The Impact of Technology's Advancements in the Last 20 Years

The Impact of Technology in the Last 20 Years
The first vestige of a technological advance is dated from the dawn of the primordial human
organizations, which due to intelligent adaptations to survive, were able to stand a variety of
environments and difficulties, being then able to populate the entire world with our species.
Consequently, with the passing of time, the humanity was able to evolve even more its abilities,
aiming to create new methods to simplify and extend the quality of human–based work. Such
process was contextualized as the advent of technology, which has driven the development of
societies as well as the disparity among them.
In the last 20 years, the growth of such context marked the greatest changes in society since the
Industrial Revolution on the XIX century, constructing a globalized world united by undeniably
quick and reliable exchanges of information. In addition, every year the technological advances
prove not only to be more efficient than before, but also that its speed is now propelled as never
before. Now, technology and global acquaintance are immensely bonded, and in order to understand
its effects on all societies, there must be a comprehension on the roots of modern devices and their
respective transformations throughout time.
Regarding the ascension of the most popular tools today, such as computers and the internet, they
occupy an important and essential position on the current model of sociability. Their impact was
held in such a way, that the Internet use among the entire globe
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Leukemia Technician Essay
Information Page
Background
1903
Alexander Graham proposed placing founts of radium inside or near tumors.
1936
John Lawrence made an artificial radionuclide when he treated a leukemia patient using
phosphorus–32.
1962
David Kuhl introduced the basis of what would become SPECT (single positron emission
computerized tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography) scans.
1974
First PET scan camera built for human studies.
1983
Henry Wagner successful carried out the first PET scan of a neuroreceptor (membrane receptor
protein that gets activated by a neurotransmitter) on himself.
Nuclear imaging a branch of medical imaging that consists of small doses of radioactive material
into the body to diagnose and determine diseases like cancer, ... Show more content on
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I'm inferring that most people only acknowledge the incidents related to radiation and such and
nothing about how it benefits us, besides that it provides us with electricity. People don't know that
radioactivity is being put in patients to potentially save their lives. People don't know how much
nuclear chemistry has changed the face of science and society. People don't know enough. I chose
nuclear medicine as my topic to show mankind that nuclear chemistry isn't all that bad. I wrote an
editorial article because I know I could easily portray my perspective on it all and explain how it's
been working in the medical industry

FDG-Positron Emission Tomography
The records have been reviewed. The member is an adult female with a birth date of 06/13/1961.
She has a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, other dementia. Her treating provider, David S.
Knopman, MD, recommended that she have a fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) scan, which was performed on 01/26/2016.
The carrier has denied coverage of FDG–PET scan as not medically necessary. A letter from the
carrier to the member, dated 05/08/2016, states in part:
"...After carefully reviewing the medical information, we are upholding the original decision to deny
the above stated service(s). The denial is based on the Plan provisions. Based on the medical
information the criteria for approval were not met.
Please refer to your Mayo Premier Summary Plan Documents: Utilization Management– Utilization
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Findings:
The member is a 55–year–old female with a history of cognitive impairment. She has had
progressive difficulty with cognition and short–term memory for more than four years. This has
affected her ability to work. Her treating physician, David Knopman, MD, ordered an FDG–PET
scan, which was completed on 1/26/2016. The subject scan is being denied by the member's plan as
not medically necessary due to a provision in the member's Plan regarding her diagnosis of
dementia.
FDG–Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is not routinely performed as part of the diagnostic
work up for Alzheimer's disease. Thus, it is not the standard of care to rule in or rule out a diagnosis
of Alzheimer's disease.
The member's treating physician notes that certain subtypes of dementia such as Alzheimer's versus
frontotemporal dementia (FTD) can be distinguished and that this can influence treatment. He
reports that medications such as Aricept can have a negative impact on FTD, while they are the
standard of care for Alzheimer's disease. In this member's case, however, she has been taking
Aricept without any apparent side

Alzheimer 's And Dementi A Psychological Disorder
Alzheimer's and Dementia are becoming more prevalent in America, caretakers and medical
professionals are urging people to become more self–aware of these diseases. Dementia is a disease
that can develop into other disorders such as Vascular Dementia or Parkinsons Disease; however, in
most cases, it usually ends up as Alzhiemers. It 's a typically seen in older people; about, sixty five
and older, so of course one would automatically put themselves, and their family out of the picture,
that is until one of you gets it. In most cases one primarily thinks of Alzheimer's and Dementia as
diseases that they, as well as anyone close to them would necessarily not get anytime soon, or
maybe even ever. Due to increased medical costs, and scarce specialized facilities; seniors with
Alzheimer's and Dementia are not quite the recieving proper, sustainable long–term care.
Alzheimer's disease is a psychological disorder that primarily affects the temporal lobe of the brain
which focuses on memory, but also the frontal and parietal lobes which focus on behavior,
intelligence, and language. The instant an individual has Alzheimer's or Dementia there is a constant
cycle of decay on the brain from the beginning to the end of the disorder (basically until death). This
disorder eats away at the patients brain slowly and painfully until death which is why the American
Pyshcological Association says that "The time between diagnosis and death typically ranges from
seven to 10 years." (APA 2016)

Nature Vs Nurture Essay
Some may say that man is born intrinsically evil while others would argue that evil is a trait
developed and learned. Is it nature or simply nurtured? This is one of the oldest disagreements in
psychology history: "Nature versus Nurture". Nature, in other words, innate knowledge is basically
behavior, culture, and personality that are inherited through genes and biological factors. However,
nurture which is acquired knowledge is more based on external factors like one's environment and
experience. This popular and ongoing controversy is argued by those who believe knowledge is
instinctive, attained and both based on common causes.
There are many reasons to why the "nature" theory is argued for. The first reason is that mental
health is affected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first cause that is part of the "nurture" theory is also mental health. In order to discover if one
has psychopathic tendencies, he/she does a positron emission tomography scan. After James Fallon,
the neurologist, did the PET scan, he discovered he had the brain of a psychopath. However, due to
the fact that he grew up in a nurturing and loving environment, he was able to become a successful
adult in which simultaneously even prevented him from developing full traits of a
psychopath("Nature vs. Nurture", 2015). Yet another cause also common in the "nature" theory is
how the external environment affects one's behavior. Infants are the perfect example of this. An
infant only forms an attachment to someone in return for the love and attention she/he has received
(McLeod, 2007). Another supporting idea is the fact that children tend to imitate people who play an
influential and important role in their life –usually the parents. Thus, the son would learn from the
father and begin to copy who he has made his role model and the same relationship occurs with the
daughter and the mother (Lippa,2005). Thus, based on the findings above, the "nurture" theory
contradicts with what those who support the "nature" theory believe

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI)
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging is also known as (MPI). It is an imaging modality used in nuclear
medicine to demonstrate the heart muscle functions; a low dose of radioactive agent is used for this
study called a radiotracer. There are two different types of techniques used for myocardial perfusion
imaging. The first is, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and the second,
positron emission tomography (PET). Myocardial perfusion imaging is commonly done for patients
whose experience some type of chest discomfort, a recent myocardial infarction, or it may be used
to access the blood flow to the myocardium that has been restored by bypass, stent or angioplasty. It
can also be used to diagnose coronary artery disease. According to ... Show more content on
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Coronary artery disease also known as CAD, is the narrowing of the arteries, that's caused by
expansion of plaque. When compared to other forms of modality for diagnosing coronary artery
disease it may be the method of choice. When myocardial perfusion imaging is directly compared to
exercise echocardiography, comparable sensitivities were revealed. When compared to myocardial
contrast echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging similar comparison was seen.
Myocardial perfusion imaging may be used if a different test was vague just as if myocardial
perfusion imaging was inconclusive a different modality may be used. For women ECG
(electrocardiogram) is usually the diagnostic of choice. There have been several studies that have
concluded that ECG maintain a high number of false positive in women. With using MPI it's more
sensitive in diagnosing coronary artery disease in women. According to Loong (2004) "A recent
study was performed where out of 1140 women 86% of women were diagnosed with coronary
artery disease by MPI" (p.4). Some physicians suggest that women who have an intermediate
probability of coronary artery disease, myocardial perfusion imaging is the non–invasive

The All Purpose Isotope Essay
Terbium: The All–purpose Isotope
John Patrick Lopez
Santa Fe College
Abstract
This paper will run through the potential and numerous clinical uses of terbium in nuclear medicine.
Terbium is a rare metal and is still under clinical trials in Europe and is the only element in the
periodic table with four clinically relevant radioisotopes with remarkable nuclear decay
characteristics and could possibly be used in a vast array of nuclear medicine procedures, including
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The four forms of terbium under clinical trials are 149Tb,
152Tb, 155Tb, and 161Tb. 149Tb is being clinically tested as an alpha particle emitting
radionuclide for alpha–immunotherapy. Due to it's relatively short half–life of 4.1 hours and low
energy emittance of alpha particles, make it principally well suited for application in unification
with small–molecular–weight targeting agents, including peptides, which are quickly vacated from
the body. 152Tb with a half like of 17.5 hours emits positrons perfect for postitron emission
tomography imaging. 155Tb emits gamma rays and has a half life of 5.32 days with relatively low
energies of 86.55 and 105.3 keV respectively, it is being tested for diagnostic purposes for positron
emission tomography and single–photon emission computed tomography cameras. 161Tb produces
beta minus particles and is being tested for therapeutic purposes while showing great promise with
tumor visualization and remission. The

The Use Of X- Rays, Ultrasound, And Magnetic Resonance...
Alisha Beaumier
Botts 1st
English 4
October 29,2015
Radiologist
What is a Radiologist? A Radiologist is a specialized medical doctor who has had specific
postgraduate training in performing and interpreting diagnostic imaging test and treatments that
involve the use of X– Rays, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging equipment
(InsideRadiology)
A Radiologist has a very hard job. This essay will talk about the basic job responsibilities, required
steps necessary to secure employment, The average salary/ statistics, interesting facts, and
information of what a person in this field knows/ does.
The basic job responsibilities. Radiologists are trained to assist other doctors and specialists to treat
their patients by making a diagnosis and providing treatment using medical imaging. Radiologists
have the medical knowledge to understand and explain medical problems or symptoms through the
images or pictures that are taken of various parts of the inside of the body (InsideRadiology)
Radiologists have many career paths they can go down. The list being from Fluoroscopy,
Ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET, and Nuclear Imaging:
Fluoroscopy is the a study of moving body structures––similar to an X–ray "movie." A continuous
X–ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV–like
monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.
Ultrasound– is a medical ultrasonography used to visualize soft tissue structures in the body.

Coginitive Workings of the Brain and Medical Treatment
While therapists and physicians write prescriptions for various ailments, everything from changing
the morning routine to antidepressants and chemotherapy to aspirin, there is a change occurring
within the confines of the brain. While it is much more difficult to precisely diagnose cognitive
workings, good or bad, than it is to check physical fitness, the fact remains that there are multiple
accounts from both patients and doctors as to changes in the brain's functions, specifically after
certain incidents. Just like a fall from a bike will make a person a bit more reluctant to attempt to
ride that bike, or any other, again, when the functions of the mind are analyzed, the self–awareness
it presents becomes an almost instant catalyst for change. People who have cancer are almost always
changed cognitively as well as physically, for example. Facing mortality is a difficult thing that
prompts a change in the person's view of the world; what is worth getting upset over. When people
attend therapy, of any kind, they look at themselves in a new light. They examine their own short–
comings and cannot face away. When a person sees themselves the way other people see them, or
simply face their issues, their perceptions change. When perceptions change, the areas of the brain
that are functioning at certain times change as well. For example, a right–brain person sees a work
of art and decides to attempt to view the painting, not for its meaning, for its proportions, the
mathematics of

How Do Imaging Modalities And Detection Of Stem Cells...
This paper attempts to analyze different imaging modalities as they pertain to the targeting and
tracking of stem cells within the body. Nuclear medicine modalities, positron emission tomography
(PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), are utilized to image the
physiological changes within the body and the migration of stem cells. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) can be used to target and track stem cells while maintaining their viability. Although these
modalities are effective, their high cost can be somewhat prohibitive. Ultrasound could be a possible
technique for targeting the final location of stem cells. Optical imaging modalities– bioluminescence
imaging (BLI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI) can be used as a low–cost way of imaging cells in
the long term. A combination of any of these modalities can be used to compensate for their
disadvantages. In order to produce an effective stem cell therapy, more research should be done in
this field.
Keywords: Positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic
resonance imaging, ultrasound, bioluminescent, fluorescence
Utilizing Imaging Modalities to Target and Track Stem Cells Research on stem cells has indicated
new possible therapies and treatment for people with conditions that were once considered terminal.
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer 's disease, and multiple sclerosis are a few of the many diseases that
stem cells might be able to treat. Stem cells have the

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) "Positron emission tomography (PET) is a unique test that
uses positron emitters. It can be used in different parts of the body. PET scanning can be combined
with anatomical imaging such as CT and MRI, which enhanced the usefulness of the PET. The PET
scanning test are essential tools to diagnose various kind of diseases with abnormal characteristics.
PET can be use in Oncology routinely. In Neurology, PET is used to determine the diagnosis of
dementia by detecting beta–amyloid in the brain. In cardiology, it measures cardiac perfusion and
assesses pathogenesis of intractable cardiac pathology (Batsuri, 2015). Sevigny et al., (2016),
studied PET as a diagnostic tool to identify the AD patient with positive amyloid. The authors tested
278 patients with positive amyloid and found that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amyloid is given to a patient as a marker for AD. Then thru PET scanning, it can be mapped for
further investigation. Both CSF and amyloid PET can identify 90% of the affected area that leads to
AD.
Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Tomography is a combination of x–ray technology and
computer. It is a scanner that moves around the patient and mathematically assembles an image. The
color produced depends on upon the amount of radiation absorbed. CT is helpful in the evaluation of
bones and soft–tissues.
Mizuki et al., (2016), reported the use of computed tomography in the study regarding the effect of
switching medication. CT scan was utilized to measure the effect of the AD drugs switching. In the
study CT scan, addressed the treatment of cholinesterase inhibitors in AD patients. The baseline
blood flow is monitored by CT, and the dysfunction or changes can be predicted by this diagnostic
scanner. The study was followed and suggested the dual mechanism of action that was determined
thru the use of CT.
Physical Therapy

Positron Emission Tomography (Pet Scan)
If your doctor ever refers you for a PET scan, you will be introduced to a fairly new medical
imaging technique. Since this emerging modality is so new, a lot of the general public is not aware
of what a PET scan exactly is. This essay will help explain the concept of this modality and the
characteristics of it that allow doctors to diagnose and manage the proper care for some of today's
most devastating medical conditions known to man.
Positron emission tomography, also called PET imaging or a PET scan, is a diagnostic examination
that uses positively charged particles. The particles are radioactive positrons that detect changes in
the body's metabolism and chemical activities. Positrons are tiny particles emitted from a
radioactive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, as advances in PET technologies continue, this procedure is beginning to be used more
widely in other areas.
PET scans are used most often to detect cancer. A PET scan can be particularly effective in
identifying if you have specific cancer, if it has spread. These scans can be performed on the whole
body. In addition, a scan can be valuable in evaluating the effectiveness of chemotherapy. It is an
excellent test to monitor for recurrence of disease. PET shows whether or not a cancerous tumor is
benign or malignant. No other imaging technique can do this. Also it allows for finding the extent of
a cancer which is better known as staging. Early intervention is PET's most important benefit. The
earlier the detection, the likelier the cure
PET is the most accurate test to reveal coronary artery disease and impaired blood flow or to rule
out its presence. A PET scan may reveal early coronary artery disease and damaged or dead heart
muscle due to a heart attack. It can also tell the difference between nonfunctioning dead heart
muscle from poorly functioning heart muscle that would benefit from a procedure, such as heart
surgery, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery or an implant, to increase blood flow to heart
muscle. Therefore, it can also be

Paper On Alzheimer's Disease
The origin of Alzheimer's disease goes back to 1906 when a German physician named Dr. Alois
Alzheimer, introduced the case history of a fifty–one–year–old woman who suffered from a rare
brain disorder. A brain autopsy showed the plaques and tangles that today now describe Alzheimer's
disease. Alzheimer's is a continuous disease that demolishes memory and other mental functions.
Scientists believe that Alzheimer's caused by a certain combination of genetics. Lifestyle and
environmental factors also affect the brain over time.
Alzheimer's is a common disease. More than three million cases of Alzheimer's come up each year.
People of age sixty years and older are largely affected, with rare genetic changes connected to the
early start of Alzheimer's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to make time for yourself as well, you should seek support from family or friends
they can help you when times become difficult, you should eat well, get enough sleep, and exercise.
Be an advocate and get involved, knowing who is part of the care team, asking questions,
expressing worries, and discussing options for treatment are ways that will help people with
Alzheimer's. It is a good idea to take care of financial, legal, and long–term care plan problems. It's
extremely important to stay positive, focus on the capabilities and strengths that remain and enjoy
your relationship while you are still

Effects Of Episodic Memory
Episodic memory has been found to be consistently impaired in AD, thus may be a reliable measure
to distinguish between dementia and healthy ageing (Salmon & Bondi 2010). The RAVLT requires
patients to learn a wordlist which is then recalled immediately, recalled after a delay, and lastly, a
recognition test (Estévez–González et al. 2003). Although limited recall is observed in both
dementia patients and healthy adults, healthy adults demonstrate significantly improved
performance in the recognition test while patients with AD do not (Salmon & Bondi 2010). This can
be explained by the failure to encode new information into memory in AD patients (Salmon &
Bondi 2010). The RAVLT has been found to be able to distinguish between AD, MCI and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is simple and quick way to assess verbal fluency, and would be suitable for Marjorie as she has
had sufficient education to perform optimally in the task if she did not suffer from any pathological
cognitive impairment.
Neurological assessments such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission
tomography (PET) scans could also be included to allow the visualisation of any structural and
functional brain abnormalities. Atrophy in the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus has been of
interest, and may be a potential marker of AD as these regions demonstrate rapid and early volume
loss that is not seen in normal ageing (Scheltens 2009; Harada et al. 2013). PET can also be used
with a metabolic tracer fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to test for the presence of the beta–amyloid
protein found in AD. Therefore, this assessment could be able to discriminate between AD and
healthy ageing adults (Scheltens 2009).
For all neuropsychological assessments, it is important to consider the state of the patient whilst
they are completing the assessment. As these assessments can take several hours, loss of motivation
and concentration due to fatigue could be confounds to low performance. This is particularly
important in Marjorie's case as she has complained of sleep disturbances. Education level is another
important consideration, especially in a task which involves word learning or verbal fluency. Given
that Marjorie had previously worked as a teacher, clinicians can be

Decay Of Decay And Decay
Introduction Isotopes are elements which have the same number of protons but different number of
neutrons and these elements have same atomic number but different in atomic mass.because of their
characteristic nature of producing radiation and their energies. Isotopes are used in various areas like
industries, agriculture, medical field and research centers. They are decayed by emission of energy
in the form of alpha, beta (electron) beta plus (positron) and gamma rays. (1) Types of radiation
Alpha particles cannot be used for measurement from outside the body because they are such low
penetrating power. A sheet of paper stops alpha particles. Beta particles have a modest penetrating
power, thus they produce useful results in the area of their release, and they can be distinguished by
sensitive counting tools. Block of wood stops beta particles. Gamma rays are highly energetic, and
they can be readily discovered by radiation counters used outside the body. A thick concrete wall
stops gamma rays. Radioisotopes are unnaturally produced unstable atoms of a chemical element
which have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus, but the same number of protons and the
same chemical properties. May live for only minutes. Their existence is measured in "halflives,"
how long it takes for half of the isotope to disappear. (3) Radioactive products which are used in
medicine are called radiopharmaceuticals. They are different from other medically used drugs since
they

Positron Emission Tomography Research Paper
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) For many people activities of daily living are taken for
granted, such as getting dressed and determining what to eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner. How
about taking the necessary medications prescribed by a physician? These things are as natural as
breathing for most people, but for some it can really be a chore; however, for a select group, just
remembering what to do after waking up is the hardest thing in the world. Telling a doctor about
difficulties with activities of daily living, especially those dealing with cognitive issues, could lead
to neurological testing. One particular test could be positron emission tomography (PET). A PET
scan works by detecting functionality of parts of the body by showing ... Show more content on
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The following are some examples that are detected by this diagnostic tool: cancer, brain disorders,
heart problems and problems in the central nervous system (Healthline, 2015). One of the brain
disorders that PET can detect is Alzheimer's disease. The patient would be advised not to eat or
drink anything for 4–6 hours prior to the exam. The patient is injected with a dye called a
radioisotope to demonstrate the function of a body part to rule out a diagnosis. Fluorodeoxyglucose
(FDG) is the most common radioisotope used in PET. After the patient is injected, the radioisotope
is absorbed by the tissues and organs (Dolson, L., 2001). When PET is used as a diagnostic tool for
cancer, the clinician is then able to see how the malignant tumor is developing or if it has moved to
other areas. It also allows the clinician to see how the malignancy is reacting to chemotherapy. PET
scans show problems at the cellular level, therefore giving your clinician the best possible view of
complex systemic diseases (Healthline, 2015). The tracers are normally out of the patient's system
within two days after a PET scan, but the patient should drink plenty of fluids afterward to help
speed up the process of expelling the tracer. A PET scan has a myriad of diagnostic uses ranging
from complete body scans to cellular differentiation. When a person begins to experience cognitive
issues that may be related to Alzheimer's disease, PET scans can be

MRI: A Medical Imaging Technique
MRI is a medical imaging technique used to visualize detailed internal structures of the body and
makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the
body. MRI is used over other medical imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or
X–rays, since it provides contrast between the soft tissues of the body, making it especially useful in
imaging the brain. Additionally,
CT is considered to be unhelpful in cases of intractable epilepsy [29].
Conventional MRI, however, is inadequate for patients with refractory epilepsy, since
FCD are often subtle and dicult to detect. The ILAE guidelines for neuroimaging in patients with
epilepsy recommends a dedicated epilepsy protocol MRI for all patients ... Show more content on
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This procedure is considered to be minimally invasive and is typically used for patients with clear
evidence of mesial temporal lobe seizure foci without lateral temporal neocortex
Chapter 1. Introduction 11 indications. During this procedure the patient is positioned similarly to
the ATL but a smaller linear or curvilinear incision is used [34]. Typically, the mesial resction of this
procedure is performed using an ultrasonic aspirator for much of the tissue, which does not allow
for later pathologic examination, however, en bloc removal of the hippocampal structure is possible
[34].
Surgical Risks and Outcomes
//This sections needs more
Surgical complications from temporal lobe resective procedures are relatively uncom– mon [34].
One–third of patients continue to have seizures following temporal lobe surgery (Engel,
1996; Foldvary et al., 2000; McIntosh et al., 2001; Spencer Huh, 2008). There are several
possible explanations including incomplete resection of the epileptogenic region or extratemporal
neocortical areas becoming independently epileptogenic (Lin et al.,
2007; Bertram, 2009; Keller et al.,

PET Scan Research Paper
POSITRON–EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
Introduction
A positron–emission tomography scan (PET scan) is a machine that is used to discover how organs
and the brain work. Although it is mainly used to detect cancer, heart problems and brain conditions.
How does it work?
A PET scan uses radiation produced from a radiotracer as it gathers in different parts of the body.
Most PET scans use a radiotracer called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). FDG is similar to that of
normal glucose.
By investigating where the radiotracer is built–up or not built–up we can examine abnormalities in
the organ. This process allows us to inspect certain organs and their function. It also allows us to
detect cancer.
PET scans are often paired with CT scans to increase the images accuracy and the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the early days of medical science physicians were forced to open the skull to examine the living
brain, this highly invasive procedure would result in death, this is why the search for different
options began.
The first major advance was that of the X–Ray machine created and discovered by the German
physicist Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895. The technology continued to develop and advance until 2001
when the first PET scanner was invented by Dr. Ron Nutt and Dr. David Townshend. However
research that was used to create the PET scanner dates back the early 1950s.
The first PET scanners were rather basic and had few radiation sensors, therefore images that were
produced were of a very low quality. As the world's technological understanding increased so did
the machinery used in the PET scanners until they reached the accuracy of today's scanners.
Effects of the PET Scan
The PET scan has increased our knowledge on the body and its organs. It has helped us understand
the functions and uses of each organ whilst it allows us to monitor, detect and view different
diseases, most of these being

Stages Of Alzheimer 's Disease
7 Stages of Alzheimer's Introduction: What is Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimer's is a brain
deteriorating disease which takes years to come full cycle. Alzheimer's starts to deteriorate the
memory portion of the brain causing short term memory loss then continues on through the brain
deteriorating the emotions and your ability to determine right from wrong. Plaques and tangles are
proteins that accumulate around the cells in the brain cutting off precious nutrients and eventually
causing the cell to die. Its estimated that about 4.5 million Americans suffer from Alzheimer's which
usually develops after age 60 but can develop at any age before 60 known as Early Onset
Alzheimer's. Everyone who develops Alzheimer's will experience it differently. The deterioration
usually follows a similar path from the beginning through the end. Some experts follow the three–
stage model of early stage, moderate stage and severe or the end stage. The Alzheimer's Association
and many healthcare providers follow a seven–stage model to help people better understand the
regression as Alzheimer's progresses through the brain. This seven–stage model was developed by
Dr. Barry Reisberg of New York University. This model breaks Alzheimer's into smaller stages
which make the progression of the disease easier to understand. The seven stages of Dr. Barry
Reisberg's model are: Stage 1: Normal Outward Behavior Stage 2: Very Mild Changes Stage 3: Mild
Decline Stage 4: Moderate Decline Stage 5:

Positron–Emission Tomography (PET scans) Positron–Emission Tomography (PET) scan is a
medical test that allows doctors to check the human body for any diseases. Doctors use the PET
scan for many things, the main uses are checking for cancer, heart–related (Cardiovascular) diseases
and brain (neurological) diseases. It also allows doctors to check organs and tissues and to see how
they are working. PET scanners are a way of tracking diseases, using radioactive tracking that is
injected into a vein in your arm, that is then absorbed by your organs and tissues. The PET scanner
will then show the doctors how well the tissues and organs in your body are working. This then
allows the doctors to see you oxygen usage, glucose metabolism, blood flow

PET Scans Essay example
Positron Emission Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography is a scanning technique that allows us to measure in detail the
functioning of distinct areas of the human brain while the patient is comfortable, conscious and
alert. PET represents a type of functional imaging, unlike X–rays or CT scans, which show only
structural details within the brain. The differences between these types of imaging don't end there.
In both X–rays and CT scans, a form of radiation is emitted and travels through the body, and a
detector receives the unabsorbed rays and transmits them to a computer. The physics behind PET
scanning is quite different. Basically, a person is injected with a radioactive substance. This
substance begins the process of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A line of response (LOR) indicates what two crystals detected the event. A unique line of response is
identified by the angle and the radius of a perpendicular back to the center of the field of view. As
additional events are detected, the lines of response are recorded. Each LOR is plotted using polar
coordinates (angle vs. radius). The composite results in a sinusoidal plot of LORs through a single
point and is referred to as a sinogram. The sinogram is comprised of numerous, overlapping single
point plots. The matrix size of the sinogram is related to the size of the transverse field of view.
Following acquisition, filtered back projection algorithms are applied to the data to produce the
image.
The brain function being studied during a PET scan determines which positron–emitting
radiopharmaceutical is used. Oxygen–15 can be used to label oxygen gas for the study of oxygen
metabolism, carbon monoxide for the study of blood volume, or water for the study of blood flow in
the brain. Similarly, fluorine–18 can be attached to a glucose molecule to produce 2–fluoro–2–
deoxy–D–glucose (FDG) for use in the observation of the brain's sugar metabolism.
PET is the only method that can detect and display metabolic changes in tissue, distinguish normal
tissue from those that are diseased, such as in cancer, differentiate viable from dead or dying tissue,
show regional blood flow, and determine the distribution and

Personal Narrative Essay: The Game Of Football
September 20, 2011 was the day that everything changed. Practice that day was long and
excruciatingly hot. My coach did not let me take a rest as I was the only full back we had at the
time. Hit after hit, it started to add up and my world was spinning but coach told me to keep going,
so I did. The very next snap my world got wrecked. My form became lazy because I was beyond
exhausted and dehydrated, my head lead my attempt to break the tackle and the kid making the
tackle lead with his head as well. Just like that my body went numb, everything was dark, my eyes
were open but I could not see. I had no sense of where I was and where I was going. My name left
me. At this point I did not know if I was dead or alive. This was the last time I was ever able to strap
up and play the game of football. This is what happens to the millions of kids who play football on a
daily basis. Somebody was there telling them to go back in even when they were showing early
signs of a concussion. The athlete takes one more hit straight to the head out of poor form or
exhaustion and then everything goes from bad to worse. These events take place at such a young age
that the long term side effects can be fatal. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is time we wake up and realize what we are doing to all who play the game of football. The
American public is at fault. Nobody has put emphasis on the fact that football is a deadly sport and
if it continues to be unrecognized as one then many football players and families will be torn apart
by the long term side effects. I am not willing to sit here and watch as a wife loses her husband or as
a child loses their dad, we need to stand up and put a stop to this cruelty. If we do nothing now then
we might be too

The Many Uses of Radiation in Medicine
When the word radiation is said most people automatically think cancer. There are many uses of
radiation in medicine. There are several ways to detect forms of cancer in the body. One form of
detection is having a positron emission tomography scan also knows as a PET scan. Radiation is
also used as a therapy through the use of a treatment using chemotherapy. There is also a form of
treatment called Radiation therapy that is used as a medical use. The journey from using radiation to
detect if the body has cancer, to the treatment types of therapy using radiation evolve into the
medical uses of radiation. We will explore these three subject areas and give you an insight to the
uses and benefits of them PET scan, Chemotherapy treatment and Radiation therapy. One form of
detection is having a PET scan. A positron emission tomography or PET scan is a test that uses a
radioactive substance known as a tracer to find diseases in the body or determine if there are cancer
cells growing in the body. PET scans can show how organs and tissue function in the body. This
type of scan is different from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a computed tomography
(CT) scan. PET scans use small amounts of radioactive substance known as a tracer. The tracer is
given through an IV located on the inside of the elbow. The tracer travels through your blood and
absorbs in organs and tissue. This procedure helps radiologist find the concerned area and makes it
clearer to read the reports. A PET

Image Analysis : Gagandeep Kaur And Anand Kumar Mittal
In this paper Gagandeep kaur and Anand Kumar Mittal have proposed a new hybrid technique and
comparison of results of two image using it. They also proposed comparison of new hybrid
algorithm with older. Discrete cosine transform and variance combination with hybrid discrete
wavelet transform. These techniques provides good results in terms of Pseudo signal to noise ratio
and mean square error. [11] Kede ma et al. has worked on the untouched area of perceptual quality
assessment as used for multi–solarization image fusion. The authors have designed multi–
solarization fusion data–list. They analyzed valued difference between the different multi–
solarization image fusion. Findings given by authors are unsuccessful in finding ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proposed method has worked as follows. Firstly, Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic
Resonance Images are taken as input for preprocessing Positron Emission Tomography images
firstly decomposed into removal of noise and enhancing the input images using Gaussian filter to
sharpen the input images filtering used high or low pass region carries more automatically and
spectral information. This region decomposed by applying four level discrete wavelet transform.
After this authors have combine high frequency coefficient of Positron Emission Tomography and
Magnetic Resonance Images using average method. Similarly by combining low frequency
coefficients of Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Images obtained fuse
results for the low activity region. To get better structural information fuzzy C means clustering
used. For avoiding color distortion color patching is also done. Finally fused image is extracted and
displayed with less color distortion and without losing any structural information. In this research
authors have proposed a new fusion method for fusing Positron Emission Tomography and
Magnetic Resonance Images brain images on discrete wavelet transform with less colour distortion
and without losing any anatomical

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay
Post–Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects thousands, from abused children to men and women
in the military. PTSD can be caused by physical and or emotional trauma, it is not exclusive to one
race, gender or age group. PTSD can effect anyone who is exposed to severe trauma and is
diagnosed at alarming rates. What neurological damage is caused, where in the brain is this damage
caused and how is it studied? With modern science we are able to view how Post –Traumatic stress
disorder effects the neurological workings of the brain.
Post–Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health condition developed after a
server emotion or physical trauma. The effects of PTSD include nightmares, flashbacks, feelings of
detachment, depression, and anxiety. Symptoms are broken into three categories. The first are re–
experiencing symptoms, they can include reliving the traumatic event, through flashbacks, and
nightmares. The second type are avoidance and numbing symptoms. Avoidance of things and places
that remind one of the event, detachment emotionally from loved ones and bouts of depression.
Finally there are arousal symptoms such as being constantly on guard, outburst of anger and
irritability. Due to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan over the past 15 years, PTSD has become a
common mental health issue in the United States with an estimated 3 million people in the US
affected at any given time. PTSD has caused suffering world–wide, those afflicted are soldiers,
civilians in

Brain Imaging Techniques Used Today
Brain Imaging Techniques
Duane Perrin
Eastern Oregon University
11/11/2016
Since the beginning of time people have been trying to understand what is going on inside our
heads. With the development and continuous advancement of brain imaging techniques it has
become possible to do just that. It is now possible to produce both structural and functional images
of the brain. While brain imaging techniques have advanced significantly throughout history and
proven extremely useful, they still have their limitations. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief
history of brain imaging developments, explain the major brain imaging techniques being used
today, and provide information about what each scan can and can't tell us about the human mind and
brain.
A brief history of brain imaging as described by Raichle (2009) begins with the introduction of
computerized tomography (CT) in the early 1970s and development of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) shortly thereafter, which prompted the invent and use of positron emission tomography
(PET), and then functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which came in the 1990s (p.119).
Since then other forms of brain scanning technology have appeared such as the
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) scan, and other variations of PET and MRI such as diffusion
tensor imaging (DTI). The appearance of these types of brain imaging techniques has provided great
insight into the structure and function of the human mind.
First, it is important

Nuclear Medical Imaging (NMI)
Nuclear Medical Imaging (NMI) uses small amounts of radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers to
diagnose, evaluate and treat a variety of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, gastrointestinal,
endocrine, neurological and skeletal disorders (McKinnis, 2014; RadiologyInfo.org (2014b). In
comparison with other radiographic procedures, except for intravenous injections, NMI is
noninvasive and diagnoses disease based on the physiological or functional changes of the tissue,
organ, bone or system within the body rather than structural changes of anatomy (McKinnis, 2014;
RadiologyInfo.org, 2014b; Smith, n.d.). These radiotracers are either injected, ingested or inhaled as
a gas into the body and absorbed by the organ or area of the body to be examined

Dealing with My Mom's Pancreatic Cancer
My mom was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer stage IV last July. I could believe what was
happening to me, at the age of 44 I considered myself a healthy person, I was never sick, I never
smoked, I was highly active and had a healthy diet. I couldn't find a possible explanation that
justified this illness. she said. It was really though for my family, we couldn't even say the word
cancer for a few months. We became angry because we thought that my mom didn't deserved that.
The doctors were confident, even though stage IV of pancreatic cancer has 1% of survival rate in the
US. In addition to that, my mom's tumor couldn't be removed because the cancer spread to distant
organs. I tried to find out everything I could about my cancer. When I first browsed pancreatic
cancer on the internet, I got worried. The results, news and statistics are scary, I tried to keep a
positive mind and told myself that I had to succeed and be healthy again she said. My mom talked
to people who successfully remitted, and that gave her a positive mind.
My mom started chemotherapy in october 2013. She needed six cycles of two chemos every two
weeks. Although she felt weak, sick and her nervous system got affected, she successfully
completed twelve chemos and she still has one more to go. By the middle of her treatment she got a
PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) and the results were unexpected. Her cancer reduced
70% its size, the metastatic rate was very low and the cancer in her

Research On Stem Cell Therapy
Research on stem cells has indicated new possible therapies and treatment for people with
conditions that were once considered terminal. Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer 's disease, and
multiple sclerosis are a few of the many diseases that stem cells might be able to treat. Stem cells
have the capability to repair heart muscle and neural tissues, improving the overall prognosis of the
patient. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and mesenchymal stem cell therapy
have shown promising results in clinical trials in reducing the effects of multiple sclerosis
(Holloman, Ho, Hukki, Huntley, Gallicano, 2013). Although stem cells show potential in their
capability to treat diseases, the cells are delicate, limiting the success of research and clinical trials.
Meanwhile, stem cells need to be differentiated from the other tissues of the body, presenting a
challenge of marking the cell while also maintaining their viability. Several imaging technologies
are being utilized to progress stem cell therapies. Such modalities include positron emission
tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), single photon emission CT (SPECT), ultrasound
(US), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), fluorescence imaging (FLI), [and] magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI),(Cho, Wang, Mao, Chan, 2016) while MRI and PET are the most widely
investigated and developed(Cho et al., 2016). Each imaging modality has their own advantages and
disadvantages for delivering and tracking stem cells. Tracking

Should Nuclear Medicine Imaging Become PET Scan?
Should Nuclear medicine imaging (PET Scans) become the first option for diagnosing diseases of
patients?
Introduction
Medical imaging is one of the most beneficial discoveries made in this century since it has provided
medical professional with the visualisation of the internal structure of human body. This
visualisation is of great significants to the medical professionals in diagnostics and the treatment of
diseases. Imaging is obtained by using a source such as X–ray, ultrasound, gamma ray photons and
magnetic fields. Since these sources obtain radiations that can be harmful for the body, it is
important that the doses are being reduced. Each individual imaging technique provides the
professionals with specific set of information, however, the ability of them to illustrate the details
differs from each other significantly. As a result, a detailed picture would provide the most
beneficial information for diagnoses of patients. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the disadvantages are always considered according to the patient's situation and conditions.
Nevertheless, one of the disadvantages associated with this method of imaging is the extremely rare
and usually mild allergic reactions that may occur from the radiopharmaceutical. In addition, the
injection of the radiotracer may cause slight pain and redness which should rapidly resolve. (NPS
MEDICINEWISE, 2015)
Furthermore, the cost of Nuclear Imaging is relatively high and, as a result, is not being commonly
installed in hospitals. The reason is the necessity of having the PET facility close to a cyclotron
since the useful radioisotopes have small half–lives; thus the time between its production and the
final injection must be small. In this way, the optimal use of high levels of radioactivity during the
first few half–lives can be utilised to produce high–quality images (Andrew Olesnicky, Neville
Lawrence,

A Short Note On Disesae Neuroimaging Initiative ( Adni ) :...
ALZHEIMERS DISESAE NEUROIMAGING INITIATIVE (ADNI) – A REVIEW OF PAPERS
SINCE ITS INCEPTION ASHWANI KUMAR MISHRA 13510025 MSc COGNITIVE SCIENCE
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. ABOUT ALZHEIMERS
DISEASE 2 ADNI 2.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 2.2 MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF ADNI 2.3
QUALITY CONTROL 2.4 LONI DATAARCHIVE 2.5 ADNI– MRI CORE 3. PURPOSE OF MRI
3.1MRI 3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS IN MRI OF ADNI 4. MULTI ATLAS SELECTION 4.1
REGISTRATION AND SEGMENTATION 4.2 AUTOMATED TEMPORAL LOBE AND
HIPPOCAMPAL SEGEMNTATION 4.3 CORTICAL THICKNESS 5. CONCLUSION 6.
REFERANCES Abstract The Alzheimer disease neuroimaging initiative is a globally acclaimed
work of collaboration among scientists. This provides any researcher either in developed or in the
developing part of the world to participate in better understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since
its inception a number of papers have been published with various types of data's. In this paper I
tried to highlight the ADNI work more so dealing with history of ADNI and its data acquisition plus
sharing of MRI related images and its methodology. Keywords Alzheimer 's disease, ADNI, Image
Processing, Brain Atlas, Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1. Introduction Alzheimer 's disease (AD) the
commonest form of dementia (70 %). It is a complex disease which is characterized by an
accumulation of β–amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau amyloid
fibrils associated with synapse loss and

Positron Emission Tomography Report
Introduction
Positron emission tomography is used for research and medical diagnosis of soft tissue in humans
and animals. It uses radioactive drug tracers that are swallowed, injected, or inhaled into the body, to
produce radioactive emissions that are then detected with a computer tomographer (Mayo Clinic
2013). This computer tomographer creates an image much like a camera makes an image on film,
when exposed to light (Denniston 2014). The scans are then used to produce three dimensional
images that provide information on a targeted body system. When interpreting the images, diseased
areas of an organ, are identified by dense regions of the radioactive drug tracer. Some of the area's
of the body commonly scanned are blood, bone, brain, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The radioactive isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but a different
number of neutrons and atomic weight, and are described as have an unstable nucleus. The
radioactive isotope produces gamma rays when it undergoes beta plus decay, also know as positron
emission, occurring after the radioactive isotope undergoes change inside the nucleus. This change
starts when an atom's proton is converted into a neutron inside the nucleus resulting in the loss of a
positive charge, and a small amount of mass being lost. This mass is referred to as a positron. Then
the positron after release collides with an electron and annihilation of the particles occur, producing
two gamma rays. These gamma rays are the radioactive emissions that are then detected by the
imaging machine. Isotopes with a short half life are selected for positron emission topography, and
generally take around 18– 20 min to decay inside the body. Some of the common isotopes that are
used in the radioactive drug tracers are chromium–51, technetium–99m, thallium–201, xenon–133,
barium–313, strontium–87 (Denniston

Positron Emission Tomography
3. Advantages and Setbacks of PET Positron emission tomography is primarily used in the area of
medicine and research study. It has been influential in finding the cure for many diseases including
Alzheimer's and cancer. The positron emitting glucose analog, 18F–fluoro–2–deoxyglucose (FDG)
has helped in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring therapeutic response in various cancers. The
metabolic imaging assessment is very helpful in providing important clinical data which in turn
improves the patient management [6]. It is proved that the FDG–PET scan has better sensitivity,
specificity, and diagnostic accuracy when compared to CT imaging in most cancer patients. The
advantages of PET over other molecular imaging techniques are detailed in the following sections.
3.1 Advantages 3.1.1 Sensitivity The most important advantage of PET imaging is it's ability to
exhibit a higher sensitivity (detecting and recording more number of emitted events) when
compared to other methods such as SPECT, in which physical collimators are required to reject
photons, which are not within a defined angular range. Hence the collimators have lower geometric
efficiencies i.e. the percentage of detecting emitting photons (0.01%) [7]. 3.1.2 Coincidence
Detection in PET Due to the annihilation event in PET, there is no need to employ physical
collimators. The collimation is done electronically using the coincidence detection method. This in
turn increases the angle of acceptance and hence the number of

PET Scan History
PET Scan
Up until the 1970's, physicians had access to several different imaging systems such as CT
(Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), but these types of imaging only
allowed physicians to see the internal structures of the body, not how they functioned. With the
advent of PET, the physicians are now able to see and record these functions.
PET stands for Positron emission tomography. PET is a medical diagnostic imaging procedure that
uses nuclear medicine in a noninvasive way and is virtually painless. It provides physicians with the
ability to visualize the cellular and molecular functions of the tissue and organs inside the body. (1)
PET scans can help to detect diseases, such as cancer, and help to find ways ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Can show the effects of a heart attack on areas of the heart.
Can identify healthy and damaged heart muscle and ascertain if angioplasty or coronary artery
bypass surgery might be necessary.
Delve into brain abnormalities, such as tumors, memory disorders, such as Alzheimer's, seizures as
in epilepsy, neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and other central nervous system
disorder, such as Huntington's disease and to evaluate the brain after trauma.
Map normal human brain and heart functions. (8)
PET scanners today are available with integrated high–end multi–detector row CT scanners. When
these two scans are done during the same session, the patient doesn't have to more or change
positions and the two sets of images give a clearer picture. The areas of abnormalities are found on
the PET scan can be more precisely correlated with the anatomy on the CT scan.(8)
There are certain factors that may interfere with the accuracy of the PET scan, such as diabetes,
which shows high blood glucose levels. Consuming caffeine, alcohol or smoking within 24 hours
before the procedure and using medications such as insulin, sedatives and tranquilizers.

PET Scan
Diagnostic Imaging is extremely relevant in today's medical treatments. Doctors have a variety of
different imaging and scans techniques that help diagnose, evaluate, and treat patients. The PET
scan stands for Positron Emission Tomography and is a nuclear imaging test that shows metabolic
activities of the brain. Unlike a CT, MRI and X–ray that scan to image the anatomy of the brain the
PET scan image is an image of how the brain is functioning. A PET scan Uses Positron radiation
combined with gamma ray wavelengths. A PET scan is used for various parts of body tissue
including the brain, heart, and other large organs. According to John Hopkins Medicine PET is
most often used by oncologists (doctors specializing in cancer treatment),

Procedures of Nuclear Medicine
The procedures of nuclear medicine imaging are non–invasive. 1 Because of this imaging
technology, different medical instruments are not used into the body while detecting or diagnosing a
disease. In this way, patients do not feel any pain of the medical instruments as different radioactive
materials are used to determine the disease in their body.
Nuclear medicine investigation offers information that is unique including on both function and
structure and often inaccessible using other imaging procedures. 1¬ Nuclear medicine provides the
information specifically and accurately about any disease inside the human body. It gives the
information about how the infection of a disease is structured and how it is functioned. All in all, the
nuclear medicine technology provides very exclusive information that is unreachable with the other
imaging technologies.
For most of the diseases, nuclear medicine scans yield the most effective information that are
needed in order to make a diagnosis and to determine proper treatment. 1 Nuclear medicine
produces the data that are mostly needed for any treatment of a disease. In this way, a surgeon who
will be operating a patient can save time to determine the needed kits that are required for the
operation.
The cost of Nuclear Medicine is less and may yield more precise information than other procedures.
1 There are other technologies such as X–Ray imaging 2 that is used to determine disease inside
human bodies. The cost of this

Positron Emissions Tomography
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging which uses radiotracers
or also called as radiopharmaceuticals − minute amount of radioactive substances–labelled bio–
compounds. This test shows the function of tissues and organs such as sugar metabolism, oxygen
use and blood flow instead of mere structural images of, for instance blood flow to and from organs
illustrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). This feature
makes it a useful diagnostic tool to help physicians detect and evaluate severity of various diseases
or medical conditions including cancers (staging). PET may identify the early onset of diseases
before it undergoes anatomical changes which make it apparent on other imaging

Radiology Essay
Radiology
Humanity, constantly learning, growing, and facing more challenges each second of the day.
Whether the challenges are mental or purely physical. We have found more efficient, safer, and
easier ways of doing the tasks we may face. From moving cargo, to sending information via the
Internet. Probably the greatest accomplishments we have made, are in the studies of
medicine/treatment. And to be specific, the study of radiology.
Radiology, the process of working and viewing inside the human body without breaking the skin.
By using radiant energy, which may take the form of x rays or other types of radiation, we are able
to diagnose and treat many diseases and injuries. Both diagnostic and therapeutic radiology involve
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The photons are then tracked by a tomographic scintillation counter, and the information is
processed by a computer to provide both image and data on blood flow and metabolic processes
within bodily tissues. PET scans are particularly useful for diagnosing brain tumor and the effects of
strokes on the brain, along with various mental illnesses. They are also used in brain research and in
mapping of brain functions.
Another form of imaging is ultrasound. Ultrasound, which uses very high frequency sound, is
directed into the body. And because the tissue interference's reflect sound, doctors are able to
produce, by use of a computer, a photograph or moving image on a television. Ultrasound has many
application uses on the body, but is more commonly used in examinations of the fetus during
pregnancy, because use of radiation may affect the outcome of the baby. Some other practices for
ultrasound include examination of the arteries, heart, pancreas, urinary system, ovaries, brain, and
spinal cord. And because sound travels well through fluids it is a very useful technique for
diagnosing cysts( which are filled with fluid), and fluid filled structures such as the bladder. And
since sound is absorbed by air and bone it is impossible to use a ultrasound on bones or lungs.
The sound waves are produced by a random oscillating crystal, and are inaudible to humans. A
instrument called a

Positron Emission Tomography Analysis
Positron emission tomography (PET) enables the visualisation of organs and their functionality. PET
scans utilise positron–emitting radioactive materials called radioisotopes (also known as
radionuclides). Common radioisotopes and their respective half–lives include 11Carbon (~20
minutes), 13Nitrogen (~10 minutes), 15Oxygen (~2 minutes), and 18Fluorine (~110 minutes). These
radioisotopes can be incorporated into radiopharmaceuticals (also known as radiotracers) to detect
diseases and disorders. These radioisotopes enable the detection of differences in both metabolic
and chemical activity in the body. The decay of a radioisotope results in the emission of positrons.
The positrons are absorbed by organs and tissues of the body, and the PET scanner

The Impact of Technology's Advancements in the Last 20 Years

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