2. Arthur Jones, 1930
• Guidance is the help given by one person to
another in making choices and adjustments & in
solving problems. It aims at aiding the recipient to
grow in his independence and ability to be
responsible for himself.
3. Emery Stoops (1958)
• Guidance is a continuous process of helping
individual development to the maximum of his
capacity in the direction most beneficial to himself
and to society.
4. Frank W. Miller
• Guidance is the process of helping individual
achieved the self-understanding and self-direction
necessary to make the maximum adjustment to
school, home and community.
5. Hall
• Guidance is the process of helping individual
through his own efforts to discover and develop
his/her potentials both for personal happiness and
social usefulness.
6. Skinner
• Guidance is a process of helping young person
learn to adjust to self, to others, and circumstances.
7. Crow and crow
• Guidance is an assistance made available by
personally qualified and adequately trained men or
women to an individual of any age to help him
manage his own life activities, develop his own
point of view, make his own decisions and carry
his own burdens.
8. Traxler (1957)
• Guidance is a help that enables each individual to
understand his abilities and interests, to develop
them as well as possible and to relate them to life
goals and finally to reach a state of complete and
natural self guidance as a desirable member of the
social order.
9. Mathewson (1962)
• Guidance is the systematic professional process of
helping the individual through education and
interpretative procedure to gain a better understanding
of his own characteristics, potentialities, and to relate
himself most satisfactorily to social requirement and
opportunities in accord with social and moral values.
10. Jones
• Guidance involves a personal help given by
someone. It does not solve problems for the
individual but helps him to solve them. The focus
of guidance is the individual, not the problem. Its
purpose is to promote the growth of the individual
in self-direction.
11. Woodsworth
• Guidance helps an individual to develop his
personality fully and enables him to serve the
society to the best of his abilities.
12. PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE Source: Crow
and Crow
• 1 Principle of all-round development of the individual.
• 2 The principle of human uniqueness.
• 3 Principle of holistic development
• 4 The principle of cooperation.
• 5 The principle of continuity.
• 6 The principle of extension.
• 7 The principle of elaboration.
• 8 The principle of adjustment.
13. PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE Source: Crow
and Crow
• 9 Principle of individual needs.
• 10 The principle of expert opinion.
• 11 The principle of evaluation.
• 12 The principle of responsibility.
• 13 The principle of periodic appraisal.
14. Need for Guidance
1. Individual/personal
2. Social
3. Psychological
4. Educational
5. National
6. International/Universal
15. Types of Guidance Services
• Personal guidance
• Educational guidance
• Social guidance
• Vocational guidance
• Health guidance
17. Glenn F. Smith
• Counseling ◦ is essentially a process in which the counselor assists
the counselee to make interpretations of facts relating to a choice,
plan or adjustment which he needs to make.
18. Carl Rogers
• Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the
individual which aims to offer him assistance in changing
his attitude & behaviors.
19. Wren
• Counseling is a dynamic and purposeful relationship
between two people who approach a mutually defined
problem with mutual consideration of each other to the
end that the younger or less mature or more troubled of
the two is aided to a self determined resolution of his
problems.
20. Smith (1955)
• Counseling is process in which the counsellor assists the
counselee to make interpretations of facts relating to a
choice, plan, or adjustments which he needs to make.
21. Arthur Jones
• Counseling is the technique of guidance which attempts
to assist the individual to understand himself, his
environment and his opportunities and prospects for
attaining a satisfactory and successful belief.
22. Principles of Counseling
• Acceptance
• Respect for the individual
• Permissiveness
• Learning
• Thinking with client
• Helping the client to solve the problem
• Competence in interpreting and using information
• Competence in placement and follow up service
• Competence in evaluating the counseling service itself
23. Difference between guidance & counseling
GUIDANCE
• Guidance is broader & comprehensive ◦ Guidance is more
external, helps a person understand alternative solutions available
to him & makes him understand his personality & choose the
right solution. COUNSELING ◦ Counseling is in-depth &
narrow ◦ Counseling helps people understand themselves & is an
inward analysis. Alternative solutions are proposed to help
understand the problem at hand.
24. Difference between guidance & counseling
GUIDANCE
• Guidance is mainly preventive & developmental. ◦ Intellectual
attitudes are the raw material of guidance COUNSELING
Counseling is remedial as well as preventive & developmental
Emotional rather than pure intellectual attitude are raw material
of the counseling process.
25. Difference between guidance & counseling
GUIDANCE
• Decision making operates at an intellectual level. Guidance is
generally education & career related & may also be for personal
problems COUNSELING operates at an emotional level.
Counseling is mostly offered for personal & social issues.
26. Guidance & counseling are not synonymous term. ◦ Counseling is a
part of guidance. ◦ Guidance, in educational context, means to
indicate, point out, show the way, lead out & direct. ◦ Counseling is
a specialized service of guidance. It is the process of helping
individuals learn more about themselves & their present & possible
future situations to make a substantial contribution to the society.
