1. Technology Transfer– changes in the materials and containers used to store
and transport wine
- JOHAN MATHEW

2. History
• The earliest known vessel, that could have been
used for wine is the Qvevri, which is a clay jar,
said to date back to 6000 BC.
• 79 AD- First evidence of barrel. Romans stored
their wine in wooden containers held together
with loops.
• 1600’s- New glass making techniques started in
England.
• Monk takes giant step from using wooden plugs
to cork as a wine closure.

3. Amphora
• An Amphora is a vessel that was
used to transport and store wine
dating back as far as 800 B.C.
• Made from clay.
• Chemical analysis reveals
fermented juice.
• Earliest evidence of use in
Northern China.
Why
Amphora….?
?• Strong
• Impermeable
• Non-reactive

4. Why Amphora….???
 Strong
 Impermeable
 Non-reactive
Why pointed base….???
 Because they were used mainly in
shipping

5. Wine protected from spoilage
by…
 A layer of olive oil or bees wax.
 A soft clay stopper.
 Stopper would be marked with contents
and other information.

6. The bottle shape is born
• Initially hand blown glass.
• Bottle has a small capacity suitable for
one drinking session.
• There was an issue, as each bottle was
a different shape and size so the
customer never knew exactly how much
wine they were getting.
• Glass blowing became easier with time
and the need for long flat shaped bottle
became necessary.
• In 1979 U.S. set law for bottles to be 750
ml.

7. Bottle types
Bordeaux : High shoulder and straight and straight sides.
Burgundy : Sloping shoulders and tall.
Champagne : Sloping sides and wider bottle.
Rhine : Narrow and tall.
Fortified : Straight body with high, rounded shoulder.

8. Bottle Stoppers
Old : Layer of olive oil,
soaked rags, wooden
stoppers.
Corks
• First recorded use in
Egypt.
• First cork factory in 1750 in
Spain.
• Production boomed in 19th
century.
Screw cap
• No more cork taint.
• Caps are cheap.
• Maintains freshness.

9. Wooden Barrels
• Made from rounded oak.
• Could be rolled and stacked.
• Most convenient form of transportation
until 19th century.
Why wooden barrels?
• Oak imparts interesting aromas to the
wine.
• Less susceptible to wood diseases.

10. Barrel Making ( )
• Split wood is passed through bandsaw.
• Metal ring is used to hold the staves.
• When circle is complete a third loop is
hammered.
• Staves heated to bend.
• Oak is toasted in different degrees.
• After toasting, the hoops are removed from the
middle of the barrel and the outside is sanded.
• Barrel is tightened.

11. Then after all…
• The bung-hole is drilled into the side of the
barrel.
• The outside is given its final planning before the
bottom lid are fitted.
READY TO FILL!

12. Conditions for transporting wine
• Ideal temperature must be maintained (13-16 degree
Celsius).
• Humidity should remain constant.
• Wine movement should be minimal.
• Climate controlled containers used for transporting to
minimise fluctuations in environment.

13. Modern methods for transporting
wine
• Bulk wine transport
ISO Tanks
Flexitanks
• Bottled wine transport

14. Bulk
• Limited lost space.
• Cost efficient.
• Oxidation occurs
through entire product.
Vs
.
Bottled
• Lower volume per
container.
• More costly.
• Oxidation can be
limited.

15. Future Storage Containers
Tetra Pack
Advantages-
 Made from recyclable products.
 Will reduce gas emissions.
 92% less packaging.
 54% less energy than glass.
 30-40% less trucks to transport
the same amount as bottled wine.
Disadvantages-
 Not suitable for long term storage.
 Wine cannot be seen through

16. PET Bottle
Advantages-
 Can be recycled.
 Very light.
 Shatterproof
 Flexible
 Re-sealable
Diadvantages-
 Limited shelf life
 Not suitable for long term
maturation

17. Aluminium cans
Advantages-
 Ready to drink
 Single serving
 No possible cork taint
 Protects wine from UV rays
Disadvantages-
 Chemical reaction will occur between wine
and aluminium
 Unpleasant taste

18. References and Resources
•Before The Wine Bottle Existed. April 2009. Retrieved 24 July, 2013,
from: http://salutwineco.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/historyof bottles/A
Short History of Wine Bottles.
•History of Glass Wine Bottles. (n.d). Retrieved 24 July,2013, from:
http://www.wineintro.com/history/glassware/general.html
•Pendleton, J. (2007). Wine History-When the Cork Met the Bottle.
Retrieved 24 July,2013, from:http://thewinehistorian.blogspot.co.nz/2007
/09/wine-history-when-cork-met-bottle.html.
•Wine in PET Bottles: Will Plastic Replace Glass?. (n.d). Retrieved 24 July
2013, from:http://www.wineanorak.com/wine_in_pet_bottles.html
•A History of Wine Storage. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 July, 2013, from:
http://www.spiralcellars.co.uk/news/a-history-of-wine-storage2/

19. •Brostrom, G. G., Brostrom, J. (2008). The Business of Wine: An Encyclope
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
•Johnson, H. (1989). The Story of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley Internation
•Intardonato, J. (2008). Fermenting Wine in Cement Tanks. Retrieved 25
July, 2013, from:http://www.winebusiness.com/wbm/?go=getArticle&datald
=55049
•Amphora. (2013). Retrieved 25 July, 2013, from:https://en.wikipedia.org/
•wiki/Amphora