Agoraphobia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Agoraphobias
Also known as an "irrational fear", phobias are fears that are much more crippling than normal and can severely affect one's life (Lilienfeld et al.,
2009, p. 612). Vast amounts of different phobias exist, ranging from the extreme fear of a spider, social gatherings, or even the fear of entrapment in
an elevator. However, such extreme fears are not unheard of as "Phobias are the most common of all anxiety disorders" (Lilienfeld et al., 2009, p. 612).
Fortunately, treatments are available for those suffering. Phobias, although intense and various, can be disabling to those affected, but with treatments
they can become manageable.
The amount of phobias present is high, as there are several kinds which can be categorized into three groups, "agoraphobia", ... Show more content on
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In severe cases, certain phobias have left individuals in disturbing situations. One woman, at the age of 62, was house–bound for 25 years (Lilienfeld et
al., 2009, p. 612). She suffered from extreme agoraphobia and despite the efforts of two professionals, the woman underwent hardly any progression
towards the treatment of her phobia (Lilienfeld et al., 2009, p. 612). Of course, not every person with a phobia has or will endure any experience of
this kind, but a phobia can still be incredibly crippling in everyday life. For someone with social phobia, it can greatly affect one's life in various and
drastic ways. In one instance, those affected by social phobia "report lower occupational attainment and income, restricted social relationships, greater
marital discord and an increased risk for substance abuse" (Wong, Sarver, and Beidel, 2012, p. 50). Additionally, specific phobias can greatly affect
one also. In reference to airplanes, Laker (2012) writes, "physiological responses may include increased blood pressure and heart rate, hyperventilation,
gastric upset–also frequent panic attacks" (p. 109). Fortunately, there are treatments for such phobias. One of the more popular forms of treatment
includes exposure forms of therapy. One in particular includes "exposure in vivo" in which the patient undergoes sessions involving the physical touch
or sight of the phobia
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Have You Ever Seen Successful People Fall Into Panic? If
Have you ever seen successful people fall into panic? If so, do you think they are truly successful? Unfortunately, everyone can fail to control their
emotions. Even celebrities from all over the world can become angry or depressed by some bad situations because they fail to control their emotions,
but they do not 'completely' fail to control their emotion so they do not fall into panic. There is no actual statistic result or proof showing that celebrity
as a career expose people in danger of the panic disorder but they do have a high possibility to have the panic disorder with agoraphobia. Since the job
as a celebrity have to stand in front of the crowd of people and have to always be watched by people, celebrities are suffering with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous stresses in everyday life lead people to panic and have panic disorders, which absolutely need treatment. This disorder brings seriousness if
left without any treatments. It may worsen to the time when the person might have to step into the attempts to try to avoid that. This attacks anytime
with no reason, which means it begins suddenly. Panic disorder was newly founded as psychiatric condition that followed after anxiety disorders. 6
million adults in U.S.A suffers with panic disorder and all countries have at least 2 people out of 10 with panic disorders. Symptoms of panic disorder
include difficulty breathing, chest pain, intense feeling of terror and dread, shortness of breath,feeling the sense of choking or smothering, dizziness,
headache or feeling faint, trembling and shaking, sweating, nausea or stomachache, tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes, chills or hot flashes,
and a fear of losing control. Most important key symptom of the panic disorder is the constant fright of having future panic attacks. The fearness
comes from the disorder cause the patients to avoid places and situations where an attack has been happened or they think it may occur. The problem
with this enormous amount of people with this disorder is that they do not know if their symptoms are real and not very highly responsive about
treatment for themselves. This disorder often show the occurrences of other disorders. anxiety disorders
Panic

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Attacks
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION o Agoraphobia is the fear or anxiety about a situation characterized by active avoidance of situations due to thoughts
that escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic–like symptoms occur. [1] CLASSIFICATION o May be classified based on presence of panic
attacks [2]:
п‚§Agoraphobia with panic attacks
п‚§Agoraphobia without panic attacks DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL PRESENTATION History o Agoraphobia is rare with 12
–month and lifetime rates of
0.8% and 1.4%, respectively. [1] o Symptoms include [1]: o Fear resulting from thoughts that escape may be difficult, or; o Fear that help may be
unavailable if panic–like symptoms occur o Physical symptoms of panic attack include [2, 3]: o Excessive sweating o Sudden flushing or chills o
Feeling sick or faint o Upset stomach or diarrhea o Chest pain o Dysphagia o Trembling o Dizziness or lightheadedness o Tinnitus o Cognitive
symptoms that the patient may feel include thoughts of [2, 3]: o Life is in danger (patients may be worried that their heart will stop or they are
unable to breathe) o Inability to escape from a place or situation in case of a panic attack o Losing sanity or control o Fear of being stared at o
Behavioral symptoms [2]: o Avoiding situations and places that could lead to panic attacks o Being housebound for long periods of time. o Needing a
companion when going anywhere o Avoiding being far away from home Physical Examination o Patients may present with the following

Case Study
Case Study Report
What diagnosis has been given to this client?
Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
Background Information
Please outline the major symptoms of this disorder.
According to the DSM, the major symptoms of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia are, recurrent panic attacks and enduring anxiety about experiencing
another panic attack. The individual is also anxious about going places where escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or where they will be unable
to receive assistance in case of emergency. The symptoms cannot be better explained by another medical or psychological effect.
Briefly describe the client's background (age, race, occupation etc).
The client is named Annie, and she is a 24 year–old ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Annie makes it very clear in her interview, that she is afraid of having panic attack in public. She says she is not so much afraid of feeling overcome
with anxiety, as she is embarrassed about how her body reacts when undergoing a panic attack. Annie states that most of her panic attacks occur as a
result of her imagining how embarrassing it will be if she has a panic attack in public–she loses control of her bladder, she will run out of the situation,
and most often hide in the bathroom. Annie states that the Agoraphobia is a result of her overthinking how people view her. Throughout the interview,
Annie often demonstrates how she thinks others view her–"why did she just run out" or "she is crazy". During the interview, it becomes clear that
Annie is mainly afraid of judgment by other people. In her interview, Annie mentions that feelings of being trapped also cause her anxiety. She
recurs a time when she was invited to a party. Annie explains that while she may want to go to a party, she has to surround herself with people who
understand her condition, and will understand if on the way to the party, has to turn around because she may not feel like she will be able to handle
talking and socializing with people. Annie further explains, by describing a situation in which, hypothetically, if a person Annie was taking to a party
is not okay with turning around, or leaving a party early, then Annie would feel trapped which would then most likely lead to a panic

Essay On Agoraphobia
AGORAPGOBIA Introduction As reported by Johns Hopkins Medical Hospital about 26% of American adults suffer from determined mental
disorders in a set year. Furthermore, 18% of these adults suffer from an anxiety disorder such as agoraphobia in the same given year. The crippling
fear of being alone outside of the place a person may call home is classified as the phobia agoraphobia (National Institute of Mental Health,
[NIMH], 2015). According to the NIMH 0.8% of the U.S adult population has had this mental health issue for a prevalence of about 12 months while
40.6% of these adults have been classified as a "severe" case. The demographics for agoraphobia, when speaking about age, typically are seen strongly
in the age range of 30–59 year olds; notwithstanding the fact... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bressert (2015) explains that the intense fear or a strong response to two out of the five situations listed in Section 1 of Appendix A permits a
diagnosis for agoraphobia. Enduring significant distress when using public transportation or being in open spaces may also prompt other mental
diseases such as Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Separation Anxiety, and Social Phobia (Bressert, 2015). In accordance with Bressert,
(2015), Kivi, Boskey & Cherney, (2016) state that agoraphobia usually coincides with panic attacks. Because panic attacks coincide with agoraphobia
the symptoms of panic attacks such as chest pain, choking, nausea and shortness of breath (see more in Appendix B) come when the victim
experiences the distress that attaches itself to a victim because of Agoraphobia (Kivi et al., 2016). As previously stated the average age of onset for
this mental disease occurs between the ages of 18–20, but according to Kivi et al., 2016 symptoms caused by the indicated mental illness can surface at
any given age. Treatments and

Agoraphobia Research Paper
Symptoms are very important when it comes down to a disorder. Seeing that agoraphobia is classified as a panic/anxiety disorder there are going to be
signs and symptoms that's similar to other anxiety disorder. Furthermore, agoraphobia symptoms include fear and avoidance of places and situations
that might cause feelings of panic and entrapment. Agoraphobia can severely limit your ability to socialize, work, attend important events and even
manage the details of daily life. Some people have a panic disorder in addition to agoraphobia. Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder in which you
experience sudden attacks of extreme fear that reach a peak (Mayoclinc, 2014). However, when people with agoraphobia are faced with these situations
they

Types Of Anxiety Disorder ( Adhd )
If someone described where he or she lives as a place, where they could not leave or where they felt confined and unable to get out it would sound
like prison. Although, for some what they are describing is their own home, a place where the walls around them are their jail and their fear is the bars
holding them in. These intense emotions derive from a condition known as agoraphobia, a type of anxiety disorder. Yet these imprisoned feelings do
not just occur at home, debilitating fears can happen in various places and for a variety of reasons. However, as with many illnesses there is treatment
and possibilities to overcome these fears.
Recently there have been changes in what constitutes diagnostic criteria for agoraphobia. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
123). Therefore, this contributed to placing agoraphobia into its own diagnoses separate from panic disorders in the DSM– V. In order for a diagnosis
of agoraphobia to be made many factors play a role, including symptoms, situations, and duration of the symptoms. All of the contributing factors
revolve around some type of fear or anxiety. As mentioned earlier the fear or anxiety often revolves around being away from home. An individual in
various situations, such as open spaces, enclosed places, being in a crowd or in need of using public transportation worries about something bad
happening to themselves, especially if they are alone (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013, p.217). Therefore, people with agoraphobia, if
they are able to go into a situation they fear, will often want to have a companion with them in public spaces.
Conceivably, everyone experiences some degree of fear at some point in their life. For instance, whether it is flying for the first time or taking their
drivers test, the list can go on and on as to what people fear. On the other hand, however, when clinicians are noticing fear or anxiety occurring the
majority of the time regardless of the situation and preventing someone from participating in family activities, job related tasks or interferes with other
activities

The Study Anxiety Inventory
Abstract
The Study Anxiety Inventory (SAI), consisting of the factors of Anxiety and Public speaking, was developed to measure college students' self–reported
levels of anxiety while studying to speak in front of class mate. Data from 2015 undergraduate students from four colleges (Nursing and Sciences,
Business) at a private university, Keiser University were used to evaluate the validity of the scores from the 16–item Study Anxiety Inventory. The
preliminary PSCAS yielded an internal consistency of .85 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient when administered to 30 participants and was
factor–analyzed to establish the construct and the final version.
The factor analysis revealed that the PSCAS included the components of communication apprehension, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people struggle with these fears. But the situations that trigger the symptoms of social anxiety disorder can be different (Kirsch & Henry,
2009в€’2015,).
Some people experience anxiety in most social and performance situations, a condition known as generalized social anxiety disorder. While other
people with social phobia, anxiety are connected with specific social situations, such as speaking to strangers, eating at restaurants, or going to parties
(Kirsch & Henry, 2009в€’2015,).
While age or status does not play a role in anxiety, however the most common specific social phobia is fear of public speaking or performing in front of
an audience. Just because you occasionally get nervous in social situations doesn't mean you have social anxiety disorder or social phobia (Kirsch &
Henry, 2009в€’2015,). However many people are shy or self
–conscious–at least from time to time–yet it doesn't get in the way of their everyday
functioning like going to work or school. Social anxiety disorder, on the other hand, comes in effect when it, interferes with your normal routine
and causes tremendous distress (Kirsch & Henry, 2009в€’2015,). For example, it's perfectly normal to get the jitters before giving a speech. But if
you have social anxiety disorder or social phobia, you might worry for weeks ahead of time, call in sick to get out of it, or start shaking so bad during
the speech that you can hardly speak (Kirsch & Henry,

Panic Disorders: A Case Study
Introduction
This project proposal is to Educate counsellors within the organisation of Sydney Counselling and Life Coaching about Panic Disorders and other
abnormal psychological representations. I want to put this topic on an agenda to create a program to educate counsellors within the organization to
have a treatment option for the clients who present themselves with panic disorders. The reasoning for this topic is that there is a great need in
educating counsellors to work effectively with clients who face panic disorders in their life, to have a proper understanding of the associated
psychological representations to further apply the appropriate intervention that will be effective for the client. The needs assessment was done through
a suggestion box in their tearoom. Each counsellor within the organization suggested what they believed was a need then further discussions were held
in the weekly meeting further expressing what need was a priority and why. 10 out of 15 participants suggested there was a need for an educational
program within the organisation for Panic disorders and the associated psychological representations, this was due to the fact that almost 40 percent of
clients who come into the organisation present themselves with having Panic Disorder as a priority. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The changes in the DSM–5 meant that Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia were now separate disorders with separate criteria, as the DSM–5 notes
"Agoraphobia is diagnosed irrespective of the presence of panic disorder. If an individual's presentation meets criteria for panic disorder and
agoraphobia, both diagnoses should be assigned" (APA, 2013, p.218). Therefore it is important when using the DSM–5, to explore each Criterion for
Panic Disorder, and then Agoraphobia, and compare Tom's symptoms

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders
Worried? Nervous? The distinction between anxiety disorders and "normal" anxiety is not always certain. Everybody gets anxious or worried from
time to time, when speaking in public or in front of the class to give a speech or from financial problems. Sometimes anxiety can be so overbearing
that it can start to control your life. Here are twelve signs you might have an anxiety disorder: Excessive worry, sleeping problems, irrational fears,
muscle tension, chronic indigestion, stage fright, self–consciousness, panic, flashbacks, perfectionism, compulsive behaviors, and self–doubt. Anxiety
disorders are a group of mental disturbances characterized by anxiety as a central or core symptom. They vary extensively in their frequency of
occurrence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The perception of feeling smothered, shortness of breath, chest pain, and racing heart beat are all common signs of a panic attack. These disorders
definitely run the family and twins. Twin studies show that about 20% of patients who have the conditions of the diagnosis have the first–degree
relatives with the disorder. The monozygotic twins (identical) to dizygotic twins (non–identical) ratio is 5:1 for panic attacks. Other common causes of
panic disorders include social learning and autonomic responsiveness (attacks will affect the body and hyper sensitizes nerve cells in brain). Panic
disorders usually starts to happen during your late teens and early twenties, usually not after age 35 and its uncommon to happen after age 45. In the
United States, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) estimates that panic disorder affects about 6 million American adults and is twice as
common in women as men. (Gale, 2011.) Agoraphobia is an anxiety state about being in situations or places that might make escape embarrassing or
difficult. It is seen in about one–third to one–half of peoples who meet the standards of panic disorders. Some of the symptoms for a panic attack
include: Cardiac palpitations, sweating, trembling, difficulty breathing, feeling of choking, chest pain or discomfort, light headedness, nausea or
stomach discomfort, losing contact with reality, being detached from oneself, losing control, fear of dying, and

Intern At The Mobile County Department Of Human Resources
In this paper, the intern will disclose information from a case that they experienced during their internship at the Mobile County Department of Human
Resources. The paper will demonstrate the intern's knowledge of the presenting problem and the fundaments of their field placement. It will explain
the client's problem in context and display the intern's ability to understand diverse groups. Next the paper will explain the how a plan was established
for the clients and how the intervention process was utilized in their case. Then the intern will describe how the plan and intervention was evaluated
and, if successfully, how the termination process was applied. Lastly, the intern will identify any issues related tosocial work values and ... Show more
In this paper, the intern was placed at the Mobile County Department of Human Resources in the Adult Protective Services department and will be
disclosing information about a particular case during their internship. To protect the clients and all parties associated confidentially within this case,
material that could reveal their identity will not be discussed and only relevant information about the case will be addressed. The clients in this case
have been both diagnosed with agoraphobia with panic disorder. According to the Social Work Dictionary (2014) agoraphobia is described as "an
irrational and persistent fear of being in unfamiliar places or of leaving one's home" (Baker, p. 13). Agoraphobia with panic disorder is a difficult
mental illness to treat, especially with two individuals who have made the decision to stay in isolation. Ebenfeld (2014) explains panic disorder as
having unexpected panic attacks and the worry of future attacks (p.2). Some professionals believe that agoraphobia is a secondary onset associated
with panic disorders and for the twins' situation, it is unsure which diagnosis was developed first.
Presenting Problem and Problem Definition
The Department of Human Resources (DHR) is a state run agency with the primary objective to provide the protection, well–being, and
self–sufficiency to children and adults. In the state of Alabama, Mobile County is the

Agoraphobia Essay
Agoraphobia is the fear of the market place. This basically the fear of open spaces or being crowded. Agoraphobia is not just another name for
shyness it is a social phobia. It is usually goes unrecognized and untreated. Common questions asked are what causes it and how do you treat it? I will
answer these questions for you.
Nearly 900,000 teenagers suffer from agoraphobia. Most people don't realize that panic disorders often first become apparent in teenage years. A large
percent show sings before their 18th birthday. Its less noticeable in adolescence because the disorders are attributed to the normal stresses of puberty.
This is the most common phobia and effects 5–10 percent of adults also. Adult with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a variety of situations one might avoid such as crowded places because the individual fears loosing control in front of so many people. Other
are shopping malls , large grocery stores, planes and trains because escape may be difficult. Also any situation that the individual experience a panic
attack in the past. Some agoraphbic's become completely housebound though it is not very common.
Treatment for such individuals may be to start with housecalls until they can make their way down to the office. Other treatment's are positive
self–talks like saying "I can do this and nothing is going to happen to me." Behavioral therapy where the patient has a "safe
person"(someone they trust) go out places with them. Therapy (group and individual)are effective. Medications can also help but there may be
some withdrawal symptoms when they come off it.
Agoraphobia could be a result of previously repressed emotional problems, such as a death of a loved–one or any type of abuse. The fear of some
situations is learned. After feeling uneasy in one situation someone might think they will get the same feeling next time. this is classified on the
DSM–IV it is an excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances.
I hope I answered some of your questions about the disorder. If you think you have the symptoms you should be

Review Of ' Agoraphobia Or Fear Of The Marketplace '
Agoraphobia or "fear of the marketplace" is an anxiety disorder in which one fears any variety of situations where the feelings of embarrassment,
helplessness, and the feeling of being trapped could possibly be associated. This phobia induces the phobias of claustrophobia along with monophobia,
Furthermore, this disorder disables the victim for entering open spaces, crowded areas, tightly confined spaces, and drives one to be homebound.
Esteemed celebrity Paula Deen experienced agoraphobia and luckily lived to tell the tale. Paula Deen, an American celebrity greatly known for her
cooking shows viewed on the Food Network Channel, admitted to be battling agoraphobia for a very long time. This Queen of Southern Cooking,
suffered from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paula Deen condition is a severe yet great example as to how agoraphobia is developed. According to WebMD, today doctors are still not aware of a
staple cause. Instead, agoraphobia, is explained to be mainly caused, by already having or developing a panic disorder. However there are quite a few
risk factors into developing the anxiety disorder: having a tendency to be nervous or anxious, experiencing stressful life events, such as abuse, the
death of a parent (like Deen) or being attacked, or having a blood relative with agoraphobia.
The statistics within this disorder are not surprising at all. This anxiety disorder is very uncommon, less than 1%, 0.8% or 1.8 million to be exact,
of people in the United States have agoraphobia. Women before the age of 35 are diagnosed with agoraphobia more frequently than men. A
central age range would be around the age of 20. Children and young adults are most likely to develop agoraphobia as well. Anxiety disorders are
very prevalent between the ages of 18 to the age of 54. Though agoraphobia is rare, 30% of Americans are dealing with an anxiety disorder
Unfortunately, agoraphobia is similar to your typical anxiety disorder, since it does fall within the anxiety disorder category. Agoraphobia, and the
feeling of loneliness can be or later become very severe like in Paula Deen's case. Agoraphobia can lead to challenging

Suicide: The Second Leading Cause Of Death For Adolescents
Children and teens from ages 10 to 14 are killing themselves at an alarming rate for youths states WBTV news. Suicide is the second leading cause of
death for adolescents between the ages of 15–19, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. Two mothers April Quick and Debbie Smith, both
lost children to suicide due to bullying in 2015. The two girls, Debbie and Emily were both suffering from bullying and nobody would lend a hand to
help. April's daughter, Ashley was turned down from a six month program because of the severity of her cutting, Ashley would cut to escape and
relief all her pain. Although the government made no federal laws about bullying, it is possible for the U.S department of Education's Office for
Civil Rights and Justice's Civil Rights to help solve the problem of not only bullying, but harassment when it's based on race, religion, color, sex,
age, disability, or national origin. People tend to bully others due to insecurities, one may feel better seeing someone else down. It may also rely on
family issues, or jealousy. Bullies should be legally responsible for what they do because it causes depression, disorders, and suicide.
Point A: Bullying is not only physical, but it can also disrupt a person's emotions that can lead to depression.
Depression is a sad feeling where you lose all hope and courage for yourself. Depression can be caused by bullying, in fact bullies as well as the
victims are more likely to be depressed. Depression can lead to low–self of esteem, high rate of being absent from school, anxiety, and even physical
illness. Experts found that "among students who said they were frequently bullied in school nearly 30% reported depression then leads to suicide."
Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year. Bully victims are between 2 to 9 times more
likely to consider suicide than non–victims according to Yale University. Showing signs of depression, like ongoing sadness, withdrawal from others,
losing interest in favorite activities, or trouble sleeping or eating can be signs of suicide. In some cases, it may not be obvious that a teen is thinking
about suicide, such as when the suicide seems to

Agoraphobia And Anxiety
CONFIDENCE: Negative or poor self image affects confidence as the client is obviously struggling with self esteem issues resulting in a lack of
confidence which can take may forms.
FEAR: Agoraphobia the fear of going out or being in wide open spaces. The client may percieve an environment to be unsafe therefore instilling fear.
ANXIETY: Panic attacks, whilst a medical condition and therefore requiring the support of a GP the client would benefit from coaching for the anxiety
too. There will be underlying issues as to why the client presents with anxiety.
DEPRESSION: Self harm, again requiring medical attention just as above life coaching will support the client in the respect of looking at deeper
routed issues.
DEFENCE MECHANISM

Agoraphobia
As you walk the streets all around you there are individuals who may live their life in fear of the petrifying clowns that appear out of nowhere, the
spine–chilling darkness that creeps in at dusk, or even the nauseating germs of others surrounding you, but what if you knew someone simply terrified
of the outdoors. This may seem strange, but these individuals are constantly living in fear of the outside world away from their "Safe Zone". From the
moment they wake they fear the outside world, constantly panicking about what could happen if they venture to the outdoors. Agoraphobia affects
between 5–12% of Americans (Misconceptions of Agoraphobia), and is essential to become aware of the true definition of Agoraphobia. These
individuals are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many misconceptions that come along with a disorder such as Agoraphobia, but it is important to become aware of the true definition of the
disorder and the detrimental effects that it has on individuals that are all around us on a day–to–day basis. A major misconception about Agoraphobia
is that it is incurable; this is simply false. Many individuals who struggle with a disorder such as Agoraphobia can seek therapy to help with them
eventually overcome their fear. For Claire, she first looked into Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to start helping her overcome her phobia, and then she
joined a support group where she was able to talk to other individuals struggling with her same

Essay Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
You become terrified for no apparent reason; your heart feels as though it will beat right out of your chest; you sense an overall feeling of doom and
you get dizzy. Am I dying, or am I just crazy? If you are crazy, then so are 2.4 million other people in the United States.Panic disorder, one of many
anxiety disorders, is a serious and potentially debilitating illness. This illness is treatable, however, only one–third of those who suffer will actually be
treated. What is panic disorder? Panic disorder is characterized by panic attacks, which are periods of intense fear, or discomfort, in which four or
more of the following symptoms develop abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes: Palpitations, pounding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Most of those who are treated at emergency rooms will be discharged without ever knowing what was wrong with them. Many patients fear the attack
will last indefinitely, however, in reality most panic attacks peak within ten minutes and then quickly go away. It does seem to the sufferer that those
few minutes are forever due to their overwhelming fear. Because the attacks are such horrible experiences, most panic disorder patients will then
develop anticipatory anxiety, which is known as fear of the fear. They not only fear thepanic attack, itself, but also the anticipation of it. They will
obsess over the possibility they will have more attacks. Even the slightest physical symptom can set off the anticipatory anxiety and create the fear
of fear. In any given month, 5 tenths of our population, or 1 million people will exhibit symptoms of panic disorder. This condition will affect at least
one out of every 75 people worldwide during their lifetime. Two thirds of the sufferers will be women. Panic disorder typically begins in the late teen
years, or the early to mid– twenties, however, the disorder can develop in childhood, middle age or the later years. Panic disorder also appears to be
somewhat heredity; 15 to 17 percent of patients who have close relatives with panic disorder also have the disorder themselves. The first attack is
often preceded by a stressful event – the death of someone close, the breakup of a marriage,

Summary Of Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is the fear of going to places or being in certain situations that might cause panic, helplessness, and/or embarrassment. Agoraphobia
develops after one has experienced two or more panic attacks and then will not want to go to those places again in fear of another attack. Certain
situations that are prone to cause panic are then avoided by avoiding people that may trigger an attack, which in turn can cause the victim to fear
leaving their house. Anticipated fear will cause one to avoid going to places or attempt to face their fears (Staff).
Typical symptoms include fear of being alone in any situation, being in crowded places, losing control in a public place, being in places where it may
be hard to leave, such as an elevator or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to enter the experiment, the patients had to satisfy the DSM of mental disorders criteria for PDA, the DSM is either moderate or severe, the
patients have to think the symptoms of PDA are their main problem, and the participants age ranged from twenty to sixty–five years old. Of the
participants, only fifty–two were entered into the study and only six dropped out. The study lasted for thirteen years. Once the participants were
selected, they were given an evaluation at a hospital. A few months after the evaluation they were discharged and had several follow ups. Out of the
thirteen years, only six weeks were needed to do either of the model therapies. The first week was about the education of the models to provide
understanding. In weeks two through four, the therapy model they chose was intensely applied. Within the second to last week, the patients went back
home to use their new found skills that were learned. In the last week, the patients discussed what it was like when they used the new skills, which
allowed them to set goals for the year.
Since the hypothesis was to compare and contrast the changes, the results were completely different than what the researchers were expecting. The
cognitive model showed that there were physical fears, decreased control of controlled fears, and the self–efficacy when the participant was alone on
subsequent anxiety. The two models were going hand

Panic : Symptoms And Symptoms
Panic Disorder Imagine sitting in a classroom getting ready to present a project. The teacher calls your name, so, you stand up and walk to the front
of the room. As you are standing in front of the room about to give your presentation, like every other time, you realize your breathing has increased
and feel your throat start to close, as if you are choking. Your hands start to feel tingly and numb. Standing there, you can hear your heart beat
increase when you come back to reality and hear the teacher ask you if you are alright and to step outside. You walk out of the classroom standing
outside, and realize you just had a panic attack. Panic attacks are a result of having panic disorder (Lilienfeld 2014). Panic attacks are "surges of anxiety
" (Lilienfeld 2014). These attacks can happen quite often or all of sudden (Lilienfeld 2014). In the paragraph before, panic attacks have many
physical symptoms (Lilienfeld 2014). Breathing heavily, or hyperventilation is common with the feeling of choking can occur in panic attacks, as
well as being dizzy or faint with the feeling of tingling or numbness is common (Lilienfeld 2014). Many people who experience panic attack get hot
and cold flashes while feeling their heart beat increase, to the point someone feels as if they are having a heart attack (Lilienfeld 2014). The feeling of
panic and anxiety that tells us to avoid or escape pain or danger are circuits in the brain (Hamm, Richter, PanГ©–FarrГ© 2014). These circuits in the

Phobias In The Seventh Book Of Epidemics
Phobias have been in existence for many years. Phobias date back to the works of Hippocrates, a prehistoric Greek physician (Korgeski, 2009). The
works of Hippocrates are still debated today. In The Seventh Book of Epidemics, one of the publications by Hippocrates, he studied an individual and
he interpreted a condition that the person portrayed. The results of the observation were that the individual was petrified of the sound of a flute, if he
wasn't intoxicated. He noticed the individual was fine during the day listening to the flute but during the night hours everything was different
(Korgeski, 2009). From this observation and the work of Hippocrates helped contribute to the creation of term phobia. The word phobia was formulated
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Situational type phobias are fears of being in confined spaces (i.e. elevators) or being afraid of heights. An example of being afraid of heights is
getting n roller coasters. Natural environment is being fearful of weather storms (i.e. thunder and lightning). Blood injection is a subject type under
specific phobia because some individuals fear blood and/or going through medical procedures (i.e. giving blood). Animal type means to be afraid of
animals. For instance, 30.5% of the United States society fears spiders (Fear/Phobia Statistics, 2012). Specific phobia can be treated in various ways.
One way to help treat specific phobia is through cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a therapy used to help target behaviors
and help examine the thoughts and cognitions (Berkman, Blickman, Heine, Malekzadeh, Teunissen, Bussmann, Kwakkel, Meeteren, Groot,
TREFAMS–ACE, 2013). This treatment can help a person with specific phobia because this therapy can be used as an active intervention to help the
individual face their fears of

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay
Diagnosis:
300.09 (F41.8) Other Specified Anxiety Disorder, with full criteria for generalized anxiety not met A 27
–year–old electrician is describing symptoms
that do not meet the full criteria for any of the disorders in the anxiety disorders diagnostic class of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Therefore, a diagnosis of other specifiedanxiety disorder is appropriate.
However, it should be noted that the symptoms described are highly characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and meet 5 out of the 6
criteria for GAD. More information or further development is needed to determine if the client has GAD. For one, the client claims that he has many
worries–e.g., worries that involve the health of his parents and his social approval level at work. The cardinal symptoms of GAD, which are
highlighted in the first criterion in the DSM–5, are excessive anxiety and worry. The first criterion requires that the excessive anxiety or worry be about
various events or activities that occur most days for at least 6 months (APA, 2013). Because his excessive worries involve diverse content and are
chronic, the first criterion is met. The client also recognizes that his worries are mostly unsubstantiated, but he is still unable to stop worrying. Because
his worrying is pathologically uncontrollable, the second criterion is met, in that individuals with GAD often struggle to control their worry

The Social Work Profession
In the social work profession, the primary goal is to aid and empower individuals or families who are faced with oppression, vulnerable in society,
and living in poverty (Code of Ethics, 2008). Social workers strive to improve the welfare of those who need assistance meeting their daily basic
essentials for survival. According to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic needs, a person requires five clusters to make them an integrated and
self–motivated whole in society. The five clusters include: physiological needs; security needs; social needs; self–esteem needs; and self–actualizing
needs (Aanstoos, 2014). The Code of Ethics is an important component that ensures that the profession is held to its highest standard and to protect the
community. In this paper, the intern was placed at the Mobile County Department of Human Resources in the Adult Protective Services department and
will be disclosing information about a particular case during their internship. To protect the clients and all parties associated confidentially within this
case, material that could reveal their identity will not be discussed and only relevant information about the case will be addressed. The clients in this
case have been both diagnosed with agoraphobia with panic disorder. According to the Social Work Dictionary (2014) agoraphobia is described as "an
irrational and persistent fear of being in unfamiliar places or of leaving one's home" (Baker, p. 13). Agoraphobia with panic disorder is a difficult

What Is Agoraphobia?
Agoraphobia is the fear of going outside and being exposed to unfamiliar places or being exposed to a place where the person had a bad
experience previously. This type of phobia is more common in adults and can result in a very restrictive lifestyle, some people do not leave their
houses unless going to familiar places and experience extreme fear if they go anywhere else. This type of phobia can go hand in hand with panic
disorder since the fear of public spaces can be a result from previous panic attacks, creating fear and aversion to the places that reminds them of how
they felt. But having agoraphobia goes beyond the fear of leaving the house, it creates stress and anxiousness regarding situations that are out of their
control, fear of socializing

Panic Disorder Analysis
It is no secret that people in the United States have a busy, fast pace life. Between work, family, social gatherings, and school, people tend to feel
overwhelmed. In addition to such a fast pace lifestyle, life tends to happen. People face job loss, the death of a loved one, and other stressful situations.
Therefore, it is of no surprise that panic disorder and other types of anxiety disorders are so common. These disorder affect several types of people,
caused by several different reasons, has challenging symptoms, and even tougher consequences. There are also therapies and medicines that help to
improve the individual suffering from these disorders according to the patient's type of symptoms. Panic disorder is a type of anxiety ... Show more
, 2010; Zilch–Mano et al., 2015). There are several types of people who suffer from this disorder, but there certain people who are more prone. The
age of onset tends to be between ages 15 to 24 and 45 to 54. This especially puts adolescents and college students at risk, since they are of the age of
onset. Also, during those early adulthood years, people go through several new but difficult experiences, such as moving away from home, having
to make their own choices, and growing in responsibility Though it is very rare, children have also been diagnosed with panic disorder in the past
(Gloster, 2014; Teachman et al. , 2010) In addition, individuals ages 45 to 54 also have several reasons of why they experience panic disorder. First
of all, they are at a time of their lives where they may be settled. However, at this age people have children, jobs, and several different relationships to
maintain. They may be overwhelmed by the challenges of parenthood and constant job demands. This mid–adult time in people's lives may also be a
major time of growth while also feeling stuck. People may face anxiety about the thought of becoming older, their mortality, and the things that they
may leave behind (Cerny,

Agoraphobia Essay
A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense,
irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy
stores, tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent
studies it is now also viewed as a panic disorder. Panic disorders are characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur
suddenly and unexpectedly (Weiten, 1998). For a person diagnosed with agoraphobia, there are a number of restrictions and consequences associated ...
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Systematic desensitisation includes three steps. The first step is to help the person construct an anxiety hierarchy. An anxiety hierarchy is a list of
stimuli related to the specific source of anxiety, in this case being in a busy public place. The stimuli are ranked from the least to the most feared or
avoided. An example of an anxiety hierarchy for someone with agoraphobia might include: Degree Of fear 5

Anxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders
For a huge amount of people, anxiety is a normal response to everyday stress. It's a normal emotion that everyone goes through at a certain points in
their lives. Many people feel anxious or nervous when facing problems at work, school, etc. Anxiety disorders however, are super different. They can
cause such distress that interferes with a person's ability to live a normal life. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychological disorders in the
United States. About 27.6 million people in the U.S. are suffering from different types of anxiety disorder. There are four different types ofanxiety
disorders: phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder also know an OCD. Extreme levels of worry and
tension are a way of living for people who suffer with anxiety disorder.
Anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling of fearful thoughts about what might happen in the near future. It can be a serious mental illness for people
that suffer this disorder. What is an anxiety disorder? If you were to ask people around your classroom or work area for example, if they felt
anxious from time to time, they would most likely say they do. But for people who struggle with a server state of anxiety, basically an anxiety that
occurs more than often. The definition of anxiety can mean something way different to them. These individuals anxiety is nothing compared to the
anxiety you get over a big exam or a small concern. We all know what anxiety feels like before a

Movie Review : ' What About Bob '
Nick Freeman
PSYC 281
Writing Assignment: Film Review
What About Bob? "What About Bob?" focuses on Bob Wiley, a severely distressed man with a number of easily identifiable symptoms. Wiley's
primary issues are related to anxiety; he has a number of phobias, including agoraphobia and a strong fear of disease and germs. His fear of germs and
disease is so strong that he has difficulty touching things; he often uses a cloth to touch objects to avoid skin–to–object contact. Wiley is generally
wary of new situations, often to an exaggerated extent. For example, when Dr. Marvin's (Wiley's therapist) daughter invites Wiley to go sailing, he is
extremely reluctant, though he is able to sail when he is strapped to the mast of the boat. Wiley is afraid of public spaces and nearly all of his
symptoms only occur in public. When speaking about his problems, Wiley lists several physical symptoms associated with his strong anxiety about
public situations and interactions, including dizziness, blurred vision, unusual sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing and swallowing. These
symptoms are characteristic of panic attacks. Wiley also mentions that he worries about cardiac arrest; this type of fear is often present in panic disorder
, according to Beidel, Bulik, and Stanley (2014). Wiley also displays strong attachment to his therapist, Dr. Leo Marvin. When Dr. Marvin goes on
vacation, Bob is unable to cope with his separation anxiety, even going so far as to fake a suicide attempt

Symptoms And Symptoms Of A Panic Disorder
Disease Definition and Symptoms
A Panic Disorder is one of five major types of anxiety disorders. 'Fundamentals of Mental Health Promotion' states that the five major types of
anxiety disorders include Panic disorder and agoraphobia, which will be the point of focus in this paper Phobias, OCD, PTSD, Acute Stress
disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. (Sharma, 2013). While also saying Panic Disorders, or recurring "Panic Attacks", are defined as "a
discrete period of intense fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and peaks every 10 minutes" (Sharma, 2013). Many people around the world are
affected by Panic Disorders or Panic Attacks on a daily basis. Sometimes more than one at a time. To know if someone around you is... Show more
In order to help someone it is important to react in a timely manner and provide assistance, or aid. Although grouped together, Panic Disorder and
agoraphobia can and should be seen in a separate light. The difference between the two is that rather than a peak, or feeling, of intense fear through a
Panic Attack, Agoraphobia, is an alone intense anxiety of being in any type of place. Feeling as though the person with the phobia, or fear, doesn't feel
the a capability to escape from such environment they are in. This occurring phobia can also help lead to an "unexpected Panic Attack or panic–like
symptoms" (Sharma, 2013)
Disease History/ Origin
The exact history and origin of Panic Disorder is somewhat unclear. In the past, as stated on HealthyPlace.com by Natasha Tracy, a Panic Disorder, like
other anxiety disorders, wasn't even thought about as a disorder of its own. Before being recognized as a branch of Anxiety Disorders, Panic
Disorders, were perceived as "a generic diagnosis of 'stress ' or 'nerves ' " (Tracy, 2014). In an abstract through the US National Library of Medicine;
National Institutes of Health, contributor Angst J reiterates that Panic Disorders "has not always been recognized as an exclusively psychiatric
condition." (Angst, J., 1998). Also, research in this area continued until 1980 when criteria was established for the overall concept of Panic Disorder
itself. This

Theories Of Agoraphobia
Because Agoraphobia was only recently recognised as a distinct disorder little is known about how it is caused, however it is noted that Chambless
and Gracely explain it to be a fear of fear (fear of panic attacks and their real or imagined consequences) rather than simply a fear of public places and
of being away from home (Chambless & Gracely, 1989). It should also be noted that most people with Agoraphobia will often also have other mental
disorders, most frequently other anxiety disorders (Association., 2013).
It is not surprising that there are several different paradigms that touch on Agoraphobia; given it is one of the oldest known anxiety disorders or
sub–disorders. However the main paradigms that have distinct theories in regards

Social Anxiety Disorder ( F40.10 )
1.For my primary diagnosis, I have chosen Social Anxiety Disorder 300.23 (F40.10) with a Z code of Social Exclusion or Rejection V62.4 (Z60.4). I
have chosen the Z code of Social Exclusion or Rejection because of the case study symptomatology and certain aspects of details of Nadine's case.
Nadine is afraid of being humiliated and is afraid of going to public places, based off of the strong evidence of her past experiences of being bullied at
school. Another possible Z code could be Parent –Child Relational Problem V61.20 (Z62.820) given the criteria of feelings of estrangement and
hostility expressed by Nadine toward her mother. She expresses that she does not want to "be anything like her mother"(quoted from case study).
2. I believe that Nadine fits the criteria relative to Social Anxiety Disorder 300.23 (F40.10). According to the DSM–5, Social Anxiety Disorder has ten
diagnostic criteria. The first diagnostic criteria, A. is "marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to
possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g.,
eating or drinking), and performing in front of others (e.g., giving a speech)" (DSM, p. 202). Nadine demonstrates this diagnostic criteria, because for
example, she is afraid to go to a public park and "had become scared to even read by herself in the local park" (quoted from case study).
The second

Specific Agoraphobias
Agoraphobia is anxiety about being in (or anticipating) situations that might be difficult or in which help may not be available in the event of having
a panic attack. The individual might feel like the situation is unsafe and that is when the panic sets in. These symptoms must be present for at least
six months. The DSM states that this must occur in at least two of these places: 1) public transportation 2) being in open spaces 3) being in enclosed
spaces 4) standing in line or in a crowd or 5) being outside the home alone. Agoraphobia can be diagnosed with or without panic disorder. (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013)
"Social Anxiety Disorder is the extreme fear of being scrutinized and judged by others in social or performance situations: ... Show more content on
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"A phobia is essentially a human being's irrational fear of something. It could be an object, an animal, a situation or an environment. These fears are
persistent, intense, excessive and unrealistic, which is primarily why phobias are deemed irrational. A clinically phobic person's reaction to what
scares him/her may seem extreme and the fright may not appear to be justified." (Grenier et al., 2011) A specific phobia is known by a deep and
persistent fear of an object or situation which becomes anxiety. The anticipations of the stimulus may make the symptoms arise. Many individuals who
suffer with this disease will avoid the stimuli. They will take extra steps and precaution to have no contact. The main characteristics that the DSM–5
describes for this disorder includes "the individual suffering from a persistent fear that is either unreasonable or excessive, caused by the presence or
anticipation of a specific object or situation, exposure to the stimulus usually results in an anxiety response, the sufferer recognizes that their fear is
disproportionate to the perceived threat or danger, individuals take steps to avoid the object or situation they fear, and the phobic reaction, anticipation
or avoidance interferes with the individual's normal routine and relationships, or causes significant distress. At last, the phobia that the person has to be
constant for a period of six months or longer." (American Psychiatric Association,

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Panic Disorder
There is a plethora of psychological dysfunctions and each have their own forms of treatment, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and assertive
community treatment. Anxiety disorders are a collection of mental disorders that include symptoms of fear, anxiety and panic. One type of anxiety
disorder is panic disorder. Panic disorder is surprisingly extremely prominent throughout the United States of America. Panic disorder was once
mistaken as just nerves but it is now considered to be an actual psychological disorder. Due to this change, it is seen that panic disorder is more
serious and severe than many people believed. Therefore, it is important to know of the treatments for panic disorder, which are cognitive behavioral
therapy, also known as CBT, exposure therapy, and antidepressant medication. It is interesting to study panic disorder since it is so prominent
throughout the US. This essay will examine panic disorder, characteristics of panic disorder, the side effects of panic disorder, and the pros and cons of
treatments of panic disorder. Therefore this essay intends to deal with the following research question: To what extent is cognitive behavioral treatment,
exposure therapy and antidepressant medication effective in the treatment of panic disorder? Out of the three treatments, CBT is seen to be the most
effective. Although both exposure therapy and antidepressant medication can be effective in the treatment of panic disorder, there is a multitude of side

Taking a Look at Agoraphobia
Definition: Agoraphobia is the fear of being in a situation where there may be lack of an escape or help, and may result in embarrassment and
humiliation. (MedicineNet, 2013) This may include being in a public or open place; like in a crowd, standing in line, being in some mode of
transportation, being on a bridge, or being out alone. (Psych Central Staff, 2013) Often, those with Agoraphobia need the presence of a companion to
leave their house or venture to specific places. Anxiety is accompanied when one is placed in these threatening situations and they will experience
panic–like symptoms or a panic attack. This fear will cause one to entirely avoid these places or situations and become more reclusive to decrease the
panic attacks. Causes: There is no known specific cause for Agoraphobia, but there are some different theories. One theory is that it may be genetic
and could run in a family. Another theory is that one develops it through a personal experience. This irrational fear may stem from a previous,
damaging experience that occurred in a public or open place. This would lead to bad feelings or memories and anxiety of something else similar
happening. The phobia may also be somatic, meaning that one will assume anxiety will accompany a situation, so anxiety really does follow. These
symptoms are caused by thoughts and worries that are consciously and purposefully thought about, but not intended to cause problems, though they do.
Diagnosis:Diagnosing Agoraphobia

Diagnosis Of Agoraphobia And Panic Disorder
Currently, I believe Barbie separately meets all criteria for both diagnosis of Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder. According to the DSM
–5 this specific
comorbidity is not unlikely and the following criteria for both diagnosis will be discussed as followed. The specific diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia
included sections A– I. Criteria A states that the individual must exhibit marked fear oranxiety for two or more situations and Barbie currently meets
number one and three; which describes the anxiety she experiences with the thought of the use of public transportation such as a subways or bus and
being in enclosed places such as the movies. Criteria B is met because it is evident in the narrative that Barbie fears these situation because ... Show
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Criteria F states that the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for six months or more. Barbie currently has a history of anxiety
dating back three years. Criteria G states that the fear, anxiety, or avoidance has to cause clinical significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning. According to the narrative, Barbie describes how she is beginning to experience difficulty
focusing on her job and her WHODAS scores (which will be later discussed) significantly support this specific criteria. Criteria H does not pertain to
Barbie due to her not having a history with another medical condition. The last criteria for Agoraphobia is finally met because Barbie's symptoms is not
better explained using another mental disorder. As stated above, the client currently meets a separate criteria for an additional diagnosis ofPanic
Disorder and the following criteria A– D is discussed. Criteria A describes how the individual must first exhibit unexpected panic attacks that reaches
peak within a few minutes and during which time the client must experience four or more symptoms. Barbie currently has a history of more than five
unexpected episodes that peak and last less than ten minutes. Also, during those times Barbie

Irrational Fears: Agoraphobia Essay
Agoraphobia
According to Klasco (2011), psychological disorders "are abnormalities of the mind that result in persistent behavior patterns" that can have an impact
on daily tasks and life in general. There are many different groups of psychological disorders, one of those being anxiety disorders, which King (2013)
states features "motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts" (p. 448). There are also many subgroups of anxiety
disorders, including phobic disorders, in which agoraphobia is included in. Agoraphobia is considered a panic disorder because its' ability to limit
people from doing their daily activities.
Agoraphobia can be divided into two word parts: agora, a Greek term meaning "marketplace" and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another hypothesis for the cause of agoraphobia states that continually exposing oneself to events that provoke symptoms of anxiety
("Agoraphobia," 2014). Agoraphobia is described as a developing a feeling of desolation that arises from a battle between feelings toward a parent of
the opposite sex and the clash with the parent of the same sex ("Agoraphobia," 2014). Agoraphobia is similar to other mental disorders because it is
often influenced by genetics and runs in the family ("Agoraphobia," 2014)
There are many symptoms that display a diagnosis of agoraphobia, but the main one is anxiety. People who suffer from agoraphobia often suffer from
the feeling of being anxious about being in or having a panic attack in public or unfamiliar places ("Agoraphobia," 2014; "Agoraphobia," 2011). People
who have agoraphobia, do not just have a fear of public places; it is the things associated with public places that they fear. Someone who has
agoraphobia also has a fear of being unaccompanied, congested venues, and places with questionable exits, such as elevators or airplanes
("Agoraphobia," 2011). These people also have a feeling of being confined to their house because they fear leaving; they also fear the feeling of being
dependent on someone else ("Agoraphobia," 2011). When someone who has agoraphobia experiences a panic attack, it is similar to any other panic
attack. Symptoms of a panic attack include difficulty

St. John 's Wort Essay
It 's hard for most of us to avoid a certain amount of stress, anxiety, depression, and fatigue these days. The pace of modern life, and all its excessive
stimulation, takes a toll on our bodies and minds. When we can 't escape from it, many of us resort to harmful addictions or medications to help us
through. In the last couple of decades, though, certain natural (plant–derived) substances have begun to garner reputations for helping to give people an
overall feeling of well being. St John 's Wort is one notable example of an herb used to treat depression. Another, which is more commonly associated
with combating anxiety and easing stress, is Kava. Kava is a relatively recent arrival on the shelves of health stores. Requiring a warm and moist
climate, the plant had previously been known only around the South Pacific islands – particularly, New Guinea, New Zealand, and Hawaii. There it
was renowned for promoting, in those who imbibed it, feelings of relaxation and contentment – and, in large doses, of intoxication. Many old native
practices for the preparation of Kava involved chewing bits of the root (where its active ingredients, known as kavalactones, chiefly reside) and spitting
them out into a great bowl. Once enough was accumulated, this pretty unappetizing mead was mixed with water or coconut milk until desired strength
was achieved. Probably few of us would be adventurous enough to sample that original version of the drink, and chewing the root itself numbs one 's

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders
"Anxiety is often defined as a more prolonged state of tension, worry, and apprehension regarding uncertain, and potentially negative, future events"
(Duval, Javanbakht, & Liberzon 2015). In other words anxiety is completely normal and it works alongside fear in something called your
Fight–or–Flight response. Your Fight–or–Flight response gears your body up to fight or to flee. Anxiety only becomes a problem when it gets
excessive and your life starts to deteriorate. Knowing this, anxiety and stress disorders are one of the more prevalent categories of mental illnesses,
affecting around 18% of Americans. There are multiple types of anxiety disorders which include Social Anxiety Disorder,Panic Disorder, Generalized
Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is more common than the other anxiety disorders. There are also treatment
methods that have been proven to work. These treatments include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and various types of medications. "Social Anxiety
Disorder is often characterized by persistent fear of social or performance situations resulting from the possibility of negative judgement,
embarrassment, or humiliation" (Duval, Javanbackht, & Liberzon 2015). A person who suffers from Social Anxiety, which is commonly referred to as
Social Phobia, will ordinarily encounter the symptoms of anxiety – this includes: tremors, a shaky voice, confusion, heart palpitations, dry mouth,
sweating, diarrhea,

Essay On Social Anxiety Disorders: A Cure For Shyness
A Cure For Shyness?
Many of us experience a pounding heartbeat or shaking when faced with a public situation, especially if we think we are going to be judged by
others. When does this cross the line between normal and a mores serious disorder? Social anxiety disorder, a relatively newly recognized disorder by
the psychiatric profession, involves many of the same symptoms as shyness. What makes the difference between a case of the jitters and a real disorder?
Social Anxiety Disorder was first recognized by the American Psychiatric Association as a disorder in 1980 (1). It is characterized by such physical
symptoms as increased heartbeat, blushing, dry mouth, trembling and shaking, difficulty swallowing, and twitching in the ... Show more content on
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What constitutes such a significant interference in one's normal routine, however, is not necessarily easily determined; there is no specific point at
which the line is drawn between shyness and social anxiety disorder. Many of the symptoms can be experienced in bouts of shyness that many
people undergo from time to time. Perhaps because it is so hard to diagnose and the criteria are not absolute, estimates about how widespread social
anxiety disorder is vary. The Anxiety Disorders Association of America says 10 million Americans suffer from the disorder (4), and the Social Anxiety
institute says it affects 15 million Americans in a year (1). Regardless, studies show that it is the third most common mental disorder (the first two are
substance abuse and depression) (3).
Social anxiety disorder is also often misdiagnosed or fails to be diagnosed at all. The Social Anxiety Institute suggests that almost 90% of people who
suffer from social anxiety are misdiagnosed, often told they have schizophrenia, depression, panic disorders, or personality disorders (1). The definition
used in the DSM may contribute to some of the misdiagnoses, because it refers to panic attacks, although panic disorder is an entirely separate disorder
(1). Also contributing to confusion about what this disorder really is is the often synonymous use of the term social anxiety disorder with "social
phobia." Thomas A. Richards, Ph.D., Director

Agoraphobia and its Impact on a Person's Life Essay
Agoraphobia and its Impact on a Person's Life
A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense,
irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy stores,
tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent studies it
is now also viewed as a panic disorder. Panic disorders are characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and
unexpectedly (Weiten, 1998).
For a person diagnosed with agoraphobia, there are a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Agoraphobia starts suddenly with an unexpected panic attack. This usually strikes while the person is outdoors. This is likely to cause the person to
avoid the situation or place where the original panic attack occurred. The panic attacks then begin to occur more frequently, and once they begin to
happen monthly or more often, it is likely that the full agoraphobic pattern will emerge. The reason why these initial panic attacks occur is not known,
but stress is a major factor in the majority of cases. The antecedents of the panic attack response of agoraphobia are simply the four key elements in
classical conditioning. One of these is the unconditioned response (UCR). The UCR is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs
without previous conditioning. In the case of agoraphobia, the UCR would be a panic attack. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that
evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. In the case of agoraphobia, the UCS would be the situation the panic response first
occurred in, for example, a busy street. The conditioned response (CR) is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous
conditioning. In agoraphobia, this would be the panic responses of fear and anxiety. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that
has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. In agoraphobia, this would be the

Agoraphobia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

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