2. What are the approaches to explore
the health of adolescent?
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•
•
•
Individuals
Members of the Families
Friendship
Social institution
3. From previous studies
• the use pattern of peers
-Adolescents with alcohol using peers are
more likely to use alcohol than adolescents
without drinking friends
-Adolescents with heavy drinking friends, or
friends who get drunk, are themselves likely
to engage in such behavior
4. • Differential association theory (Sutherland
1947) – interaction with others creates
differential social conditions for developing
deviant behaviors
• The associated theory of social learning (Akers
et al.1979) posits that affiliation of deviant
groups reinforces deviant behavior.
5. Drawbacks of those previous studies
• Focus on the respondents’ cognition and
attitudes only
• Do not include any actual friends in the
empirical analyses
• rely on self-reports of friend behavior
• Ignore the significance of mutual influence
• Rarely operate longitudinally
6. Methods
• Whole network approach
• American adolescents in eighty communities
and 134 junior and senior high schools
• Date collect from the National Longitudinal
Study of Adolescent Health in 1995 and 1996
• 85% of wave one sample was reinterviewed in
wave two
• 3413 friendship pairs to the analysis
10. Main results
• The closer each friend to his or her family, the
lower the frequency of drunkenness
• Supportive parents who monitor their
children’s behavior and engage in activities
with them create conditions that limits
opportunities to drink
11. • Greater religiosity is associated with lower
levels of drunkenness
• Adolescent commitment to conventional
institutions tends to depress alcohol initiation
and use
12. • Experiencing problems in school tends to
increase the frequency of drunkenness
• Adolescents having conduct disorders in
school tend to develop early problematic
alcohol use
• Alienation from school does not have an
impact on the frequency of drunkenness
13. Demographic results
• Older Kids and whites get drunk more
• Males are no more or less likely to get drunk
than females