Numerous solutions exist for determining and displaying battery state-of-charge information. The sharp increase in popularity of portable personal electronics in the commercial world, coupled with the migration toward highly mobile dismounted-soldier communications and weapons technology, has lead to a multitude of battery management integrated circuits (ICs) from leading vendors in the semiconductor industry. Unfortunately, very few of the ICs are targeted for implementation in primary batteries – especially batteries with the unique attributes that often characterize primary lithium batteries. As a result, finding an existing semiconductor solution for state-of-charge determination in primary lithium batteries is a challenging endeavor. This paper presents the development process of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) targeted for implementation into primary lithium batteries. Specifically, this ASIC was developed to address the need for a state-of-charge solution in the BA-5590 LiSO2 and BA-5390 LiMnO2.

1. 26.2
A Standard-Cell Solution to a Ten-Cell Problem:
The Development of a State-of-Charge ASIC for
Primary Lithium Batteries
Jason Pecor
Program Manager, Government Services
Silicon Logic Engineering, Inc. Eau Claire, WI 54701
jason@siliconlogic.com
Abstract: Numerous solutions exist for determining and
displaying battery state-of-charge information. The sharp
increase in popularity of portable personal electronics in
the commercial world, coupled with the migration toward
highly mobile dismounted-soldier communications and
weapons technology, has lead to a multitude of battery
management integrated circuits (ICs) from leading
vendors in the semiconductor industry. Unfortunately,
very few of the ICs are targeted for implementation in
primary batteries – especially batteries with the unique
attributes that often characterize primary lithium batteries.
As a result, finding an existing semiconductor solution for
state-of-charge determination in primary lithium batteries
is a challenging endeavor.
This paper presents the development process of an
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) targeted for
implementation into primary lithium batteries.
Specifically, this ASIC was developed to address the need
for a state-of-charge solution in the BA-5590 LiSO2 and
BA-5390 LiMnO2.
Keywords:
State of Charge; Battery Management;
Lithium Batteries; Battery Electronics; Primary Batteries
Introduction
Based on the results of a feasibility study performed in
2004, a follow-on effort began in 2005 to design and
develop an ASIC for state-of-charge indication (SOCI).
The primary target application for this ASIC was the BA5590; however, requirements and constraints of other
battery chemistries and form-factors were taken into
account to provide a broader application space for the
final device.
Early in the program, it became clear that the ASIC would
need to be a mixed-signal device – integrating analog and
digital circuitry on the same IC. The IC would contain a
16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), analog
multiplexers, and additional analog circuitry such as opamps, comparators, and a voltage regulator. Furthermore,
it would contain digital logic gates for processing all
readings as well as responding to and driving external
devices.
Microcontroller Architecture
The original development plan called for an algorithmic
implementation fixed in permanent logic gates. However,
after further analysis, the decision was made to develop a
device with an integrated microcontroller for algorithm
implementation.
Using a microcontroller as the main digital processor
allows algorithm and configuration changes without
requiring changes to the device hardware. For example,
the requirements for LED functionality changed very late
in the 2005 development schedule; however, the LED
driver function of the ASIC was able to adapt to the new
light-ramp requirement. Not only was it easy to meet the
modified specification, additional functionality was added
to provide temperature compensation depending on
selected LED component. This kind of flexible
algorithmic implementation also allows the ASIC to be
more easily ported to other battery chemistries.
Although the per-component cost of a microcontrollerbased IC is slightly more than a standard ASIC, the
advantages associated with a microcontroller offset the
increase in cost by mitigating risk in the areas of circuit
verification schedule and potential redesign effort. In the
future, when it becomes desirable to implement microcode algorithms in the form of logic gates, hardening the
ASIC will still be an available path, and the cost benefits
of a standard ASIC can be realized.
High Performance, Low Power
The ASIC needs to accurately measure a very wide range
of battery loads.
This range can make current
measurement difficult since the low end of the range is
much more susceptible to electrical or system noise than
the top end of the range. What this meant to the ASIC
design was that an ADC with a high dynamic range was
required to detect current flow and accurately count
coulombs for very small loads.
To meet these requirements, a 16-bit ADC was targeted to
ensure that accuracy would be maintained across the
entire current range. However, finding a silicon vendor
that could provide a 16-bit ADC as part of a larger mixed-

2. signal platform proved to be quite challenging. Most
vendors only supported up to 14-bit ADC circuits on their
mixed-signal offerings.
Furthermore, many of the
vendors that could offer a 16-bit ADC did so at the cost of
current consumption, unacceptable power performance
and high costs.
The ASIC vendor that was eventually chosen was
specifically selected because of their expertise with very
low-power device development. More importantly, they
had prior experience in the development of
microcontroller-based mixed-signal ASICs with an
available 16-bit ADC.
Architecture Performance Testing
Prior to initiating the custom ASIC design effort, an
external test vehicle was developed to validate the base
technology architecture for the SOCI ASIC. At that time,
the vendor offered an off-the-shelf device that utilized the
same analog circuitry and microcontroller architecture
that would be leveraged in the final ASIC design.
Building up a system using this device provided an
opportunity for algorithm verification, testing of the
analog circuitry accuracy and current consumption
measurements.
Though cumbersome and somewhat crude, the SLE SOCI
PT1 external prototype provided the perfect test bed for
validating design assumptions prior to initiating the
custom chip design. The following images show the PT1
prototype enclosure and the prototype PCB.
Figure 2. PT1 Prototype PCB
Testing with the external prototype yielded encouraging
results. The 16-bit ADC provided the desired accuracy of
less than 5% total error and average current consumption
was measured at <50uA for normal operation.
In
addition, the prototype allowed verification of the
algorithms that adjust coulomb count and state-of-charge
based on temperature and discharge rate.
The following tables show results of current
measurement, coulomb count and temperature
measurement tests that were performed using the external
prototype.
Table 1. PT1 Current Test vs Fluke 179 DMM
PT1
Measured
Current
0.050
0.124
0.250
0.500
1.000
2.007
Fluke 179
Measured
Current
0.050
0.125
0.250
0.500
1.000
2.000
% Error
0.0%
-0.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
+0.4%
Table 2. PT1 Coulomb Count Test
Figure 1. PT1 External SOCI Test Prototype
Elapsed
Time
02:30:00
16:05:00
16:00:00
08:30:18
03:00:00
08:00:01
PT1
Coulombs
455
7214
14371
15309
10816
57590
Calculated
Coulombs
450
7237
14400
15309
10800
57602
%
Error
+1.1%
-0.3%
-0.2%
0.0%
+0.1%
0.0%

3. Table 4. SMBus Parameters
Table 3. PT1 Temperature Test vs Fluke 179 DMM
PT1
Measured Temp
22.6
36.2
51.3
77.5
99.3
113.3
Fluke 179
Measured Temp
23.5
37.2
52.4
78.4
100
113.9
Deg C Error
Parameter
Command Type
Size
RemainingCapacity
Read Word
2 bytes
FullChargeCapacity
Read Word
2 bytes
MaxCurrent
Read Word
2 bytes
Temperature
Read Word
2 bytes
Voltage
Read Word
2 bytes
Current
Read Word
2 bytes
SOCI ASIC Specifications
Based upon the feasibility study findings and the results
of PT1 external prototype testing, the following primary
requirements list for the custom SOCI ASIC emerged:
FirmwareInfo
Read Block
5 bytes
ManufactureName
Read Block
12 byte
DeviceName
Read Block
8 bytes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DeviceChemistry
Read Block
6 bytes
ManufacturerData
Read Block
6 bytes
Cut-off Voltage
Read Word
Write Word
2 bytes
-0.9
-1.0
-1.1
-0.9
-0.7
-0.6
Mixed-signal microcontroller design
16-bit current measuring, coulomb counting ADC
High-resolution ADC for temperature/voltage
Dedicated LED/LCD driver interface
Internal or external temperature sensor
25uA average current – active operation
Total measurement error: < %5
Operating temperature: -40C to +95C
Storage temperature: -50C to +125C
SMBus interface
SMBus
Though not currently required for primary battery SOCI
functionality, the ASIC includes a communication
interface that implements a streamlined version of the
SMBus protocol. SMBus was added in anticipation of
potential future communication requirements.
For
example, this interface could be used to read state-ofcharge information when the visual indicator is not visible
– providing a path for future enhancement where host
equipment could communicate directly with the battery to
determine capacity and remaining service time.
Given that SMBus is designed for management of
rechargeable batteries, many of the commands were not
applicable to a primary battery. As a result, the ASIC
does not support the full SMBus protocol. Instead, a
small number of important parameters are provided via
the SMBus interface. The SMBus implementation on the
SOCI ASIC only supports three commands: Read Word,
Write Word, and Read Block. The parameters available
on this device through the SMBus interface are presented
in the following table.
ASIC Test Hardware
A SOCI carrier PCB has been designed for the ASIC that
provides the peripheral circuitry needed to meet SOCI
requirements for the BA-5590 battery. The ASIC is
currently being assembled and tested as a complete
electronics solution using this design and a mating PCB
that provides external connectivity, complete discharge
device and safety circuitry.
Figure 3. SLE SOCI ASIC on SOCI Carrier PCB

4. Results
At the time of writing this paper, engineering samples of
the SOCI ASIC have been received, and preliminary
testing of the device is in process. Performance results
have been very good. Both ADCs appear to be very
accurate and linear across a wide range of voltage and
current measurements. Furthermore, current consumption
measurements indicate that the analog circuitry is
functioning well within the targeted specification. This
means that the total chip consumption should be less than
25uA in normal operating mode.
Full environmental testing of the device has not yet been
completed.
However, standard characterization and
testing processes by the silicon vendor have also yielded
very good results for measurement accuracy and current
consumption.
ASIC Improvements
The current SOCI ASIC exists as a multiple-time
programmable (MTP) device. This means that the
microcontroller software that contains the state-of-charge
determination algorithm and other functionality can be
programmed into the device numerous times. However,
while that flexibility provides a benefit early in the
development of the complete SOCI solution, its weakness
is the associated per-part cost. A better solution is to
capture the final functionality for the device and produce
the ASIC with a read-only memory (ROM) version of the
microcontroller software.
The next step for this design is to transition the ASIC
from a programmable device to a read-only solution. This
change reduces ASIC fabrication and testing costs and
results in overall cost reduction for SOCI solutions that
incorporate this integrated circuit.
Conclusions
Though the base architecture selected to implement the
SOCI ASIC had a proven history of accurate low-power
designs, customizing the analog circuitry to provide the
required precision for the final design and silicon
implementation still proved to be a challenging process.
Providing the core performance requirements while
minimizing power consumption and final die size was a
delicate balancing act. However, the final result of this
development effort was a design that meets the targeted
requirements and provides an IC device that can meet
primary battery SOCI needs both now and in the future.
Acknowledgements
SLE would like to extend our appreciation to Dr. Terrill
Atwater and U.S Army CERDEC for all of their support
and assistance throughout this development effort.