osha scaffold standards cited in 2014

1. Scaffold Safety
Johnanewquist@gmail.com
Draft 6 8 2015

2. • This presentation focuses on standards cited by OSHA in 2014
• Scaffold focus on standards cited at least ten times

3. 2015 Common OSHA Scaffolds
• Fabricated Frame
Scaffold
• Pump Jack Scaffold
• Ladder Jack Scaffold
• Mobile Scaffold
• Suspended scaffolds
• Aerial Lifts
• Work Platforms
attached to forklifts
• Mast Scaffolds
• Top Plate Scaffold
• Cuplok Scaffold
• Layher Scaffold
3

4. Fabricated Frame
4

5. Pump Jack Scaffold
5

6. Ladder Jack Scaffold
6

7. Mobile Scaffold
7

8. Suspended Scaffold

9. Aerial Lifts

10. Mast Scaffolds
• Follow Manufacturer’s
Instruction

11. Top Plate Scaffold
11

12. Cuplok Scaffold

13. Layher Scaffold

14. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
• Capacity
• Scaffold Platform Construction
• Criteria For Supported Scaffolds
• Criteria for Suspended Scaffolds
• Access
• Use
• Fall Protection
• Falling Object Protection
• Training Requirements

15. #1 Most Cited - Scaffold
• 1926.451(g)(1) –
Fall Protection on
Scaffolding
• Fall protection
starts at 10 feet.
• Consider requiring
fall protection on
scaffolds over 4 feet
since it is feasible.
No guardrails on the levels where the
workers are working.

16. #2 Most Cited -
Scaffolds
• 1926.453(b)(2)(v) – Fall
Protection in Aerial Lifts
• Users must receive
training in the
manufacturer’s
instruction.
• http://www.ipaf.org/ has
training material
• These aerial lifts must be
operated on level
surfaces.
• Consider requiring fall
arrest in scissor lifts
since so many fatalities.
(see lower photo)
Worker above is not wearing fall arrest

17. #3 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451(e)(1) - Scaffold
Access/Egress
• Many citations involve
climbing on the cross
bracing.
Worker will be exposed
to fall to get to the
scaffold.

18. #4 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451(b)(1) –
Scaffold not Fully
Planked each
working level
Not fully planked, no guardrails, not fully cross
braced.

19. #5 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.454(a)
• Scaffold Training

20. #6 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451(g)(1)(vii)
• For all scaffolds not
otherwise specified in
paragraphs (g)(1)(i)
through (g)(1)(vi) of this
section, each employee
shall be protected by the
use of personal fall arrest
systems or guardrail
systems meeting the
requirements of
paragraph (g)(4) of this
section.

21. #7 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451(c)(2)
• Supported scaffold
poles, legs, posts,
frames, and uprights
shall bear on base
plates and mud sills
or other adequate
firm foundation

22. #8 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451 (g)(1)(i)
• Each employee on a
boatswains' chair,
catenary scaffold,
float scaffold, needle
beam scaffold, or
ladder jack scaffold
shall be protected by a
personal fall arrest
system

23. #9 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451(f)(7)
• Scaffolds shall be
erected, moved,
dismantled, or altered
only under the
supervision and
direction of a competent
person qualified in
scaffold erection,
moving, dismantling or
alteration.

24. #10 Most Cited - Scaffolds
• 1926.451(f)(3)
• Scaffolds and scaffold
components shall be
inspected for visible
defects by a competent
person before each work
shift, and after any
occurrence which could
affect a scaffold's
structural integrity.

25. Capacity
• Each scaffold platform
and walkway shall be
at least 18 inches
• Ladderjack, pump jack
12 inches
1926.451(b)(2)

26. Capacity
• Each end shall extend
over the centerline of
its support at least 6
inches or cleated
1926.451(b)(4)

27. Capacity
• Each end of a platform
10 feet or less in
length shall not extend
over its support more
than 12 inches
1926.451(b)(5)

28. Capacity
• Overlap shall occur
only over supports,
and shall not be less
than 12 inches unless
the platforms are
nailed together or
otherwise restrained
to prevent movement.
1926.451(b)(7)

29. Capacity
• Scaffold components
manufactured by
different
manufacturers shall
not be intermixed
1926.451(b)(10)

30. Supported Scaffold
• Unstable objects shall
not be used to support
scaffolds or platform
units.
1926.451(c)(2)(ii)

31. Supported Scaffold
• Front-end loaders and
similar pieces of
equipment shall not be
used to support
scaffold platforms
1926.451(c)(2)(iv)

32. Supported Scaffold
• Fork-lifts shall not be
used to support
scaffold platforms
1926.451(c)(2)(v)

33. Supported Scaffold
• Supported scaffold
poles, legs, posts,
frames, and uprights
shall be plumb and
braced to prevent
swaying and
displacement
1926.451(c)(3)

34. Suspended Scaffold
• Under 10 citatioons
1926.451(d)

35. Access
• Ramps and walkways 6
feet or more above
lower levels shall have
guardrail
1926.451(e)(5)(i)

36. Access
• Integral prefabricated
scaffold access frames
shall be specifically
designed and constructed
for use as ladder rungs
• 3/14/2002 Interp
“ However, it does not
provide a minimum rung
length of 8 inches on many
others. ”
1926.451(e)(6)(i)

37. Use
• Insulated lines safe
distance
• 3 feet less than 300
volts
• 10 feet up to 50,000
volts
1926.451(f)(6)

38. Use
• Makeshift devices,
such as but not limited
to boxes and barrels,
shall not be used on
top of scaffold
platform
1926.451(f)(14)

39. Use
• Ladders shall not be
used on scaffolds to
increase the working
level height of
employee
1926.451(f)(15)

40. Use
• Each employee on a
boatswains' chair,
catenary scaffold, float
scaffold, needle beam
scaffold, or ladder jack
scaffold shall be
protected by a personal
fall arrest system
1926.451(g)(1)(i)

41. Use
• When midrails are
used, they shall be
installed at a height
approximately midway
between the top edge
of the guardrail system
and the platform
surface
1926.451(g)(4)(iv)

42. Use
• Crossbracing is acceptable in
place of a
• Midrail when the crossing
point of two braces is
between 20 inches and 30
inches
• Toprail when the crossing
point of two braces is
between 38 inches and 48
inches above the work
platform.
1926.451(g)(4)(xv)

43. Falling Object Protection
• In addition to wearing
hardhats each
employee on a scaffold
shall be provided with
additional protection
from falling hand tools,
debris, and other small
objects
1926.451(h)(1)
12/2/1991 Interp - Employees are susceptible to impact-type head injuries
while handling scaffolding material at head level, bending and leaning
between scaffolding members and from slips and falls. Therefore, protective
helmets are required

44. Falling Object Protection
• The area below the
scaffold to which
objects can fall shall be
barricaded, and
employees shall not be
permitted to enter the
hazard area or
• Toeboard installed
1926.451(h)(2)(i)

45. Frame Scaffold
• Frames and panels
shall be braced by
cross, horizontal, or
diagonal braces
• What’s wrong here?
1926.451(h)(2)(i)

46. Pump Jack Scaffold
• Poles shall be secured
to the structure by
rigid triangular bracing
or equivalent at the
bottom, top, and other
points as necessary.
1926.452(j)(2)

47. Ladderjack Scaffold
• Platforms shall not
exceed a height of 20
feet
1926.452(k)(1)

48. Mobile Scaffold
• Scaffolds shall be
braced by cross,
horizontal, or diagonal
braces, or combination
thereof, to prevent
racking or collapse of
the scaffold
1926.452(w)(1)

49. Mobile Scaffold
• Scaffold casters and
wheels shall be locked
to prevent movement
of the scaffold while
the scaffold is used in a
stationary manner.
1926.452(w)(2)

50. Summary
• Competent person must
know manufacturer’s
manual
• ANSI A10.8 is the
industry standard
• Mast scaffolds are
several recent accidents
• Scaffolds can be erected
with 100% fall
protection