in the antibody solutions and staining
results. The longer the samples were left in the antibody solution, the better the staining results were
as attested by the statistical

Femoral Fixation Procedure
Introduction: Anatomic double–bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction provides
excellent results for restoring normal kinematics to the knee. Nevertheless, strong evidence
supporting an ideal method for fixation of the ACL graft is lacking. Objectives: A Comparison of 2
Femoral Fixation Procedures between Intratunnel femoral fixation of the ACL graft via a cross–pin
fixation technique and extratunnel femoral fixation with cortical buttons. Methods: Seventy patients
with a unilateral ACL–deficient knee were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 femoral fixation groups.
Group A (35 patients) was fixed with 2 bioabsorbable Rigidfix pins, 1 cross–pin per bundle, while
group B (35 patients) was secured with 1 EndoButton cortical button per

Outcome Data Will Be Analyzed For Any Subjects That Drop...
Outcome data will be analyzed using intention to treat analysis to account for any subjects that drop
out during the course of study. Outcome measures of pain using NRS–11 and jaw ROM using the
TheraBite ROM Scale will be assessed at baseline, immediately after the 2–week intervention, and
at 2 week, 4 week, 6 week, and 8 week follow up periods. Although NRS–11 pain measures are
technically classified as ordinal measures, most studies using NRS–11 as an outcome measure
utilize parametric tests and consider the measures as interval or ratio data rather than ordinal
measures.27 Therefore, assuming homogenous variance and a normal distribution, a parametric 2–
tailed mixed–ANCOVA will be used as the primary statistical analysis. Prior to ... Show more
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The ANCOVA will control for initial pretest differences by equating the two groups based on
covariate scores and adjusting the posttest scores of pain and ROM appropriately. Once these
posttest scores are determined, the adjusted posttest scores will be analyzed to see if there was a
difference between groups. A significance level of α = 0.05 will be chosen to minimize the chance
of a Type I error.
If a significant difference is found, Tukey's test will be run as a post hoc test to see at which period
in time the significant difference occurred. If data is not found to be normal or the variance is not
homogenous, then a nonparametric 2–tailed Friedman's ANOVA by ranks and a 2–tailed Kruskal–
Wallis ANOVA by ranks will be run instead with the same significance level.
Sample size is estimated a priori based on a previous study analyzing the short–term effects of
hypnosis on oral function and pain in subjects with TMD.33 Pain is chosen as the priority primary
outcome measure in comparison to the other primary outcome measure, jaw ROM, as many TMD
patients struggle with chronic pain, which diminishes their quality of life. Therefore, the posttest
NRS–11 mean pain scores and standard deviations for the control (X1=3.9 and s1=1.5) and
hypnosis group (X2=2.9 and s2=2.4)33 were utilized to first calculate effect size, d (Equation A.1).
Because the standard deviations, s, were different between the two groups,

“Motivation To Read: How Does It Change For Struggling
"Motivation to Read: How Does It Change for Struggling Readers with and Without Disabilities"
Description
A study by Melekoglu and Wilkerson (2013), examines reading instruction and its impact on
reading motivation of struggling readers with and without disabilities. The study is one of several on
which Melekoglu and Wilkerson have collaborated ("Kimber Wilkerson," 2017). Both researchers
are university professors with extensive writing experience. Melekoglu has published thirteen
journal articles ("Macid A. Melekoglu," 2017) and Wilkerson has published twelve ("Kimber
Wilkerson," 2017). The objective of the 2013 peer–reviewed study, published in the International
Journal of Instruction, was to determine if reading motivation, as ... Show more content on
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The student subjects were in specific classrooms chosen by the schools' administrations to receive
daily instruction with the reading program.
The survey tool utilized for the study was the Adolescent Motivation to Read Survey (AMRS),
which consisted of 20 questions to assess the reader's self–concept in regards to reading and the
value the reader places on reading. Responses were given on a four–point scale and the survey took
about ten minutes for the students to complete. The survey was administered pre– and post–study.
The authors note evidence for the reliability of the survey instrument and for correct administration
of the survey.
One sample t–tests were used to evaluate the survey results. The t–tests results indicated significant
changes in reading motivations among subjects in certain areas. The scores of students without
disabilities in the Self–Concept portion of the survey significantly increased during the study and
showed statistical significance. Students without disabilities also showed an increase in scores in the
Value of Reading scores, but the difference was not statistically significant. Students with
disabilities showed a decline in reading motivation, but the differences were not significant. The
Full Survey scores for struggling readers without disabilities also increased slightly, but the
improvement was not statistically significant.

Preliminary Bias And The Wason 2-4-6 Paradigm
In this experiment, we will investigate whether previous participation in a confirmation bias
experiment plus full knowledge of confirmation bias and the Wason 2–4–6 paradigm will lead to a
higher initial success rate with future testing. A confirmation bias usually occurs when participants
are trying to confirm their beliefs during an experiment. During these experiments, participants
results varied between confirmatory and disconfirmatory. The Tukey HSD that was performed for
the experiments showed some significance in certain areas. For instance, there was a statistical
significance for the total number of guesses between rule one and rule three. More simply, in the
first experiment the results showed participants used confirmatory method more for rule one than
rule three. For the second experiment participants had more knowledge about the experiment, so
their use of the confirmatory method decreased. However, in the second experiment participants
used disconfirmatory more for rule three than they did in rule one. Furthermore, all the experiments
were similar, because participants had to guess a rule based off a three–number sequence.
Additionally, there was a significant interaction between all the rules. According to the results, rule
one and three had a statistical significance for the total number of guesses. More simply, participants
in the first experiment made less guesses than participants in the second experiment. Additionally,
there was a significance for the

Specific Comments:. On The First Page Of The Introduction,
Specific comments: On the first page of the introduction, line 23, the authors state: Yung et al.
(2014) developed a distinctive dose using anterior–to–posterior pressures (AP) of the cervical spine
that resulted in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR), My reading of this
article suggests that the only significant differences were in HR which the authors suggest in their
comments was the rationale for the use of BP in their power calculation. Response: We deleted the
phrase "systolic blood pressure (SBP)," and have revised the statement so that it now reads: "...using
anterior–to–posterior pressures (AP) of the cervical spine that resulted in a reduction in heart rate
(HR),..." Line 44, the authors cite Egwu 2009 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This does not appear to be consistent with the analysis. Unless I 'm misinterpreting, the results
indicate that there was a difference between the two groups at that time point, not that each had a
significant difference from the baseline. If this is the case, the conclusion should also to be adjusted
accordingly. Response: We are sorry not to make it clear in the manuscript. While the reviewer's
interpretation was correct, we tried to explain how the significant interaction effect was driven. As
shown in Table 2 from the submitted manuscript, while there was no significant difference between
PA–P and PA in outcomes, the p–value (0.0105) obtained from ANOVA test tells us that an
interaction term between group and time in regard to SBP was significant. To explain better and to
identify where this was driven, we followed up with the post–hoc tests. In detail, this table shows
that averaged SBP regardless the groups (PA or PA–P) was significantly reduced from Baseline to
During–Time (p–value=0.0008) as well as to Post–Time (p–value=0.0267). On the other hand, the
significance of the interaction,

Design And Procedures Essay
Research Design and Procedures
In order to conduct the study I used an observational method with 60 observations. These 60
subjects were split into two groups, 30 women socializing in mixed gender groups and 30 women
socializing in same gender groups. These 30 individuals were in their late 20's to early 30's. Each
group of 30 individuals were Caucasian. These 60 independent samples were chosen at random in
local bars over the course of two months. Each participant signed an informed consent about the
study. I also debriefed the crowd so they knew exactly what was going to happen. The participants
were observed for 15–20 minutes and I counted the number of times a particular female in the group
smiled or laughed. I used opportunity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The null hypothesis is the two means are equal. The alternative hypothesis is the mean of the same
gender is less than the mean of the mixed gender (a left tailed test). The significance level for this
test was .05. Using SPSS an independent t–test was conducted.
Results
The SPSS analysis provided a mixed gender group setting mean of 46 smiles with a standard
deviation of 12. The same gender group setting produced a mean of 18 smiles and a standard
deviation of 7. The descriptive statistics measured a nearly 4 times increase in the mean number of
smiles and laughter in the mixed gender compared to the same gender groups.
The independent t–test results provided a p–value equal to zero and therefore less than the
significance level of .05. Dividing this in half for a right tail test still indicated a very strong support
to reject the null hypothesis. Further support for rejecting the null hypothesis is provided by the
confidence interval test, as it does not contain zero, 0. These results can be interpreted as follows: at
the 5% significance level, the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean count of
smiles and laughter of women in same gender groups to be less than in mixed gender groups.
Discussion
My research question that was used to conduct the study is, would opposite gender have an affect on
the frequencies of smile and laughter displayed

Dynamic Influences Of Culture On Cooperation
According to Dynamic influences of culture on cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma (2005) by
Wong & Hong, cultural symbols affect people's behavior in specific situational contexts. In order to
substantiate this hypothesis, the authors used a three by two between–subjects method, with one
hundred and seventy–one participants. In the study, the independent variable was icons, either from
American, Chinese, or neutral backgrounds. Additionally, the three dependent variables studied
were cooperation versus defect, expectation of cooperation, and motivation to maximize join
outcome (Wong & Hong, 430). Furthermore, the measures of cultural priming were measured by
exposing participants to seven slides of Chinese cultural icons, such as a Chinese dragon, American
cultural icons, such as the American flag, or neutral primes, such as geometry. The participants were
assigned randomly to the prime conditions and the procedure for each primes required participants
to answered questions related to the prime they were assigned to, such as naming the objects or
describing the ideas represented. According to the authors, research has shown that these procedures
elicit the cultural knowledge systems among individuals that were needed in this study. After
introducing the cultural primes, the study asked the participants to play a strategy game, where
outcomes depended on strategies chosen by the participant, and resulted in points gained or lost.
However, different strategies yielded

Pdap Pain Control Study
TREATMENT – LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Level of evidence 1 treatment studies correspond to
randomized–controlled trials. We could find only 4 RCT that investigated treatment outcomes in
PDAP patients (34) (71) (72) (73). In two of these studies PDAP correspond only to a portion of a
greater population (persistent idiopathic facial pain) (71) (72). Due to the unknown relation between
these two conditions we will not discuss these experiments. Only 2 RCT's are left, both reaching 4/5
points in the Jadad scale (low risk of BIAS, good quality). List et al., demonstrated the efficacy of
local anesthetic injections (lidocaine) over placebo (saline injection) in reducing PDAP pain.
However, average pain reduction was less than 50% and it was limited in time, as after 24 hours
VAS scores returned in the usual range (34). We can extrapolate that local anesthetic injections
would not represent a useful treatment strategy in PDAP patients. Pain reduction is mild and the
effect is limited in time, thus requiring frequent injections with elevated economic and time costs,
patient's dependance on the health care provider and consequent reduction of pain coping skills.
Baad–Hansen et al., in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the treatments that are frequently used to treat PDAP, such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline
and gabapentin have never been tested in an experimental trial for this condition. Following the
SORT criteria, Bosch–Aranda et al., concluded that all pharmacological and alternative treatments
currently used for PDAP treatment reach a level C recommendation (poor) because of lack or
inconsistence of data (57). Nixdorf et al., claim that "this scant of data is unacceptable and difficult
to admit" (29). Research lacks are also reflected in the clinical field as most of PDAP patients have a
poor

Assignment 2: Statistical Methods In Healthcare
Statistical Methods in Healthcare Assignment #7 15 points Answer the following questions in
narrative format: 1. Discuss when it is appropriate to use the paired t–test and the Wilcoxon
matched–pairs signed–rank test. (2 points) The paired t–test is a parameter test that compares the
means between two correlated pair groups. The paired t–test is used when two measures of the same
interest are taken on the same participant at two different points in time. This participant is serving
as their own control. The paired t–test can also be used when there are two measurements of the
same interest that is measured at the same time, where one person has received the characteristic of
interest and one person who has not received the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data that is required for the Wilcoxon test should be two measures of the same characteristic of
interest taken on a participant and matched control. The data should be two measures of the same
interest taken on the same participant at two different points in time. Interval or ratio scale can be
used. The sample size should be small and at least five pairs of measurements. 3. Detail the steps in
computing the Paired t–test with a brief discussion specific to the important aspects of each step. (6
points) According to Kellar and Kelvin (2013), "There are six steps in computing the paired t–test",
(p. 131–136). The first step is stating the null and alternative hypotheses. The null Hypotheses states
that there will be no difference in the pretest and posttest characteristic of interest. In the alternative
hypotheses, the posttest characteristic of interest will be different from the mean pretest
characteristic of interest. The second step is defining the significance level, determining the degrees
of freedom and finding the critical value. The a–level shows that for a result to be statistically
significant, it cannot occur more than the a–level percentage of time by chance. The critical value
can be obtained by using the t–test table. The degrees of freedom is located down the row of the t–
table. The critical value result is the point where the a–level and degrees of

Testing the Difference Between the Respondents Demographic...
Testing the difference between the respondents demographic groups As mentioned in chapter 4:
table 4–3, there was a very different between the number of respondents within some demographic
groups, e.g. the gender groups compromised 185 males and 25 females and similarly, the academic
background groups compromised 3 high school, 185 graduate and 85 postgraduate holders.
Therefore, generalising the results of testing the difference between the means of these groups may
be invalid and meaningfulness. However, it could give general indicators about the opinion of each
group regarding the performing the SECI and innovation processes within the Egyptian banks.
In this term, there are two methods to test the difference means between groups ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the other hand, the One–way ANOVA test is used to test whether three or more groups means are
different. This test is suitable for testing the means difference between the years of experience
groups (≤ 5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20 and >20yrs), between the academic background groups (high
school, graduate and postgraduate) and between the job title groups (junior, senior, head of
department, auditor, vice manager and manager)
Independent t–test results
The t–test can be used to test whether two groups are different. The independent t–test is used when
there are two experimental conditions (e.g. male and female or public and private banks) and
different participates have been used in each condition (e.g. SECI and innovation processes).
Independent t–test table yielded by PASW normally mentions two rows for the test statistics: one
row is labelled Equal variance assumed, while the other is labelled Equal variances not assumed.
Which row is considered is based on the significant of Levene's test for Equality of Variances.
Therefore, if the Levene's test is significant, the Equal variances not assumed row will be used for
the t–test. The significant of this difference is based on the significant of the t–test. That is, if this
test is significant, it could be included that the difference between the means of these

Pressure Ulcer Prevalence In Hospitals
Pressure ulcer prevalence in the hospitals are remains a major problem in healthcare. Any patients
can develop pressure ulcers. But there are increased chances of occurrence in the bedsores patients
who are seriously ill or unable to move. Intensive care units (ICUs) patients has excessive chances
of pressure sores. Several measures have been applied to reduce the incidence of pressure sores.
One of the method tried is a Pressure ulcer prevention bundle. And this study is to evaluate the
bundle compliance rate, and the effectiveness of implementation strategies with in the ICU.
Background of the study Background of study including problem, significance to nursing, purpose,
objective, and research questions is thorough with substantial relevant ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Patients who admitted in the general ICU mainly suffer from serious illnesses or injuries. The ICU
has around 60 RN's and 24–bed capacity. Patients care completely provided by RNs. They used
snap shot sampling method and the study population was all the RNs from the ICU who met the
inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were RNs who were present at the first point in the data
collection period, who worked one or more shifts during the intervention implementation periods,
who provided direct PU prevention care, and who agreed to participate. Data extraction form
designed by the research team and data collected on three levels. 1) prevention bundle check list–
which is based on pressure ulcer prevention bundle with yes (1) or no (0) questions. The instrument
has 30 items and 6 elements of the prevention bundle. The total score for this is 30 and higher score
represents higher compliance to the PUPB and vice versa. Second level 2). Self–evaluation by RNs–
The tool included 4 elements. RNs' demographic details, six items addressing RNs perceptions of
their compliance to the bundle. First 5 items related to acceptance and satisfaction in general this
include education and training. Satisfaction was rated on a four point Likert scale (one strongly
disagree to four strongly agree). The percentage of RNs' compliance to the bundle,

Correlation Between White Males And Females
3.7. One–Sample t–Test Fallout Rate To determine if there was a difference in fallout rates between
white males and females by race as well as other nonwhite males, a set of one–sample t–tests was
used. Table 6 presents a comparison of white males to females by race and nonwhite males. For
females, the test indicated that the white males' (20.28) fallout rate was sig–nificantly lower than
fallout rates for Black females (M = 21.84, SD = 0.85), t(4) = 4.12, p =.015, d = 0.82 and
significantly greater white females (M = 18.87, SD = .075), t(4) =–4.19, p = .014, d = –.84, but was
not signifi–cantly different from Hispanic females (M = 21.28, SD = 1.23), t(4) = 1.82, p = .143, d =
0.36; Native American females (M = 22.56, SD = 3.74), t(4) = 1.37, p = .244, d = 0.27; and Asian
females (M = 21, SD = 1.22), t(4) = 1.32, p = .258, d = 0.26. For males, the test indicated that white
males' fallout rate was significantly less than fallout rates for Black males (M = 22.86, SD = .099),
t(4) = 5.85, p =.004, d = 1.17; Hispanic males (M = 22.25, SD = 1.14), t(4) = 3.86, p = .018, d =
0.77; but was not significantly different from Native American males (M = 24.16, SD = 3.99), t(4) =
2.18, p = .095, d = 0.44 and Asian males (M = 21.57, SD = 1.30), t(4) = 2.21 p =.091, d = 0.44. 4.
Conclusion The purpose of this study was to examine whether women's experience mortgage credit
after the 2008 housing crisis. Origination, denial, and fallout rates were produced from HMDA data
and fallout

Case Study On Psoriasis Vulgaris
Background: Psoriasis Vulgaris is the commonest encountered type of psoriasis and it accounts for
approximately 90% of cases. It occurs worldwide and has been on an increased trend in last decade.
According to the World Health Organization report 2016 the prevalence of psoriasis in countries
range between 0.09% and 11.43%. This shows that the disease is a global threat and approximately
120 millions of people suffer from psoriasis. The disease has been shown to have a complex genetic
predisposition with an inheritance pattern. Besides genetics, multiple environmental risk factors
have been implicated in the psoriasis disease process. Trauma, stress, seasonal variations, infections,
drugs, alcohol, smoking and sunlight are the environmental ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In Dalian, there were 26 patients who were retired and there was significant association (MD: 24, CI
95%, X²= 7.21, p= 0.0015)
Association of onset of psoriasis according to marital status: In Mauritius out of the 50 patients,
there were significance between these factors (CI 95% X²=2.32, p=0.001). In Dalian, there were 26
patients who were retired and there was significant association (CI 95%, X²= 5.21, p= 0.0013) d)
Duration of skin complaints according to gender and marital status:
In Mauritius, out of the 50 patients, 30 were males and skin duration was on average 11 years (MD:
11.2, SD: 10.4). The 5 year duration 27% were male and 10 year duration 23% were male and there
was association between skin duration and gender( CI 95%, X²= 0.64,p=0.0002). In Dalian, the skin
duration was on average 10 years (MD: 10.1, SD: 10). The 5 year duration 33% were male and 10
year duration 53% were female and there was association between skin duration and gender( CI
95%, X²= 2.54,p=0.00015).
e) Progression of psoriasis vulgaris according to exacerbation and

PSY 520 Short Paper 1: Statistical Significance
Angela Mitchell
SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIVERSITY
PSY 520 Short Paper 1
Research results tell us information about data that has been collected. Within the data results, the
author states the results are statistically significant, meaning that there is a relationship within either
a positive and negative correlation. The M (Mean) of the data tells the average value of the results.
The (SD) Standard Deviation is the variability of a set of data around the mean value in a
distribution (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2013). Data that is statistically significant helps us to understand
whether there is a relationship within the null hypothesis. T statistical significant results showed that
the participants who consumed caffeine performed worse than participants who did not was less
than 5% (p < .05). This means for the author to determine whether a test is significant it must be less
than .05, which is the significance level. The P value (probability value) is defined as the probability
of obtaining a result equal to or "more extreme" than what was observed (Wikipedia). A p–value
helps determine the significance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing allows the p–value that represents the probability showing that results are unlikely to occur
by chance. A p–value of 5% or lower is statistically significant. The p value helps in minimizing
Type I or Type II errors in the dataset that can often occur when the p value is more than the
significance level. The p value can help in stopping the positive and negative correlation between
the dataset to reject the null hypothesis and to determine if there is statistical significance in the
hypothesis. Understanding the p value is very important in helping researchers to determine the
significance of the effect of their experiment and variables for other researchers

Placebo Controlled Trials Have Ethical Issues Inherent
Placebo–controlled trials have ethical issues inherent to their design. The central point is having a
control group that is ethically problematic for two reasons:
The placebo group's therapy is withheld in order to reduce bias and eliminate the chance of false
improvements due to the placebo effect (up to 30% of placebo reactors).
The complexity of this aspect depends on the availability of standard treatments, severity and
prognosis for the disease, length of the planned study and the study design itself.
Placebo controls are by definition blind with respect to the patient. The fact that the patient will not
know if and how exactly is he being treated is a problem of its own.
The second problem is very difficult to address and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
developed rabies), the therapy is toxic or very unpleasant (cancer non–surgical therapy) and it is
often rejected by the patients or if the disease is unpleasant for the patients more than endangering
(primarily cosmetic conditions like alopecia). Placebo–controlled design is almost never an option
when dealing with emergency conditions that endanger the subject directly (myocardial infarction,
trauma) and a safe and efficient treatment already exists.
There are quite a few modifications available to minimize the risk the trial subjects are exposed to
concerning the withheld therapy. Each instance is available for dealing with a certain problem but
requires extra resources, management effort or introduces some other potential downside.
Reducing the period without therapy
Although the drug in question can be yet insufficiently researched, the disease it potentially treats is
usually very well–known and its course understood. Information revolution enabled us to use
statistics on large samples and multitude of studies to get reliable information on the probabilities of
certain events and disease progression. For those diseases where we can claim with sufficient
certainty that short periods without therapy will not significantly harm the subject's health, the study
can be designed to keep the placebo trial period short. This limits the quality of the obtained data
only to the initial short–term

Literature Review And Appraisal 'Breastfeeding'
Wendy Smith
Literature Review and Appraisal of Evidence
Weber State University
Literature Review and Appraisal of Evidence
PICO Question: For pregnant women considering breastfeeding (P), does a prenatal breastfeeding
course (I), as compared to not attending a prenatal breastfeeding course (C) affect the length of
exclusive and successful breastfeeding (O)?
Part I: Identification of Research Evidence
Article #1:
Shu–Shan, L., Li–Yin, C., Chen–Jei, T., & Ching–Fang, L. (2008). Effectiveness of a prenatal
education programme on breastfeeding outcomes in Taiwan. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 17(3),
296–303.
Article #2:
Keresztes, C., & Schmidt, M. (2012). Prenatal breastfeeding class evaluation. Kingston, Ontario:
Kingston, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Statistical Product and Service Solutions for Windows (SPSS) 12.0 software package and SAS 8.0
software. SPSS 12.0 was used for all statistical analysis except linear regression which used SAS
8.0.
Article #2
Component
Appraisal Comments
Author & Publication Year
Keresztes, C., & Schmidt, M. (2012)
Purpose and Research Question
Determine whether a prenatal breastfeeding workshop increased breastfeeding self–efficacy and
exclusive breastfeeding in expectant mothers.
Research Design
Quasi–experimental design, one group pre–test and post–test design
Sample (describe)
162 mothers and 100 partners or coaches from 22 breastfeeding classes held over a one–year period
Setting (describe
Breastfeeding education course and at home over the phone
Human Rights Protection

IRB standards were met – Participants were asked to sign consent form at the beginning of the class
indicating their willingness to participate in the evaluation. All participants were given a card to
mail in if they did not want to be contacted for the follow–up telephone calls.
Results
In completing post–class questionnaires, participants scored significantly higher for breastfeeding
knowledge, rated breastfeeding as significantly more important, and cited significantly higher
confidence levels in breastfeeding than in pre–class questionnaires. In the 6–week postpartum
interview, 70 of the original 153 mothers were interviewed. 91% were

The Ongoing Tyranny Of Statistical Significance Testing
Article by Stang, Poole and Kuss (2010) titled "The ongoing tyranny of statistical significance
testing in biomedical research" describe common misuses and interpretation of statistical
significance testing (SST). The authors point out fallacy understanding in interpretive the p–value
and how it often mixed in measuring effect size and its precision. This misconception then they
assert may impede scientific progress and furthermore become unintended harmful treatment. They
also proposed an important way out of the significance fallacies in this article. Therefore, in this
article review, all the finding that made by the authors will be summarized and review of it will be
drawn based on other references.
1. Statistical Significance Test (SST) and P–value
Stang, Poole and Kuss explain, in SST, P–value is an important part to decide the null hypothesis.
The SST itself, they explain is analytical approach that developed based on two prominent
statisticians, Fisher and the Neyman–Pearson. However, in present practical, SST is incompatible
amalgamation of those two theories. In Fisher theory, P value represents the strength of evidence
against the null hypothesis: the lower the P–value, the stronger the evidence. In this theory, they
criticize lake of alternative hypothesis and concept of statistical power. In contrast Neyman and
Person theory included the alternative for the null hypothesis, type I and II error and theoretical of
effect size. This hybrid method leads to

Using Secondary Scales, Reliable And Valid
Through factor analysis, we were able to conclude that our scales were reliable and valid. By using
secondary scales from known academic sources, we knew that they had been vetted by academics,
academic councils, and other groups and/or organizations. Since those scales had been scrutinized
and analyzed before, this reduced possible error on our end and reduced analytical time. When
incorporating those scales into our research, we found that only two scales were dropped and just a
few response items were dropped. After performing a factor analysis, the remaining scales were
deemed reliable and valid. Being able to create the survey in a timely fashion due to the quick
analysis of the scales allowed us to quickly and efficiently meet our first objective of acquiring data
from women ages 18 and older who shop for their household, in relation to the variables associated
with purchasing products. The ANOVA test ran for income, ethnicity, and age identified the
following: there were no significant differences for the income ANOVA; ethnicity had a significant
difference for the fairness dependent variable with a significance level of .036; the age ANOVA test
showed that there were significant differences for shopping enjoyment at a significance level of .036
and price quality at .011. Through our Tukey test, we found the differences for age were from
shopping enjoyment age selections "ages 22–35" and "ages 36–50", both with a significance level of
.045. The post hoc analysis also

Relationship Between Social Networks And The Risk For Falls
The purpose of the current study on the community–dwelling older adults living in the south–central
Minnesota was to determine the relationship between social networks and the risk for falls. This
study had not only explored the absence or presence of different types of social networks, but also
assessed the impact of the size of social networks, frequency of contact, and closeness with social
networks on the risk for falls among community–dwelling older adults. The aim of this chapter is to
provide summary and conclusion, and offer recommendations based on the findings of the present
study for the future researcher.
Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social networks and the risk for
falls among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tools were used to collect data on demographics, risk for falls, and social networks measure.
The demographics tool was used to describe the characteristics of the participants. The data from the
demographics was not used for any statistical analysis to measure the relationship between the
variables. The FRQ tool helped to measure the dependent variable of the study; the risk for falls
among community–dwelling older adults. Lastly, the LSNS tool was used to measure the
independent variable of the study; social networks.
In this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between social networks and risk for
falls. Similarly, the relationship between different type of social networks and the risk for falls were
not different from each other and had no statistical significance. In contrast, there was statistically
significant difference on the total score of the LSNS between the community–dwelling older adults
who were at risk for falls and not at risk for falls. The mean score of the older adults who were at
risk were lower than the older adults who were not at risk for falls. This result was different than
previous two studies, which found no statistically significant relationship between the risk for falls
and the total score on the social support (Guzman et al., 20013; Huang et al., 2003). Therefore, the
participants in the current study showed that the older adults who are at risk for falls are at higher
risk for social isolation

Traumatic Shoulder Dislocations
GROUP 1 Article Review
QUESTION
Does arthroscopic treatment of shoulder dislocations result in lower dislocation recurrence rate than
non–operative rehabilitation?
CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE
Arthroscopic Bankart repair of first–time anterior shoulder dislocations significantly reduces the
recurrence rate of shoulder dislocations in young athletes when compared to traditional non–
operative rehabilitation. SUMMARY OF KEY EVIDENCE (Study Design, Sample,
Intervention/Methods, Outcome Measures, Results)
Study Design – Patients who underwent a traumatic shoulder dislocation were randomized into an
operated and non–operated group. Patients were then followed for a minimum of 24 and maximum
of 56 months to determine whether a subsequent dislocation or constant instability was experienced.
Sample – 24 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the time at which follow–up occurred was highly variable (subjects were essentially followed
until they suffered a subsequent dislocation), which resulted in a 'self–fulfilling prophecy' type of
situation. The study also doesn't state whether the same physical therapist supervised each patient's
rehab, and it would be helpful to have a more specific outline of the rehab program as well.
Furthermore, the activity level of each patient during the rehab program seemingly wasn't
controlled, and so it's not far–fetched to believe that the non–op patients were more active with
using their shoulder outside of rehab, which could have resulted in their higher rate of dislocations.
And lastly, individual perception of what constitutes 'best' treatment (i.e. some may believe that
surgery is a better form of treatment than no surgery) may have affected motivation during rehab
and led to an eventual increased rate of dislocation.
OTHER ELEMENTS
The paper contained no figures or charts to help better comprehend the results and to make it more
visually appealing.

Testing Statistical Significance
Testing statistical significance is an excellent way to identify probably relevance between a total
data set mean/sigma and a smaller sample data set mean/sigma, otherwise known as a population
mean/sigma and sample data set mean/sigma. This classification of testing is also very useful in
proving probable relevance between data samples. Although testing statistical significance is not a
100% fool proof, if testing to the 95% probability on two data sets the statistical probability is .25%
chance that the results of the two samplings was due to chance. When testing at this level of
probability and with a data set size that is big enough, a level of certainty can be created to help
determine if further investigation is warranted. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References
Brussee, Warren (2004) Statistics for Six Sigma Made Easy, Publisher: McGraw–Hill. ISBN:
9780071433853
–––––––––––––––––––––––
N =
1.96 * s2
.6 * s
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.6 * 2.295
N =
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t =
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42.142856 + 52.571432
+ 8 * 6.571429
16
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t =
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+ 8 * 6.571429
16
.25
t =
.875
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+ 8 * 6.571429
t =
.875
1.479911
+ 8 * 6.571429
t =
.875
1.216516
+ 8 * 6.571429
t =
0.719267
+ 8 *

Evaluation Of A Treatment With Suspension Therapy Post...
The statistical data was treated to show the mean and the standard deviation (SD). Student t–test
was then applied to examine the significance of the treatment of each group. No significance was
observed when comparing the pretreatment mean values of the two groups showing high values in
the stability indices and indicating all participants had balance problems. When comparing the mean
and the SD each group pre and post treatment, both groups showed improvement (reduction in
values) and statistically significance in all stability indices: O SI 1.122 ± 0.153 pre, 0.718 ± 0.089
post, AP SI 0.899± 0.258 pre and 0.427 ± 0.057 post and ML SI 1.043± 0.110 pre and 0.711 ± 0.103
for group # 1 WBV; the group # 2 suspension was at followed: O SI ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Strengths of this trial included the randomization of participants into equal groups, use of parametric
tests, use of non– investigator testers, use of the Biodex Stability System identified as an effective
assessment to stimulate the use of dynamic conditions and detect the presence of balance disorders
(Revel, Mingret, & Ergory, 1994), assent from children participants along with consent from
parents, and the use of a test session to limit participants' apprehension toward the vibration and the
suspension treatment. Trial limitations were small sample size, use of convenience sample;
participants coming from the same source, lack of definition of "frequent falling" and the use in the
inclusion criteria of a balance test geared mostly to the elderly.
Although both groups improved postural stability, balance, and coordination of the body, based on
the results, suspension therapy also appears to facilitate vestibular responses by stimulating the
otolith organs positively affecting the vestibule – ocular and vestibule – spinal reflexes acting on the
head and extremities to maintain posture (Rine, 2007), showing WBV to be less effective in children
with hemiparetic CP when comparing it with suspension therapy.
Ruck, J., Chabot, G., & Rauch, F. (2010) executed a six month randomized controlled study
comparing children receiving school physical therapy (PT) services and children getting the same
program plus whole body vibration (WBV).

Effect Of Integrated Intervention On Pregnancy Outcomes
Preamble
The article has a first glimpse strength in terms of published medium. The journal Obstet Gynecol.
has an impact factor of 4.368, which is generally considered good and reliable. That said, if the
research and scientific findings were of great significance then the authors would have successfully
published in journals of much higher review rigour and quality.
Did the study address a clearly focused issue?
In the abstract the authors explicitly state a working research question, that psycho–behavioural
intervention reduces IPV recurrent during pregnancy and postpartum and improves birth outcomes
in African American women. Although research into IPV is well documented, the effect of
integrated intervention on pregnancy outcomes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So this is a suitable study design for the objectives of the research undertaken.
Although the results may have been more robust if the participants were selected from a wider
population, instead of only minorities from the District of Columbia. This would make the sample
size more representative of the population of interest.
Was the sample recruited in an acceptable way?
The source of participants is clearly described in this paper. All subjects were recruited from six
prenatal care sites in Washington, DC reporting IPV on the Abuse Assessment Screen.
Selection bias can threaten the validity of a study. Indeed there is an inherent selection bias in this
research in that all participants were recruited from the District of Columbia. Women were
demographically eligible if they were 18 years or over, pregnant by no more than 28 weeks, a DC
resident and English–speaking who had experienced IPV. For a retrospective cohort trial, the test
sample represents a relatively large scale (n=1044), with good statistical power. In terms of the
specific population being investigated, there is low risk of bias in this study.
However there is no mention in the article if the sample is representative of an epidemiological
sample, thus extending this cohort study to a multicentre trial would have empowered various
aspects of the study, such as: 1) providing a more precise sample estimate which would more

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