Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief

Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant
Project Brief
Version: 1.1 Date: 8/22/2014
Copy: Uncontrolled
Document Acceptance and Release Notice
This is Version 1.1 of the Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief.
Title:
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant.
Background:
This treatment plant is designed to remove potentially harmful substances from waste water. It also includes safe effluent discharge and production of
agro–ash. This is the process diagram of the treatment plant:
[pic]
Process flow – step 1 Preliminary treatment bar screen
Removal of large objects As wastewater enters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The filters consist of finely crushed coal, about one meter in depth, and sand, half a meter in depth. This provides the final step in the treatment process.

Process flow – step 6 Chlorination/dechlorination Chlorine is added to the effluent to disinfect any remaining microbiological pathogens; this takes at
least half an hour. The effluent is then treated with sulphur dioxide gas to remove excess chlorine, which would be harmful to the river ecosystem. The
effluent is then ready for discharge into the river.
Process flow – step 7 Solids separation and incineration The sludge and scum, removed in step 2 of the process, are dealt with separately. The
sludge is stored in a sludge holding tank where it is then pumped to the centrifuge at a controlled rate. Polymers are added to the sludge to aid in the
thickening of the sludge during this process. Water is separated from the sludge by spinning in a centrifuge to form a thick, muddy substance known
as "cake", a process known as "dewatering". The cake is then conveyed to the furnace where it is incinerated at 750–1000В°C to produce Agri–Ash.
The scum, however, is stored in a heated tank to thicken it prior to its transfer to the furnace, where it is also incinerated. Approximately 700,000 litres
of sludge is treated each day to produce 47 tonnes of dewatered solids. After
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Relationship Between a Country's Economic Growth and Its...
Economic growth is the increase in the capacity of a country's economy to produce goods and services. As a means of development and urbanisation,
and a reflection of wealth and the living standard in a nation, it remains a key focus of most governments. In this course of action, water bodies may be
polluted and contaminated due to waste (e.g. sewage and chemical waste) generated from different sectors of the economy. However,water pollution is
not inevitable despite a country's focus on economic growth, and in fact can be mitigated and controlled.A prominent example would be that of
Singapore. Singapore is a highly developed market economy, with the 3rd highest GDP/capita in the world of $51,709.45 USD (2012). It has been ...
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Industrial wastewater is to be treated to specified standards regulated by the the Environmental Protection and Management (Trade Effluent)
Regulations before being discharged into a sewer or watercourse. Furthermore, to ensure that these standards are met, industries which generate large
quantities of acidic effluent, such as the aforementioned photochemical industries, are required to install devices to monitor the acidity of discharge
into public sewers. The PUB has also installed a system to monitor the amount of chemicals in the sewers. Laws have been enacted such that offenders
who do not meet such requirements and cause water pollution via improper disposal of untreated wastewater will be fined and jailed for up to 3
months, acting as an effective deterrent. Therefore, it is evident that water pollution is not an inevitable result of economic growth (caused by the
chemical industry), as demonstrated in the example of Singapore, and through proper management and treatment of waste products, the fate of water
pollution can in fact be controlled. With economic growth comes an increased quality of life including one's living environment etc. This brings about
greater access to products and facilities which will culminate in an increased consumption of goods and ultimately, a larger percentage of domestic
waste. 6.5

Similarities And Differences Between Cai And Accra
The similarities and differences between Cali and Accra are rather worth noticing. With both cities having numerous challenges in their urban water
systems, it is important to point out the similarities in these challenges and find a lasting solution that might solve this common challenge. In reflecting
on the similarities and difference in the management of the urban water system, taking into considerations their challenges and solutions thereof, I
believe both cities could acquire lessons or pick initiatives from one another to initiate in their respective cities. Evaluation of the similarities and
differences is important to help in planning of IUWM approaches for the city of Accra. These challenges, similarities and lessons can be summarized
under various headlines.
Governance: In terms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With both cities having their water supplied by more than one treatment plant and they both have huge reservoirs to store water since their supplies
are not reliable. The main difference is with the amount of coverage. Is it worth noting that Cali has a total coverage of 99.6% Accra records a total
coverage of about 78%. This total coverage of Accra needs to be improved, in order to meet the growing demand of a growing population. In taking a
cue from the situation in Cali and some of their strategic plans, Accra could implement a conscious effort in protecting the Densu River, which is
facing an increasing prevalence of pollution by the residents close to the catchment boundary and pollution from illegal mining upstream of the river.
In terms of increasing the total coverage, the GWCL must be equipped with the necessary finance to increase their coverage or like Cali, get more
private water supply distributors to aid in providing distribution lines to communities at a cost. The lesson learnt from both cities, is that protecting the
source of water for potable water to the city is very

The And Sustainability Of The Pioneer River Catchment
1.0 Introduction
Catchments are depended on by the average household person, but even more valuable to the farmers that are supplying the food to our nation.
Therefore, action must be taken to ensure that the catchments in our areas are healthy and will be able to be depended on for years to come. The
panel at Healthy Water Ways program has developed a study to guarantee the management and sustainability of The Pioneer River catchment, by
sending a team out to analyze the health of the water ways and decide on a proposal that best suits the area to ensure future healthiness of the basin.
1.1 Background
The Pioneer River is a 120km river which is located in Northern Queensland, Australia and flows through the city of Mackay. This river ... Show more
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Using the two proposals given; More signage around the catchment area detailing how important the health of the river is and the cause of negative
impact will incur a $1000 fine or the employment of an officer to patrol the wetlands and clean up littler, rubbish control weeds and report back on the
health of the creeks. One will be chosen that best suits this catchment and an outline of details will be provided.
1.3 Methodology
This report is based upon the collected data from scientific tests and different data collection experiments, these diverse range of observations helped
in determining the health of the river and catchment as a whole. The experiments tested a range of variables, some including; the levels of nitrates,
phosphates, temperature of water, pH levels, turbidity of water and dissolved solids. The collection of water and recordings of microorganisms was
examined and also recorded. As well as these scientific tests, simple recordings were also taken of the surrounding area and the amounts of rubbish
and infrastructure that could be seen. The tests conducted in the river system occurred on the 24th of May 2016, to conduct the tests the trail along the
river was walked, furthering the knowledge of the health of the river and how the the catchment area as a whole was fairing. However, some
differences to the data could be assumed as when tested it was not always done by the same person, this could have then limited the accuracy. Another

The Importance And Uses Of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater treatment is important in many ways. One reason that it is so important is because, at the plant, they water and other things as well. In the
Middle Ages in London people had laws and regulations about waste treatment (O'Neill, 2013). Without wastewater treatment most species of animals
would be extinct because the water in lakes and oceans would be polluted with human waste. Wastewater treatment is important because it keeps the
Earth clean, it recycles more than just water, and it saves animal species from becoming extinct.
Wastewater treatment keeps the Earth clean because without it humans would not have a steady source of drinking water. Back in the Middle Ages
people were concerned about water treatment. People were heavily fined if they were caught dumping sewage into the streets. Instead, the people would
take their buckets filled with raw sewage and dump it into nearby rivers and streams. This was extremely unsanitary. Thebacteria, or decomposers,
would break down the waste but there was so much that it took a long time.The people didn't know how disease was spread by waste. They thought
that it was by its odors (O'Neill, 2013). People who owned larger houses had people come and clean their enclosed latrines. Even further back, the
Aztecs had a waste system where all of the human waste would be used as fertilizer for their crops (Medina, 2014). Then the saprophytic bacteria
would do the rest, consuming the decomposing matter. Saprophytic bacteria

Oil Pollution in the Oceans
Oil
By the time the first oceanographers began widespread testing, the Industrial Revolution was well underway and changes had already occurred. Since
the industrial revolution, pollution has become a major problem in this world. Pollutants cause damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the
biochemical processes of an organism. Some pollution–induced changes may be instantly lethal; other changes may weaken an organism over weeks or
months, alter the dynamics of the population of which it is a part, or gradually unbalance the entire community. There are many forms of pollution,
which include natural and man–made. Oil is a natural pollutant that is spread by seeping, dumping and spills.
Oil is naturally in the marine environment. Oil seeps have been leaking large quantities of oil into the ocean for millions of years.
Because of our growing dependence on petroleum products, offshore drilling, and street runoff carrying waste oil from automobiles, the amount of oil
entering the ocean has increased greatly in recent years. Every year more than 908 million liters of used motor oil finds its way into the ocean. Motor
oil that has been used is more toxic than crude oil or new oil because it has developed carcinogenic and metallic components from the heat and pressure
within internal combustion engines.
Spills of crude oil are generally larger in volume and more frequent than spills of refined oil. Most components of crude oil do not dissolve easily in
water, but those

01assign11 Stain
Assign 1.1: Victoria 's Ugly Stain
Introduction:
The purpose of this assignment is to give you an opportunity to apply some of the critical reading strategies you have evaluated.
Resources:
Go to Writing on the Run! to review the "Writing Process." You may also want to review your English 11 Introduction Assignment for a tutorial on
how to write a paragraph.
Instructions:
Complete the assignment by following the steps outlined below.
STEP A: Read the article "Victoria's Ugly Stain"; then answer questions by filling in the table that follows.
Victoria's Ugly Stain
Victoria's sewage treatment is at third–world standards. Some BC politicians and other interest groups claim that the 34 billion litres of raw sewage
spewing into the Strait ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How can you tell?
This argument is based on a fact that sewage carrying fecal coliform bacteria rises to the ocean surface.
Choose four important words used in the article, and indicate whether each word is neutral or emotionally charged. (Respond in point form.)
Ecosystem neutral / emotional
Contaminates neutral / emotional
Opposed neutral / emotional

Swage neutral / emotional
What important information is missing in this article?
One thing that the article was missing is all effects that this topic has on the environment.
Explain why this article is biased.
The article is biased because it's all about why it's wrong there is nothing that supports another position.
STEP B: In a 250–word paragraph, summarize the techniques (e.g., tone, word choice, selected facts) the author uses to persuade the reader to share
his or her point of view. Provide three examples of these techniques.
The article Victoria's ugly stain is about the sewage treatment in Victoria. Over the past few years, Victoria population has placed over 34 billion litres
of sewage into lakes and oceans. At this moment, it's not effecting environment, but it can hazardous to environment in future years. It can also become
dangerous for living beings such as aquatic life and animals in forests. For example, writer talks about the metals found in the human waste such as
copper, mercury and lead are contaminating ocean water. Also toxic byproducts from motor oil and vehicle

San Francisco Sewage Clean Up
San Francisco Raw Sewage Clean Up A raw sewage spill inside your home or business can happen to anyone at anytime with catastrophic
consequences. If it happened to you, you need to act fast. Many causes send sewage into a structure like floods, earthquakes, fires, and other
misfortunes. Once the problem is found and repairs are made, you're left with the muck and the smell. Raw sewage is dangerous, contaminating
everything it touches and making the air hazardous to breathe. Don't Try This at Home Cleaning, sanitizing, and removing the debris of a raw
sewage spill is a hazardous process, which should be performed by trained professionals. Keeping your family, employees, customers, and pets safe
takes more than a mop and some spray disinfectant. Allied Restoration Company's (ARC) San Francisco sewage clean up maintains a full staff of
trained and licensed technicians of mechanical ventilation engineers, certified microbial investigators, certified indoor air quality specialists, doctors,
public health care professionals, and certified restoration trainers. If you have experienced a sewage spill, water damage from flooding or fire damage,
big or small, call us at, 415 529–5637 to make your property safe from mold, fungus, and other pathogens.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sewage, also called waste water, consists of toilet paper, urine, fecal matter, soaps, and bits of food, which is the perfect environment to grow deadly
pathogens that can infect humans and animals. The waste water is conveyed in sewers, and can end up in your home or office as a sludgy, mucky,
deadly mess. Don't take a chance with your family, employees, or pets, bring in a professional clean up team to ensure their safety. The Dangers of
Sewage Clean up in San

Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
Table of content:
Table of content1
1. Abstract :2
2. Introduction :2
3. Motive3
4. Literature review3
4.1 Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive3
4.2 Why treat urban waste water?3
4.3 Waste water treatment Maintenance4
4.4 Health and Safety5
4.5 Monitoring of waste water discharges to the environment5
5. Objectives5
6 .Project description5
7. Time schedule using the Gantt chart6
8. Outcomes6
9. References7
Table of figures:
Fig (1) Wastewater system in urban areas ............................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CHARTS:
Time schedule using the Gantt chart ........................................................................6
Abbreviations:
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Code of practice (COP)
United Kingdom (UK)
United States (US)
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)

1.abstract:
The wastewater treatment is fundamental to arrange wastewater securely with no risk on individuals ' wellbeing and watercourses would not be
contaminated from strong substances and different poisons. The wastewater treatment likewise is vital in recuperating vitality and supplements from
wastewater. In any case, wastewater contaminations comprise of suspended solids, metals, inorganic solids and biodegradable broke down natural
mixes. Wastewater treatment is predominantly to secure water quality inside nature. Particularly, through houses which are in un–sewered zones as
they should be given by suitable wastewater treatment framework which must be introduced appropriately. A code of practice (COP) has been
connected so

South Florida Sewage Case Study
outside of the structures. (Hurricane Sandy) Municipal wastewater infrastructure across the state of Florida is old and in disrepair, while residential
underground septic tanks often flood during storms and high tides. Florida homes in low–lying areas that treat their wastewater with septic tanks will
likely need to replace their tanks with systems that can handle the rising groundwater levels. As South Florida's population has increased in recent
decades, its water and sewage treatment plants have struggled to keep pace. Much of the state's infrastructure is now nearing the end of its useful life,
so maintenance is even more important. Florida is not alone when it comes to these problems but is nearing a major overhaul soon. (Florida Sewage)...
To reduce the impacts of sea level rise on storm water drainage systems, pump stations can be used to more effectively collect storm water runoff
and direct it to the local waters. Enhancing storm water pumping capacity reduces the likelihood of sewage backup due to sea level rise and flooding.
In addition, use of green infrastructure such as bioswales and rain gardens can reduce the impacts of sea level rise on stormwater drainage systems.
Bioswales are storm water runoff conveyance systems that can absorb storm water runoff due to heavy rain. Bioswales filter the stormwater and store
the water, and hence, reduce the pressure on sewage systems during heavy rainfalls and flooding. Rain gardens can be used as effective landscape
elements to reduce storm water runoff. When implemented as landscape components of different city facilities and buildings, rain gardens can
effectively reduce stormwater runoff and reduce the pressure on drainage systems under sea level

Cost Of Construction Of Sewage Treatment Plant
6.1 Results There are two classifications of costs associated with construction projects, direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include the labor,
material and equipment operating costs necessary to put work in place. Indirect costs include supervision, job and home office overhead, profit,
financing, and the cost of inflation. Direct costs can be allocated to each activity on the project. Indirect costs, on the other hand, cannot be realistically
prorated and assigned to each separate activity. Case study shows the all activities on performed on construction work. In this study we select an
analysis on time cost minimization of construction of sewage treatment plant which is held in shivpuri under national lake conservation... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
No.activitydurationEarly startearly finishLate Startlate finish 1A50050050 2B3550855085 3C1208520585205 4D12090210205325
5E120210330325445 6F15330345445460 7G20345365460480 MATLAB CODE USING GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE EXAMPLE clc; clear
all; close all; %read the database filename= 'stp1.xlsx '; [durations,activities]= xlsread(filename); durations(:,19)=[]; durations(:,[6:17])=[];
durations(:,[2:4])=[]; filename1= 'stp2.xlsx ';

Essay On St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant
1. Brief history of the plant(s) including design capacity and future expansion
1.1 Introduction
This report will cover the history, operations and future potential for the St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant and St Mary's Water Recycling Plant,
which located in an industrial area in St Mary's, a western suburb of Sydney.
A group of subject 48350 Environmental and Sanitation Engineering students visited both plants, and observed the operations and maintenance of these
wastewater treatment systems.
1.2 St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant
In 1939, the Sewage Treatment Plant was first commissioned at St Mary where it serviced a government facility nearby using a trickling filter system –
obviously a small scale operation.
The Plant was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
St Marys Sewage Treatment and Recycled Water Plants are not planned for explanation in next few years. However, there is a plan in general that are
to construct more sewage treatment plants and implement more recycled water processing plants around Sydney where the population is predicted to
increase significantly in next 5 years period (from 4 to 6 million).
More urgently however, is the need for infrastructure rejuvenation, prompting the SewerFix program, which has been operating since 2008 to repair
leaks, clear blockages and refurbish old sewage piping and pumping infrastructure to improve overall system efficiency and minimise the possibility
of spills. An estimated $560 million will be invested into the project over the course of 4 years from 2008 to 2012.
Moreover, at this time, it is importance to rejuvenate infrastructure and prompt the SewerFix program. Since 2008, those has been operating to repair
leaks, clear blockages and refurbish old sewage piping and pumping infrastructure to improve overall system efficiency and minimise the possibility
of spills. An estimated $400 million will be invested into the project over the course of 4 years from 2012 to 2016 (sewerFix Program, 2012).
2. A schematic diagram and a

Effects Of Urbanisation On The Hydrology Of A Catchment
Question 1 a)Explain the affects that Urbanisation can have on the hydrology of a catchment. Outline how SuDs can mitigate these impacts and explain
the role and features of the following systems: Permeable pavements Swale Detention Ponds Urbanisation affects the hydrology of a catchment in
various ways, it causes issues with the natural drainage of the environment by blocking stream channels and removing trees which help break the
momentum of rain. Urbanisation creates a lot of surfaces that are impermeable which causes water build up, the water picks up pollutants and
chemicals and these are dispersed into streams and rivers. Roads and pavements collect rainwater and channel it into waterways rather than letting it
disperse into the ground, like it would if it had not had any human intervention. SuDs have been introduced within construction projects now in order
mimic the natural drainage pattern of a specific area, these SuDs that are now being introduced are aiding urban developments in allowing surface
water to be managed well without causing any impact on other sites. Permeable paving comes in a range of materials, it was designed to allow water
through a surface that would have usually be impermeable, they are generally used on pathways, lawns and roads that only take light vehicle
movements. They essentially reduce surface water run–off, which traps solids and filters some pollutants from the water, they also give urban trees the
chance to grow to full

Phycoremediation And Environmental Pollution
The rapid growth of human population and industrialization has lead to the environmental pollution and the world is facing problems with a wide
variety of pollution (Kshirsagar, 2013). The release of wastewater poses serious environmental challenges to the receiving water bodies (De–Bashan et
al., 2002). Today, the demand for clean water is increasing worldwide and the main challenge ofwastewater treatment is not only to produce clean
water but it also support new developments (Velan and Saravanane, 2013). The process of bioremediation depends on the metabolic potential of
microorganisms to detoxify or transform the pollutant, which is further dependent on accessibility and bioavailability (Bhatnagar and Kumari, 2013).
Remediation can be enhanced by the addition of various microorganisms, called seeding or inoculation, to a polluted environment to promote increased
rate of biodegradation (Antizar–Ladislao et al., 2008). Phycoremediation is the use of micro– or macroalgae for the removal or biotransformation of
pollutants, including nutrients and toxic chemicals from wastewater (Olguin, 2003; Mulbry et al., 2008). It is a novel, low cost and an effective
technique that uses simple and economical method as compared to the other conventional treatments on the basis of nutrient removal (Elumalai et al.,
2013; De La Noue et al., 1992). Phycoremediation is comprised of several applications: (i) nutrient removal from municipal wastewater and effluents
rich in organic matter;

Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant
Wastewater treatment systems are very important to providing clean, drinkable water to its surrounding societies. These systems also help in the
removal of contaminants in wastewater from household sewage, runoff, domestic, commercial and institutional units. Processes include physical,
chemical and biological manipulation of contaminants to neutralize their effects on the human body for consumption. There are three main types of
treatment, primary, secondary and tertiary, all of which have separate units and processes that flow in an organized manner to ultimately end up with
recycled potable water.
First in primary treatment the sewage is temporarily held in a quiescent basin where heavy solids settle to the bottom while other contaminants such as
oil, grease and lighter solids float to the top. Commonly used procedures involve bar screens with washer compactors that remove a majority of
non–fine solid material waste. Other airs is added to settle solids for grit removal. Fine screens as also used to capture the finer waste material that
flows through the primary larger hole bar screens. They can often have two different sizes of bar screens that help in removing as much sold material
waste before moving onto secondary treatment. The finer screens are used to capture plastics that come into the system.
Secondary treatment removes dissolved material and biological matter that is suspended between the top and bottom of the tank. Secondary treatment
involves the use of

Evaluation Of The Wheaton Sanitary District
The Wheaton Sanitary District is already using a state of the art monitoring system to track status and record the measurement of the key plant
operational equipment. The Supervisory Control and Data Access (SCADA) system interfaced with the plant equipment provides, the operation team, a
real time data on the key components of the plant 's equipment. SCADA allows operational team to open, close or adjust equipment parameters to
archive maximum efficiency to meet the peak demand. According to Russell and Taylor (2014), the size and complexity of the problem makes the
decision making often difficult. Further, the flow is controlled by a bottleneck, so any resource should spend no time on non–productive activities, but
must have material to work on to overcome the theory of constrain and the focus should be of automation efforts. SCADA does allow automation and
the data collected from SCADA helps aeration optimization for scheduling which will ultimately reflect any capacity limitations. The new high energy
turbo blowers save 30% energy to mix and aerate the tanks (Poole, Neighbors, Green, Baert, Sosnowski, and Wold, 2012) and the control flow
provides additional saving with no additional capital cost. The real time monitoring and the dissolved oxygen (D.O.) measuring in the aeration tanks
allows a development of a new plant control strategies to optimize the system performance thus consuming less power. Increasing and changing the
capacity There are many options available

Sewage Wastewater Treated Data The Treatment Capacity Of...
Looking at the Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data the treatment capacity of the plant exceeded the design capacity at
least 5 times in last 8 years highlighted in red text in the "Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data:
2008–2015".
Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly wastewater treated data: 2008–2015
Using the 2015 flow in MGD data, plot a line graph between weekly flows in million gallons per day. The peak capacity reached on 6/20/2015
exceeding design capacity of 19.1 million gallon per day as shown in the "Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly sewer flow 2015".
When we compare the historical average, it is less than the dry weather capacity of 8.9 million gallon per day and much less than the design capacity
of 19.1 million gallon per day.
Figure – The Wheaton Sanitary District historical weekly sewer flow 2015
Similarly, using above 2015 weekly data, plot a line graph for BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen. The peak value of the "Suspended
Solids – in" is 4 times the average values as shown in the "Figure – Weekly BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen 2015". The peak "BOD–
in" is about 2 time of the average and all other BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen weekly values are closer to the historical average.
Figure – Weekly BOD, Suspended Solids and Ammonia Nitrogen 2015
Finally, plot a line graph using above 2015 weekly

Will Sewage Treatment Plants Have Effect On Water Birds '...
Will sewage treatment plants have effect on water birds' persistence and distribution?
Longji Deng, 100189430, Group 8
Introduction:
Anthropogenic climate warming has elevated the global temperature, and it has risen faster during the last 40 years. There is no doubt that the
temperature change has affected the biological process of birds such as wintering, migration and breeding. (K Meller 2016) Also the increasing
temperature can cause a poleward geographical distribution.( Rachael H, et al, 2006)
It is certain that artificial ponds have positive effect on water birds ' breeding and migration as ponds can provide more food and a safe space, these
factors finally result in changing the distribution. (SГЎnchez–Zapata J A, AnadГіn J D, Carrete M, et al. 2015) .
Sewage treatment plants are really common and important infrastructures as they play a significant part in daily life. Almost every river people can
find at least one plants. Due to they can be considered as special artificial ponds, they may have effects on distribution and persistence of water
birds. According to some article, we find that they do have effect of shorebirds (Jose A. Alves, et al, 2012) However, there are no articles about if
the sewage treatment plants have effect of water birds ' distribution and persistence. If they do have effect, we still try to find out it 's a negative effect
or a positive effect. We also try to find is there any different effects between the secondary plants and the

Aarc Marin Sewage Clean Up
A raw–sewage flood is not only a headache and a smelly problem, the pathogens, bacteria and other contaminants pose a serious risk to your health.
What's worse? A sewage backup may not immediately become evident and the extent of the problem can remain unlearned until you talk to a
professional Marin sewage clean up company. Marin Sewage Clean Up: This Is Not a DIY Job! Over the years here at ARC, we have seen business
owners and homeowners alike trying to admirably clean up the mess of raw sewage and its infectious contaminants. For an untrained individual, you
are taking on a huge risk because even if there problem seems small, you have an entire host of poisonous contaminants in raw sewage. They include:
Harmful Chemicals to Your Health... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tree roots are the most common unpreventable cause of sewage backup. The tree's roots move towards sources of moisture, and as a result, they
rupture the underground pipes. Older pipes can also cause an issue with raw sewage because the materials used often include: clay or soft metals.
When it comes to a sewage backup, heavy rain has sometimes been the culprit. For example, the overflowing water, leaves and tree branches can
leave debris that causes flooding and clogging of your sewage system. How can Business Owners and Homeowners Handle This? The best method
is to leave the overall cleanup to the professionals. However, you are the first to take notice of an accident. For that reason, you can take specific
steps to prevent further damage and maximize safety. First, limit your contact with the sewage, and second contact a professional sewage clean up in
Marin. You will also want to purchase safety equipment such as eye protection, gloves, rubber boots and a breathing mask. Do not wear them
anywhere other than around the sewage spill. You also want to keep your surrounding areas as clean as possible. If you have people who are sick or
suffering from health problems, look at moving them into another area until the site has been thoroughly

Essay On Sewage Back Up
Good evening,
I just wanted to follow up with the topics covered during our meeting this afternoon and describe the events of the sewage back up.
Saturday afternoon we noticed a smell on the 1st floor and upon investigation found that the 1st floor bathroom was flooded with approximately Вј inch
of water, the toilet was full of liquid and solid waste, and the tub had 2 inches of liquid and solid waste. We immediately called the emergency plumber
and builder while placing towels and running fans to attempt to dry the area. In addition, we were told to notify the City of Austin about the issue.
The City of Austin responded in approximately 30 minutes. They removed our sewer line cap to relieve built up pressure. City employees also used a...
While making hotel arrangements, we were contacted by Servpro and arranged a 9 am appointment. The next morning, Servepro found water in the
bathroom cabinet, the bathroom baseboards, and in one of the 1st floor bedrooms. Servepro set up 3 fans, 2 dehumidifiers, and scheduled a follow up
appointment for 8/7/17 at 5:30 pm.
The plumber arrived and went to our neighbors, but stopped never followed up with us. After contacting the emergency builder and Tiffany to
determine what happened, the plumber called Linda around 5:00 pm. He stated that he would only come for an emergency, that we did not have an
emergency situation, and that we would have to call back Monday to schedule a regular appointment.
Today, 8/7/17, Mike and I spoke multiple times about the situation. Mike decided to stop by, assess the damage, and assist with contacting the right
tradesmen. During the meeting, we discussed the following:
The incident history
What Servpro found
The next steps in repairs – to include but not limited to baseboards, drywall, carpet, carpet pad, and the bathroom cabinet
What Mike determined about the BSG power over ethernet issue and how it was not relayed to us
Sending another plumber after hours to snake the toilet and tub
Power washing the remaining waste out of our walk way
The status of our windows that need to be replaced

How the platform supporting our AC

Nut Island Effect
#1. Do the people at Nut Island represent a cohesive team? The team from Nut Island had the potential to accomplish great things. They were a very
cohesive team. Cohesiveness relates to the degree to which members are attracted to and motivated to remain part of that team. A cohesive group
member values his or her membership and strives to maintain a positive relationship within the group. Every person working at Nut Island wanted to
be there and would not let anything get in the way of their team. When looking at only the cohesiveness of a team, Nut Island would be a good
example. They worked together and enjoyed what they did at the sewage plant. Employees worked overtime without being paid for it and without
complaining. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of their efforts to stay cohesive did not matter because they were not doing the job they set out to do.
(b.)The employees at Nut Island formed a very cohesive group, but their cohesiveness contributed to their problems. They worked together and were
able to all conform to a set of norms. This group though was following the wrong set of norms. A highly cohesive group following a negative set of
performance norms has the least amount of success. They are working together but for the wrong cause. The Nut Island team began following the
wrong set of norms when they request for funds for maintenance on equipment was denied. They were told to "get rid of the dandelions." He was
more worried about the outside appearance than the inner workings of the plant and what the employees had to deal with. The team began to feel
isolated and was not able to trust others outside of their group. Later on the plant 's four engines shut down. Management had refused to give them
money to maintain the engines, and they were waiting for something to go wrong. This incident united the team even more around a common
adversary В– management. Their "enemy" should not have been people within their own company. The team lost sight of the goal they were supposed
to perform and focused on doing everything themselves.
#3. Describe "groupthink" and use it to explain what happened at Nut Island.
Groupthink is the tendency of cohesive group members to lose their critical

Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory And Economic...
6.Decentralized Wastewater Systems Regulatory and Economic Challenges
During the last twenty years the USEPA has been evaluating decentralized wastewater treatment technologies as a reliable alternative for wastewater
treatment. In 1997, the EPA submitted to congress its Report and subsequent documents endorsing decentralizedwastewater treatment as a permanent
long–term solution for wastewater treatment. The Report stated that adequately managed decentralized wastewater systems are a cost effective
long–term option for meeting public health and water quality goals, particularly in less densely populated areas. The following is a summary the key
components of the Report:
The Agency (USEPA) provided an analysis of the benefits of using... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also decentralized systems are suitable for a variety of site conditions, including shallow water tables or bedrock, low–permeability soils, and small lot
sizes. One of the additional benefits is that decentralized systems are also suitable for ecologically sensitive areas (where advanced treatment, such as
nutrient removal or disinfection is necessary). Since centralized systems require collection of wastewater for an entire community at substantial cost,
decentralized systems, when properly installed, operated and maintained, can achieve significant cost savings while recharging local aquifers and
providing other water reuse opportunities close to points of wastewater generation (USEPA 1997). This benefit not only help alleviates the cost burden
but also helps to improve the watershed conditions.
The EPA Report also evaluated the obstacles that decentralized system may confront and ways to overcome the barriers were presented. The following
are the most common barriers for the implementation of decentralized systems:
Lack of Knowledge and Public Misperception. The perception of some homeowners, realtors, and developers that centralized systems are better for
property values and are more acceptable than decentralized systems, even if they are far more costly, makes it difficult to demonstrate that properly
designed and managed decentralized systems

Sewage Treatment Of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Dr.Marion D Schafer
Mahdi Almuhri
11/16/16
Wastewater Treatment
Introduction
The increase in the number of individuals in the planet has established a boom in technology, and industry, which advances the problems in the
economy, and contributes to the degradation of the environment. Evidently, the treatment and collection of thewastewater in urban areas poses a
critical problem especially in developing countries. Wastewater is a practice that has been taken on especially in urban areas where the domestic
effluent pollutes surface water bodies creating health problems for the public. In another word, any water that has been affected by anthropogenic
influence. And Wastewater can produce a group of activity that consists of domestic activity, industrial activity, commercial activity, surface runoff or
storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration. Wastewater is the most important thing that can help people moving comfortably for example
when it is raining. Especially, when vehicles move around the city this Wastewater can reduce the hazards of sliding vehicles at road. Also,
wastewater can avoid wastefulness of water and can help the agriculture environment by irrigation. On the top of that, the wastewater will help grow
the lands when planet growing that will reflect to the air and will get pure air. And all people can get purified water from waste water by

Should The Thames Tideway Tunnel Go Ahead?
Should the Thames Tideway Tunnel Go Ahead?
Executive Summary
Joseph Bazalgette built London's current sewage system in the 1960's and, at the time of construction, they stopped the spread of Cholera which was
rapidly spreading amongst Londoners at the time. The system also brought an end to the Great Stink of London. (BBC History, 2016)
Introduction to the Thames Tideway Tunnel
The construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel is an eight–year project starting in 2016 with the projected completion date in 2023. The tunnel is
being constructed in order to address the issue of London's overflowing sewer system. The current 20,000 miles of networked sewage pipes were built
in the 1860's by Joseph Bazalgette and they are failing to meet 21st century demands with London's growing population and increasing levels of
rainwater ending up in the sewers. The sewers were designed so that rare overflows would be flushed into the river, however, at the time of
construction this only happened on average once a year and now it happens on a weekly basis resulting in 39 million tonnes of raw sewage ending up
in the River Thames every year. (BBC News, 2014) (Super Sewer: An Introduction to the Thames Tideway Tunnel Project in London, 2016) According
to Phil Stride from Thames Water, "It is absolutely not consistent for a world–leading city to be using its river as an open sewer", and it is because of
this that the Thames Tideway Tunnel became the proposed solution to London's sewage problems.

Building A Conventional Sewage Treatment Facility
As in the case of rural non–point source pollution; urban areas are not likely to fix all contamination problems with one system. While it may be
possible to build a conventional sewage treatment facility that can handle any storm condition it is not likely that this will ever be cost feasible to do.
One type of larger combined sewage system that is being tried in several locations around the county where proper topography allows is the aquatic
marsh system. In this type of system sewage still goes through the primary treatment of separation out the larger solids. Once these solids have settled
out it move on to the secondary treatment where it undergoes another process to remove biochemical oxygen demand. This is done through introducing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the wet–land treatment system is very effective in treating large quantities of sewage it still falls short of the large problem. It still is not treating
the problem at its source. There are other options and systems that are in place to deal with urban pollution issues and flooding. Some example of
systems that have the potential to mitigate urban at their source are implementing low impact development, installation of sand filters, infiltration
trenches permeable pavers, storm water planters and green roofs. Low impact development (LID) is not a new concept but is still considered innovated
when being discussed. LID is a storm water management program that manages storm water on site compare to conventional systems that pipe it off to
a central treatment facility or directly into local water ways. Storms waters in the natural environment normally soak into the ground and are filter by
the soils and vegetation. When areas are urbanized the water now running off taking contaminate with them. These waters can flow at fast rates causing
increased flooding. The goals of LID are to lessen the impact storm waters on the natural environment, use land more efficiently, and help to lower cost.
Site planning includes, "minimizing areas of disturbance, maintaining, and restoring natural buffers, minimizing impervious cover, disconnection
impervious cover and minimizing soil compaction." Examples of

Construction Of An Underground Network Of Tunnels
Introduction
In the 1850s over 400,000 tonnes of waste and sewage was being discharged into the River Thames each day. By 1858 the stench from the raw
sewage around and within the Thames was named the 'Great Stink'. It was a Civil Engineer named Joseph Bazalgette who proposed a plan of the
creation of an underground network of tunnels, to put an end to the polluted river. His engineering feat has been improved and extended vastly but the
Victorian Sewers still stand as London's primary sewer system. The sewers were designed to be a combined system meaning rainwater and waste were
transported in the same manner. Bazalgette designed Combined Sewage Overflow (CSO) points along the Thames. The CSO's discharged the sewage
and rainwater into the Thames after substantial rainfall, this prevented flooding the streets and houses. When designing the sewers, population
increase was taken into consideration. (16) The underground system and factories were designed to treat and transfer sewage of up to double the
population that was present when construction began. However the population of London almost quadrupled from 2.35 Million in 1850 (19) to 8.17
million in 2011(7). This drastic increase meant that the sewers were overloaded. The CSO's were overflowing with only 2mm of rainfall and on
average discharging into the Thames around twice a week. The head of Thames Water Phil stride, said "Currently, 32 million cubic metres of storm
sewage overflows from London 's Victorian sewers into

The Effects Of Phosphorus On The Great Lake
History of the Phosphorus Issue in the Great Lake
Back to the history, the eutrophication problem was first time concerned by public on Great lakes at the 1960s, the Lake Erie was covered by algae
as a result of over dumped phosphorus from the sewage and other waste water, at that time, the Lake Erie was known as the "Dead Sea of North
America"(Fitzpatrick, J. J., and Di Toro 1999). The reason cause this problem can be concluded in 2 points, 1. the stresses of overfishing, 2.
development of phosphorus–based detergents. At the end of 1960, the Canada and the United States have realized the penetrance of this problem and
finally sit on the table to sign an agreement that limiting phosphorus dumps to the Lake Erie, and plan to control existing unstoppable algal growth.
Because of the awareness of Canada and US government, the concentration of phosphorus got a significant success. And this problem happened again
during the 1990s, but this time the reason why this happen is more complexly.
The management of the runoff nutrients and phosphorus in North America
Source control
Although scientists have explain eutrophication can be first recognized at thousand years ago, but eutrophication has become serious and well known as
a significant problem was actually at the 1940s, along with growth of the population, and extend of the farm field. The first fact trigger to
eutrophication can be concluded as urbanization. At that time, most of the treated or untreated sewage was directly

The Effects Of Sludge Sewage On The Waste Water Treatment
The usefulness of sludge sewage also known as bio solids in the environment can't be overemphasized. According to Renner, millions of tons of
sewage sludge is produced each year[1]. Land filling, incineration and land application are the possible options for the disposal of the bio solids
resulting from the waste water treatment. Approximately six million tons of treated sludge produced annually in the U.S is applied to the farmland[6].
This method of disposal is favored above the other methods because it is used as a form of amendment for the purpose of improving the condition of the
soil. The treated sewage sludge or bio solid is rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus and organic content which make it useful as fertilizers to
stimulate the growth of plants as well as enhance and maintain productive soils[5]. In addition to the nutrients contained in the bio solids, there is
also the presence of a multitude of metals, contaminants and pathogens. This caused the issue of the bio solids application in the agricultural lands
to be a disputatious issue globally right from the time the Clean Water regulations were enacted since the late 1980's[1]. Sewage sludge or Bio solids
are the byproducts of domestic and industrial waste water treatment processes. According to Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 503,
sewage sludge is regarded as the solid, semi solid or liquid remains that results from the treatment of sewage produced industrially and

Negative Effects Of Urban Development On The Environment...
Beaches are some of the most romanticized places on the planet, for good reason; however, the encroachment of humans onto beach and coastal
habitats has resulted in several negative outcomes. At Santa Monica State Beach (and adjoining pier), one of the most popular and polluted beaches in
California, the impacts of urban development, industry, and other man–made problems have caused mass pollution in the surrounding environment.
The effects this pollution has on the coastal wildlife, water quality, and human health are catastrophic to the ecology and natural habitat of the beach.
The beach began to decline in the early twentieth century with the construction of the Santa Monica Pier in 1909 after sixteen weeks of construction
that on its own resulted in many tons of concrete being poured into Santa Monica Bay (City of Santa Monica, 2015). Over the next few decades land
developers, and beach goers alike contributed a toxic combination of chemicals, bacteria, and trash that has resulted in Santa Monica Bay having
several dead zones (Heal the Bay, 2015), which devastate the marine life population.
Geology of Santa Monica Beach There is relatively little information on the natural geological history of Santa Monica State Beach; however, there is
an explanation as to why. The beach was one of the very first beaches inCalifornia to be artificially doctored starting in the early twentieth century. The
carousel manufacturer, Charles I.D. Looff, purchased the land directly south

Nut Island Effect Essay
#1. Do the people at Nut Island represent a cohesive team? The team from Nut Island had the potential to accomplish great things. They were a very
cohesive team. Cohesiveness relates to the degree to which members are attracted to and motivated to remain part of that team. A cohesive group
member values his or her membership and strives to maintain a positive relationship within the group. Every person working at Nut Island wanted to
be there and would not let anything get in the way of their team. When looking at only the cohesiveness of a team, Nut Island would be a good
example. They worked together and enjoyed what they did at the sewage plant. Employees worked overtime without being paid for it and without
complaining. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The team at Nut Island should be compared to the definition of a high–performance team. Nut Island team members had different skills. They were
able to get along and work together. They really enjoyed working there even when they were up to their necks in sludge. Members worked together to
keep equipment working. They found ways to keep the plant running after senior management stopped paying attention. Nut Island employees formed
a highly creative team also. When they ran out of chemicals they devised a plan to get more. Instead of calling management they asked nearby
residents to complain about the odor coming from the plant. They would have a new supply of chemicals delivered to them a few days later. With the
next two high–performance team components, Nut Island begins to fall short. The team lacked a purpose and the values to make them stick to that
purpose. The purpose of the team was to clean up the harbor. They were supposed to treat the sewage to make it safe to be dumped out in the harbor or
to be turned into fertilizer. At some point the team's purpose changed. They grew concerned with avoiding management and continuing on their own.
They still tried to do their job at the sewage plant, but their knew purpose got in the way. Because they avoided management and management avoided
them, Nut Island did not have the supplies they needed and their equipment was failing. They continued

Cleaning Up The Philadelphia Sewage Systems
Cleaning Up the Philadelphia Sewage Systems Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is one of the biggest cities on the east coast possessing more than fifteen
hundred people. Our Philadelphia water department is dedicated to providing clean water to all living things throughout the city. One of the biggest
problems faced by our water department is the litter problem that plagues the city. Taking care of the old infrastructure of the sewer is one of the
sewers is very important when it comes to protecting our waterways from wastewater. Many people are affected by these problems, including our
children and pregnant women. The problem does not lie within one particular community, but all throughout the city of Philadelphia. Being careless
and selfish... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This effects community funds as well, which means less money for schools which is a big problem within Philadelphia. People do have a big effect
on the problem within the city because they are so careless and do not think of the effects that their actions have on the environment. The 1900s led to
the start of dealing with the contaminated drinking water throughout the city. The first step was constructing five filtration plants and using chlorine to
treat the water. The Sewage system treatment plants in Philadelphia were constructed in 1950 to 1966 this consisted of the three plants to the right.
The government regulations and funding are what determine the technologies and methods that we develop to treat and manage our water systems.
Today we have for the most part dealt with the problem of contaminated water, but we still face some problems with bacteria. This especially affects
the vulnerable part of our population like pregnant women and children and make them sick. This is a problem that runs city wide and if it does not
get the attention that it needs we could see some very dire effects. Philadelphia over the years has improved its methods of cleaning up the water with
the development of technology along with the knowledge gained from past experiences. The city of Philadelphia has adopted the three step process
clean the water. This is Diagram to the right projects the

Sewage Lagoons Case Study
The outlying areas of Prince George are mostly rural with the only services being provided to them being electricity. As the City of Prince George
expands, these rural areas are becoming more populated and people want a higher quality of living. In the region of a south east corner of the city
limits are two roads called Midland Road, and Blackburn Road South. Location seen in Figure 1 on the next page. The soil conditions in this area
are mostly clay and do not support the use of Septic Fields. Instead residents have to use Sewage Lagoons which can pose a problem in regards to
spacing. These residents also have to get water through the use of wells. Residents along Midland Road brought forward the topic of having a sewer
main installed

Tips On Building A Home
Tips on Building a Home in Perth Western Australia Article 1 Choosing a Builder and Siteworks. On deciding to build a home on your ideal block
there are a number of things that have to be taken into account from the very start. 1. The Right Builder – Choosing the right Builder. This is a tricky
business, on one hand if you look at builders Display Homes you may choose your builder based on the design of the home you have seen. This is
not ideal as the builder may not be to your liking but the design you like is tied to the builder therefore you cannot take his design to another
builder. The other option is to choose a builder based on friends and or relatives experience, then try to find a design of home that the builder has that
will suit your needs. This can be an easy process as most builders have many designs to choose from. Quality and Specifications of the builder and
their Range can vary vastly from Builder to Builder. One Builder may include Special Finished Bench–tops where another might have the Standard
Laminate for the bench–tops. Obviously this will end in a different price for the home. So all may not be as it seems with any price difference you
need to compare Apples with Apples. 2. Warranty Considerations– Most builders in Perth have a standard warranty period of 6 years. This time frame
has been set by an Act of Parliament and cannot be reduced. Some builders however, give a lifetime guarantee this is a good incentive to go with that
builder. It is

Judith Gradwohl's Raw Sewage
Imagine a peaceful paradise, where the heavenly ocean breeze and the glorious blue waves set the mood for delighted sensations. This beautiful fantasy
of a beach will perish, if humans continue to let ocean pollution conquer Earth's alluring waters. Terrible things are deposited in our ocean including,
garbage, toxic waste, oil, sewage spills, and plastic waste. Every hour, 1.5 million pounds of garbage are dumped into the ocean, killing 100,000 marine
creatures due to plastic entanglement, poisoning, etc. (All–Recycling–Facts.com). If we continue to be incautious, we could be dealing with a mass
extinction of marine life! Humans could lose a food source soon if we can't consume fish because of the intoxicated waters. Something must ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whales have a distressing increase in assimilating cancer, along with getting other illnesses like nervous and digestive system problems, liver disease,
contaminant–induced immunosuppression, endocrine system damage, reproductive malformations, and growth and development issues, all because of
ocean pollution (Bluevoice.org). According to "The Effects of Ocean Pollution on Marine Mammals", by Bob Bohle, it states, "...from overfishing to
greenhouse gases and global warming to the introduction of toxins into the environment – has affected every square mile of ocean on the planet and
strongly impacted roughly 40 percent of marine ecosystems." This shows far ocean pollution has come. As stated before, humans are now catching the
effects of ocean pollution. Toxins from plastic and mercury that end up in fish, are entering the human food chain, which are now being linked to
cancers, birth defects, immune system problems, and childhood development issues (Gianna Andrews,

Biohazards of Sewage Sludge Essay
Wastewater can come from a variety of sources like homes, businesses, industries, runoff from roads, lawns and fields and is treated by municipal
wastewater treatment facilities (Product, cornell). The solid material that remains after the treatment of wastewater is known as sludge (charac, cornell).
Sludge can be employed in many different ways, it can be used as a soil additive or growing medium, sent to a composting facility, incinerated or
landfilled (Char, cornell).
Biosolids are derived primarily from a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiarysewage sludges. Biosolids do not contain the coarse grit and
screenings removed from raw wastewater during preliminary treatment steps or ash generated from incineration of sewage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These various routes or pathways of contact can result in either acute or chronic disease if the exposure is high enough. For pathogens, the primary
concern is acute diseases of a short–term duration (i.e., gastroenteritis or flu–like symptoms), while for the various potential chemical contaminants,
risks are derived from chronic exposure via ingestion.
Pathogens that may be present in biosolids applied to land pose a disease risk only if there are routes of exposure that deliver an infective dose. The
principal means of exposure is through ingestion or inhalation. Absorption through the skin is considered to be a minor route of exposure unless a
field worker suffers a cut or other puncture to the skin and is exposed. The degree of harm caused by bacterial toxins varies with the mode of entry
into the body.
It seems there is a correlation between the amount of biosolids applied and frequency of contamination. A 1984 study showed that 22.4mg/ha applied
to Sassafras sandy loam soil was the upper limit to ensure that groundwater was not contaminated (Higgins, 1984). Doses below 22.4mg/ha of land are
acceptable for the provision of nutrients to plants, while anything above diminished the water quality to below American federal standards (Higgens,
1984). Heavy metals and coliforms remained low

Importance Of Water Infrastructure
The basic physical and organizational structures that is used to transfer goods, people and information is infrastructure. We all use infrastructure in our
daily life like roads, water system at our home, sewage system and much more.
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE:–The term "water infrastructure" includes water and wastewater systems and includes water treatment facilities, water
mains, distribution pipes, pressure reducing stations, water meters, pumping stations, sanitary and storm sewers, sewage pipes, storm water pipes,
manholes, septic tanks and lift stations.
Importance of water infrastructure: Water and wastewater infrastructure is essential to keep our waterways clean and our communities healthy. Water
infrastructure of Canada is launching a new water and wastewater Fund to provide communities with more reliable water and wastewater systems.
As water infrastructure is one of the infrastructure which is directly related to health of human being and animals as well as water is natural resource
which needs to be conserved for future. If we have well maintained water infrastructure in country, it will help a lot to our economy because it will
save our natural resource, people health and will also control water pollution. So, we need to maintain water infrastructure time to time. We also need
to upgrade it with new features that should separate solid waste and water mixed with it. Than waste water should filtered, cleaned and recycled so
that it can be used again for irrigation,

Sewage Reclamation And Wastewater Reclamation
Introduction: Need for wastewater reclamation
Wastewater reclamation is the process whereby wastewater is treated using physical, chemical and even biological methods, so that the effluent
obtained can be used again, providing that it meets a series of parameters which varies according to its use. The need for wastewater reclamation has
increased due to the ever increasing demand for water which has led to a rise in water stress both in terms of quality and quantity of water (Gerke S.,
2001). With wastewater reuse the water stress will be alleviated. Constructed wetlands provide a cheaper and environmentally friendly means of
treating wastewater so that it can be reused (Kivaisi K. A., 2001). Constructed wetlands makes use of the naturally ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
T. C., 2006).
The wastewater reclamation can also be classified based on the constructed wetlands used for their treatment. Constructed wetlands can be divided into
two major groups, namely surface flow or sub–surface flow. The latter can be further sub–divided into vertical or horizontal flow. There are many more
types of wetlands available but the ones above are the main ones currently in use.
Criteria for wastewater reuse Wastewater contains a host of physical, chemical and biological components, it is therefore primordial to have standards
which govern the usage of the treated wastewater. Since the treated wastewater can have different uses such as for irrigation, in industries or even
aquifer recharge, different standards are required. The restricted agriculture irrigation means that the crops irrigated must imperatively be cooked before
consumption and therefore require less stringent parameters. Another use which does not require stringent parameters is industrial cooling, as there is
less chance of humans coming into contact with the treated wastewater.
The origin of the wastewater is another determining factor in terms of criteria which must be met before wastewater can be used again. For example,
wastewater obtained from certain industries (textile) may contain heavy metals which may be harmful to humans and other organisms alike (Salgot M.,

Causes Of Water Logging In Dhaka
WATER LOGGING PROBLEM AND DRAINAGE IN DHAKA
IN RECENT years Dhaka City has been facing extensive water logging, especially, during the monsoon. Even without climate change, likely
damage from waterlogging in Dhaka by 2050 is Taka 11,000 crore. In a changing climate with more intense rainfalls, the loss will be Taka 139,000
crores between 2014 and 2050. These damages can be reduced significantly to Taka 3,700 crores, if Taka 270 crores investment is made. The amount
Taka 270 crores is equivalent to only 0.35 percent of the government's annual development budget expenditure for 2014–2015.(World
Bank,2015).Problems that occur in the city are increase in water pollution, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, solid waste disposal, black smoke
etc. Inadequate drainage sections, conventional drainage system with low capacity and gravity, natural siltation, absence of inlets and outlets,indefinite
drainage outlets, lack of proper maintenance of existing drainage system, and over and above disposal of solid waste into the drains and drainage
paths are accounted for the prime causes of blockage in drainage system and water logging. During the last 25 years or so rapid uncontrolled
urbanization has taken place in its capital city Dhaka. Substantial increase in built–up areas has taken place due to insensitive developments of areas
through private land developers and real estate business (Tawhid, 2004). The city has experienced water logging for last couple of years which creates

Ghana Water Project
An organization describes the effects of water pollution on the african people. Using a blog titled as "Ghana Water Project" to inform those who are
coping with water pollution how serious the issue is, providing solutions to those who want to grasp the issue and take it in their own hands, and
supply contact information to our research and the Safe Water Network. The Safe Water Network will receive donation that are given through our
blog. The Safe Water Network is an organization that began in 2009 that installed "locally owned Safe Water Stations that would provide reliable,
affordable, safe water to communities in need" (2009, para. 1). As of the water crisis currently in africa has improved because of solutions like the
Safe Water Network project and the Rehabilitation of Korle Lagoon and its river. A reminder thatwater pollution is causing death to wildlife, the
environment, and even humanity. As the Safe Water Network's motto states "Together we can do more" (2009, para 1).
Water pollution is a serious global issue that is massively affecting Africa. The lack for proper sanitation due to poverty and the inadequacy of
knowledge that the african people uphold sustain an environment full of injurious pollution. As the people continue to bathe and drink in such water,
lives are put at risk. As the "Ghana Water Project" we assembled an organization to provide education globally about the effects of water pollution and
assist in funding the Safe Water Network

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