2.  Cutting edge technology to the past (a time machine).
Blood embodies the past, a story of a journey for
our species, to learn about distant ancestors.
Everyone today is related, through genetics we can
retrace the journey, to our beginnings.
Years ago our ancestors came from a single continent
Africa. This was the birthplace for everyone.
The past is like a tree trunk, which branches out.
The base is the original tribes, with the branches
representing future generations.

3.  DNA is the manual for life, a ladder of linked
molecules.
Chromosomes - organized structure of DNA
and protein found in cells
Mutations - organized structure of DNA and protein
found in cells
Markers – a map, tell our history.
Y-chromosome, passed on from father to son.
Mitochondria is transferred from mother to daughter.
 Migration – the physical movement by
humans from one area to another.
Oldest known tribe is the bushmen from Africa.
Waves of migration through coastline of Asia, and settling
in Australia.

4.  Global Climate Catastrophe
A.D. 535 to 536
Massive volcanic eruption
Famine
Plagues
Plagues
Floods
Droughts

5.  Old World died, and A Modern World emerged.
The fall of the Roman Empire
Entrenchment of Buddhism in Japan
Rise of Islam
Triumph of Anglo-Saxons over the Celts
New government structures in various SE
Asian states
Rise of the first pan-Peruvian empire
Flowering Anasazi Culture
The abandonment of Arianism
 Dendrochronology – dating by tree rings
The development of the study of glacial ice cores, and
variations in carbon isotopes over time, among other
methods explain these events.

6.  Differences in Environments
Continental differences in the wild plant and animal species
Rates of diffusion and migration
Diffusion between continents
Continental differences in area or total population size

7. Number of wild candidate species for
domestication varied among continents
Diffusion and migration within a continent contribute importantly
to the development of its societies.
Movements of crops and livestock depends strongly on climate,
and the latitude.
Diffusion was varied , as some continents were more isolated
than others.
A larger area or population means more potential
inventors, more competing societies, more
innovations available to adopt-and more pressure to
adopt and retain innovations, because societies
failing to do so will tend to be eliminated by
competing societies.

8.  Widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations,
communicable disease, and ideas between the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres (Old World and New World.
Greatly affected almost every society on Earth.
Most significant event concerning
ecology, agriculture and culture in all of human
history.
Contact between the two areas circulated a wide variety
of new crops and livestock which supported increases
in population in both hemispheres.

9. One of the first European exports was the horse.
Coffee from Africa, and sugar cane from Asia.
Before Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida,
no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no tomatoes in
Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no
donkeys In Mexico, no cattle in Texas, and no chocolate in
Switzerland.
Infections brought to the New World from the Old were the
worst afflictions, among them small pox, malaria, yellow fever,
measles, cholera, typhoid, and bubonic plague.