3. What makes listening difficult? CLUSTERINGin spoken English is one of the reasons that make listening difficult.
4. CLUSTERING “Learners try to listen and understand WORD BY WORD.” Memory limitations and our predisposition for “chunking,” or clustering make us break down speech into smaller groups of words.
5.
6. teachers need to have students try to attend to longer chunks of language to avoid word by word translation.
16. Authentic assessment? “A performance based real-world task that applies students’ skills and knowledge” A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of knowledge and skills – J. Mueller "...Engaging and worthy problems or questions of importance, in which students must use knowledge to fashion performances effectively and creatively. The tasks are either replicas of or analogous to the kinds of problems faced by adult citizens and consumers or professionals in the field." – G. Wiggins (1993, p. 229). "Performance assessments call upon the examinee to demonstrate specific skills and competencies, that is, to apply the skills and knowledge they have mastered." – R. J. Stiggins (1987, p. 34).
17. Authentic assessment… …accelerate learners‘ needs and motivation. …lead synchronous communication. …provide real-life examples for listening and speaking. …provoke critical thinking to solve the problem. …deal with various situations. …focus on the students and the process.
18. Examples in teaching speaking Debates Interviews Panel discussions Role-plays Situational conversations Talk show performances Group projects such as group research or presentations Mueller, J. (2011).
19. Tips Identify the standards for the students STEP 1 Select an authentic task STEP 2 Identify the criteria for the task STEP 3 Create the rubric and adjust instruction STEP 4 Useful questions for each step Mueller, J. (2011).
21. English rhythm Stress-timed rhythm Stressed syllables-louder, clearer and higher pitched Unstressed syllables-quiet, short, reduced, low pitched Misuse of rhythm could cause misunderstanding Teach students from the beginning to deal with fully fledged meaningful utterances Pronunciation is important Retrieved from http://chifenchen.tripod.com/papers/paper-2.html.
48. Chen, C., Fan, C., & Lin, H. A new perspective on teaching English pronunciation: rhythm. Retrieved from http://chifenchen.tripod.com/papers/paper-2.html
49. Mueller, J. (2011). Retrieved April 17, 2011 from “Authentic assessment toolbox” http://jfmueller.faculty.noctrl.edu/toolbox/index.htm
50. Peterson, P. W. (2007). Skills and strategies for proficient listening. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/anamariacult/listening
51. Stiggins, R. J. (1987). The design and development of performance assessments. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 6, 33-42.
52. Wiggins, G. P. (1993). Assessing student performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Zhiwen, F. (2007). The perceptions of Chinese junior high and senior high students regarding the teaching and learning of English listening and speaking skills. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://thinktech.lib.ttu.edu/bitstream/handle/2346/20529/Feng_Zhiwen_Di ss.pdf?sequence=1
