The Frames And Their Goals And Beliefs Into Collective Action

The Frames And Their Goals And Beliefs Into Collective Action
Frames Literature
Within social movement literature, frames play a major role in impacting how movement actors
translate their goals and beliefs into collective action. Specifically, frames shape the parameters of
action and the strategic choices underlying these actions. Additionally, "framing processes have
taken center stage in an attempt to understand the emergence and development of social change
efforts" (Croteau & Hicks, 2003: 252). For sociologists, frames act as "schemata of interpretation"
which render things or situations meaningful (Goffman, 1974: 21). Political scientists attribute this
concept to collective action, where frames "simplify and condense aspects of the 'world out there,'
with the end intention of mobilizing "potential adherents and constituents" (Benford & Snow, 1988:
198). In its simplest form, "movements may try to remake the world in their own image" (Clemens
in McAdam et al, 1996: 213). Therefore, to get supporters involved in collective action, organizers
must shape their frames in an attractive manner. To generate collective action frames, movement
organizers participate in what scholars call "frame articulation" (Benford & Snow, 2000: 623).
Frame articulation, according to Benford and Snow, "involves the connection and alignment of
events and experiences so that they hang together in a relatively unified and compelling fashion"
(2000: 623). Benford and Snow further argue: "what gives the resultant collective action frames its
novelty is not
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The Importance Of Collective Memory In 1984
Nineteen Eighty–Four by George Orwell is one of the most famous books of all time and is easily
the most well–known dystopian novel. Set in London in the year 1984 (surprise!) the story revolves
around a character named Winston and his small rebellion against his society, the nation of Oceania.
Oceania is a totalitarian society that attempts to control the thoughts of its citizens through the use
propaganda, young indoctrination, threat of punishment, and the constant modification of proof of
the past. Because of this extreme control over the society's collective thought and memory Oceania
believes that it can effectively control the past, present and future. Most people disagree with that
claim because they believe that the absolute truth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually Winston is caught by Oceania and subjected to torture by a man named O'Brien until
Winston agrees with everything Oceania claims, just like everyone else. It is very understandable to
argue with the point of view that fact does not matter, in fact, this is perhaps the single policy of
Oceania that Winston is most against. At one point Winston muses that "if [Oceania] could thrust its
hand into the past and say of this or that event, it never happened–that, surely, was more terrifying
than mere torture and death" (35). And he is right, that is a terrifying thought. "Truisms are true,
hold onto that!" is the rallying call of logic, it says that "two plus two make four" (93). That is what
most ordinary people will hold onto, the belief that a true statement deserves recognition as such no
matter if most people claim as such. At various points in the book Winston wonders that "perhaps a
lunatic was simply a minority of one" (82). He flip–flops between the two sides but at one point, the
point that people most agree with him, he decides that "if you clung to the truth even against the
whole world, you were not mad" (223). It seems logical to agree with Winston and "believe that
reality is something objective, external, existing in its own right" but when one considers the society
as a whole one realizes that statement does not matter. It does not matter what reality is, or how a
lone individual perceives reality,

Divided We Stand : Institutional Sources For Ethno Federal...
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate Henry Hale's article "Divided we Stand: Institutional
Sources for Ethno federal State Survival and Collapse". Hale's attempts to respond to the criticism
leveled against ethnofederalism, which posits that ethnofederal institutional arrangement leads to
secession and consequently failure of central state. He argues that existence of a core ethnic region
facilitates separatism and secessionism, which if addressed will resolve the misconception about
ethnofederalism. His theory of a state's collapse is solid and well argued. However, there are some
contradictions in its casual mechanism, which can be perfected with further research. This review
proceeds as follows. The first section provides a brief summary of the article. The second section
discusses the articles methodology, and the last section provides critique of the article. Summary:
The author looks at the sources leading to survival or collapse of ethnofederal states, and is seeking
to explore the casual mechanisms leading to instability of ethnofederal state by examining the
factors leading ethnofederal states to disintegration or civil wars. Hale argues that ethnofederal
states that have a core ethnic region (CER) are highly prone to collapse. He defines CER as "a single
ethnic federal region that enjoys dramatic superiority in population" (Hale 166). Hale posits that the
presence of CERs in ethnofederal states is likely to cause three main challenges. These include 'dual

Policy Paradox Summary
Deborah Stone begins her book, Policy Paradox, by stating, "a theory of policy politics must start
with a simple model of political society, just as economics starts with a simple model of economic
society." Deborah Stone examines two policy–making models to describe the paradox's of the
process model for public policy. The two models include: the market (rational model) and the Polis
(community) model. Stone states she contrasts these two models to "illuminate some ways the
market model distorts political life." As discussed in class, the market model follows five steps:
1. A social system in which individuals pursue their own welfare;
2. Participants in competition with one another for scarce resources by exchanging things with
others whenever ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Situations where self interest and public interest work against each other are known as "commons
problems." In the market model the chief source of conflict is individual's perceived welfare vs.
another's perceived welfare. In the polis model the chief source of conflict is self interest vs. public
interest, or "how to have both private benefits and collective benefits." Stone notes "most actions in
the market model do not have social consequences" but in the polis, commons problems "are
everything." It is rare in the polis that the costs and benefits of an action are entirely self–contained,
affect only one or two individuals, or are limited to direct and immediate effects. Actions in the polis
have unanticipated consequences, side effects, long–term effects, and effect many people. Stone
states, "one major dilemma in the polis is how to get people to give weight to these broader
consequences in their private calculus of choices, especially in an era when the dominant culture
celebrates private consumption and personal gain." That is a

Similarities Between Neorealism And Institutionalism
Institutionalism Institutionalism rejects neorealist claims that the international system is
characterized by anarchy. Rather, it is more accurate to think of international system as made up of
rational states that exhibit growing interdependence. Interdependence creates incentives for
cooperation among states as it offers mutual benefits to all parties engaged. States learn cooperation
through reciprocity or are forced to cooperate for sake of securing public goods. Institutionalists also
focus on the free riding problem, which assumes that nations will tend to cheat and not do their part
in producing public goods. International institutions, such as the United Nations or World Trade
Organization, can help in establishing and sustaining cooperation among states by reducing
transaction costs, helping with monitoring (free riding problem), and offering third party mediation.
Neorealism and institutionalism have their differences, but they share also some common
assumptions. Therefore, both perspectives agree that states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Therefore, according to institutionalists, the core objective is to promote cooperation in anarchic and
competitive international system. While realists assume that the core objective is how to survive in
this system. However, institutionalists focus on the role that institutions play in international
collective actions. In order to define international cooperation, institutionalists looked at the state–
centric perspective, which is similar with neorealism, which regards state as rational, unitary, and
utility maximizing actor to survive in global arena. Therefore, states are considered as the most
relevant actors with specific goals. As pursuing specific goals, states are assumed to make decision–
making based on rational strategy in order to prioritize themselves and maximizing benefits from all
possible choices, reactions and

The Theory Of Collective Behavior Essay
"Social movements are one of the principal social forms through which collectivities give voice to
their grievances and concerns about the rights, welfare, and well–being of themselves and others by
engaging in various types of collective action, such as protesting in the streets, that dramatize those
grievances and concerns and demand that something be done about them." (Ruud Kreisi Hanspeter,
Saul.A. Sarah, Snow.A. David, pg 3) The theories of social movements are discussed below. Theory
of collective behaviour: Collective behaviour bears an intimate relation to social change. In broader
sense, collective behaviour refers to the behaviour of two or more individuals acting together or
collectively. ( Smelser, 1965) The term "collective behavior" was first used by Robert E. Park, and
was employed by Herbert Blumer. According to Smelser, there is a relation between communication
and interaction and the definition of collective behaviour. "The central defining characteristic of an
episode of collective behaviour is a belief envisioning the reconstitution of some component of
social action". (Smelser, pg 11) According to him, in order for behaviour to become collective, some
mode of communicating this belief and some mode of bringing people to action must be available.
The belief may be communicated by gesture or sign, by the mass media, or by the building up of an
ideology as been mentioned by him. The form of communication

Jungian Dialectical Methods
1. Psychoanalysis Instincts /Drive an innate psychic energy known as id Sigmund Freud Catharsis or
Abreaction drives Conscious and unconscious mental state activity Western values were
effective/Modified by measure of awareness Interpretation of the transference relationship
2. Analytical Therapy Archetype Carl Jung–
Jungian Dialectical method The collective unconscious and archetypes filtering from the conscious
to repress the unconscious Self–Free association/ Individuation– wholeness Dialectical method
3. Individual Psychology Teleology Alfred Adler
(Adlerian therapy) Fictional final goal Conscious and unconscious uniqueness of the individual
Style of life as a final goal Inferiority/ Private logic Assessing and understanding the lifestyle (phase
II)
Existential–Humanistic
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Person–Centered Counseling Organismic valuing process Carl Rogers Actualizing tendency Choice
and free will as a way of being Conditions of worth/Incongruence Unconditional positive regard
Cognitive–Behavioral
1. Behavior Therapy "Baby in a box" B.F. Skinner Mentalistic concepts Radical behaviorist
unconscious feeling, thoughts and action affect individuals behaviors Deterministic/
Self– management Systematic desensitization
2. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Fallible human beings Albert Ellis Irrational belief systems
Cognitive process which causes complex interaction Cognitive disputations/
Risk–taking behaviors Psychoeducational
3. Cognitive Therapy Genetic and evolutionary predispositions Aaron "Tim" Beck Constructivist
Structure of cognitions Core beliefs– automatic thoughts/
Cognitive schema Pragmatic
4. Reality Therapy/Choice Theory Self– preservation William Glasser Inner control Perceptual
control theory Choice theory/ Control theory WDEP system
Post–Modern
1. Narrative Therapy Absent but implicit Michael White Narrative Externalizing the problem and
mapping its effects Social constructionism/Dominant narratives Qualitative

The Conscious Good Of Unconscious Evil Essay
The Conscious Good of Unconscious Evil Questioning the world as observers and contemplating
what constitutes a moral code versus following the norm play a major role in self growth. The
frustrating contradictions of one's self–aware mind begins to unwind into its own understanding of
what's real and the illusion. Illusions can be underlined with beliefs, faith and perception of
someone's own experiences and mistakes. The Mistakes that are made throughout a lifetime are
essential to understanding between right and wrong. They give Justice and the injustice actions the
unclear and incoherent meaning of good from evil. Revelations made through learning from
mistakes sometimes can come in the most inopportune times. After reading the story "A Good Man
Is Hard to Find" Flannery O'Conner gives a taste of the hypocrisy and selfishness of what the
subconscious part of humanity can be. The lifeless taste of evil "The Misfit" twisted with the
rudimentary philosophical good of the "grandmother" foreshadows humanity as a whole and
independently. The story shows us the problematic mechanics in belief and faith with the blunt truth
being as evil as it can be, due to lack of understanding of ones' self. The grandmother is projected as
a symbol of conscious good with the intentional norm humanity strives for. Making her position
throughout the story full of wisdom and righteousness through her illusion of what it means to be a
lady. Only through a life threating experience with the

Collective Bargaining In Canada
Introduction
The right to associate (join a union) is a statutory (legally protected) right in Canada, but collective
bargaining has not yet been ratified as a constitutional or human right (though the debate of such has
been ongoing for decades). A human right is defined as a right inherent to all individuals, "as a part
of their fundamental existence as human beings" to create/preserve dignity (Foster, 2011, p. 34). The
basic disunion between the concepts of collective bargaining for economic parity and human rights
for democratic and social equality lays the foundation for the ongoing argument: should collective
bargaining be recognized as a human right?
Included in the analysis to follow are how historical perceptions of collective bargaining ... Show
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24). It is democratic in nature but, like management, will bargain based on how it represents workers
and the values held by membership. The democratic nature of unions increases the complexity of
decision–making (Foster, 2011, p. 24). The power and stability of unions might shift if collective
bargaining were to become a human right, and the strength of the labour movement would wane
(Savage, 2008, p. 69). Unions would have to give up power and the rigid, government–certified
structures currently in place in favour of independent organizations that workers might want
representing them (Adams, 2008, p. 59). As well, unions would have to eliminate mandatory union
membership and dues as they contravene the "basic principles of freedom of association" (Adams,
2008, p.

Conflicting Narratives Of The Israeli Palestinian Conflict
Conflicting narratives in the Israeli Palestinian conflict
Any reference to conflict turns history into a reservoir of blame. In the presence of conflict,
narratives differ and multiply to delegitimize the opponent and to justify one's own action.
Narratives shape social knowledge. The Israeli Palestinian conflict, both Jews and Muslims, view
the importance of holding the territories through religious, ideological, and security lenses, based on
belief that Palestine was given by divine providence and that the land belongs to either the Israelis
or Palestinian's ancestral home. Understanding these perspectives is required for understanding
Palestinians' and especially Israel's strategy and role in entering the Oslo peace process. Despite ...
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To show examples how conflicting narratives affected the Oslo peace process, conflicting narratives
stemming from collective memories will be applied to issues regarding security, history, and social
identity.
Security narrative
A narrative based on collective memory is difficult to deconstruct and functions as a barrier to
negotiations. Given that narratives play an important role in determining the flow of the negotiations
and that every new generation on both sides is raised with this narrative of insecurity in mind, the
gap of conflict is widened through a hardening of attitudes amplified by the delay of resolving the
stalemate. Connecting the gap to security arguments, the gap is further widened when collective
memory functions as the key in altering the status quo especially in asymmetrical conflict where the
weaker group fears the total domination of the other and contests the imbalance by resorting to
violence. A clash in security narratives is seen: Palestinians justify their violent actions by trying to
balance out with Israel claiming that they feel powerless and fear the loss of dignity, while Israelis
justify their actions citing issues of threat and security. As seen in the eruption of the second
intifada, Palestinian riots occurred after events that affected their sense of security. First, Ariel
Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount reminded the Palestinians of their claim over East Jerusalem and
saw Sharon's visit

The Tragedy of the Commons and Collective Action Essay
The tragedy of the commons and the problem of collective action are two key concepts in the world
of political science. They act under the assumption that man is a rational being who will act in his
own self interest. Humanity id broadly diverse meaning that each individual has their own ideas as
to how society should run and how people should live.(heywood) This inevitably results in
disagreement and this is where politics steps in. Aristotle described politics as the 'master science',
'the activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the Good
Society.' Through the tragedy of the commons and the problem of collective action we can see how
politics is essentially the 'search for conflict resolution' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However Mancur Olson (cite) states in his book that 'rational self–interested individuals will not act
to achieve their common or group interests.' Coercion or other incentives are needed for this to
occur. Communication can be used as moral suasion (ostrom) This became known as the 'zero
contribution thesis'. A social dilemma is when individuals choose actions that will affect others as
well as themselves. The individual will aim to benefit themselves short term which generally results
in a lower joint outcome. If the individuals acted collectively they would achieve a better optimal
outcome than the one they would achieve on their own. These social dilemmas have been
characterised in game theory by the prisoners dilemma. They will achieve the Nash equilibrium
which is lower than the socially desirable outcome. This is the problem of collective action. This is
not to say that forms of collective action cannot be seen in everyday world. Mobs, gangs, cartels,
neighbourhood associations, charities and voting are all forms of collective action. (ostrom) These
social dilemmas are related to common–pool resources. The problem of free riding can be an issue. .
There has to be governance of common pool resources. If, for example collective action was man's
natural instinct then

The Influence Of Interest Group Politics And Collective...
Interest Group Politics and Collective Action
The Human Rights Campaign is the largest gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender advocacy group
in the nation. With over 400,000 members, the group is able to lobby very effectively in Washington
and has an impressive legislative record. The HRC began in 1980 as a fund to raise money for gay–
supportive congressional candidates. It was meant to be a response to the successful right–wing
groups at the time, including the National Conservative Political Action Committee and Moral
Majority. By 1984, the Human Rights Campaign Fund was effectively supporting congressional
candidates, raising over 475,000 dollars. By 1990, the HRC had a membership of 25 thousand, and
was organizing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HRC, however, retains a high degree of legitimacy and effectiveness in the political world
mainly because rights–advocacy positions have a high salience in the American political system.
The group's small, personalized constituency may even help in its efforts to mobilize effectively, but
that will be discussed in the next section. When examining the dynamics of any interest group, one
benefits from keeping in mind Mancur Olson's Logic of Collective Action. Each and every group of
people must deal with the problem of collective action, the problem of discovering how to get each
individual to act and contribute towards furthering a common interest. As I said before, the Human
Rights Campaign may benefit from having a smaller, more personalized base of members. The gay
community is extremely cohesive, especially when compared to other social and even ethnic groups.
In many cities, gays reside, work, and socialize within a very tight sphere. This general
characteristic of the gay community aids the HRC in combating the collective action problem since
it makes the membership small and easier to break into even smaller parts. Larger, more loosely
bound groups have a difficult time organizing because members perceive lower social benefits and
greater probability that others in the group will do the work for them (Olson). The HRC will still
have to deal with this free rider

Why Be Moral : A Short Discussion Of Ethical Motivation
Why Be Moral: A Short Discussion of Ethical Motivation
By David Mascone | Submitted On February 17, 2013
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Expert Author David Mascone
Almost by nature, we feel the pull of ethical considerations. If we see someone drop a dollar, most
of us run forward and return the dollar to the owner.
But why not keep it? What logic or rationale supports our being concerned about the ethics of an
action? Why not just follow our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, that in fact God has those attributes involves an article of faith. Faith is compelling, and
powerful, and in the grander scheme of existence can not be discounted as a legitimate basis for
moral action.
However, in the less grand scheme of ethical philosophy, an article of faith is insufficient.
Philosophy requires logical arguments. Now to those of belief, they would see that requirement of
philosophy, to require logic but to not accept faith as part of logic, as philosophy 's loss. But
philosophy seeks justifications that are universally accessible by all. Faith isn 't universally
accessible; rationale argumentation is considered to be.
What about commands from human authorities? Do they offer justification? While a God could
possess attributes potentially worthy of a moral authority, humans do not. Humans are fallible, at
times misguided, often selfish, and in enough cases just plain evil. The ethical commands of a
human authority provide no justification for moral action.
What about a theoretical perfect government? Such a government might issue morally compelling
commands. However, that would not be due to the perfection of the government, but rather because
a perfect government would base their commands on the rationale for being moral. And that of
course is just what we haven 't found yet.
Benefit Reason for Ethics

If not based on authority, we should follow an ethical path based on the benefits. After all, an ethical
path

The National Labor Relations Board Essay
Abstract
The recent decision made by the National Labor Relations Board granted collective bargaining
rights to graduate student workers and researchers. The focus on the decision was primarily based
on the wording or a statutory employee as defined in Section (2)3 of the National Labor Relations
Act and ultimately the reversal of the 2004 Brown University decision against the groups legitimate
reasoning and desire to unionize. University administrators were against student worker
unionization and cited that academy freedom would be encroached on as well as a deteriorated
student–faculty relationship. Proponents to the decision cite poor wages, limited access to healthcare
and respect as well as empirical evidence discrediting administrator's claims as making unionization
the most viable option.
Support for the decision of Case 02–RC–143012, The Trustees of Columbia University in the City
of New York and Graduate Workers of Columbia– GWC, UAW The National Labor Relations Board
(the Board) has had authority over non–profit, private universities for over forty–five years and on
numerous occasions applied remedy to cases involving university faculty. Historically, this type of
recognition has been afforded only to faculty, the ability to collectively bargain had not been granted
to its graduate student workers and researchers but their desire to unionization is not a new concept
(Board: Student Assistants Covered by the NLRA, 2016). Graduate students at public universities

Crime And Its Effect On Society Essay
Introduction
Crime prevalently commits around the globe either at the past time or even in this present and
ongoing society. Crime is not commendable to commit in any society, however, we cannot rule out
the possibility that, it is there as a complex issue and could be explained as a part of society life. So,
what crime actually is? Crime delineates as an illegal act either against law, collective wellbeing, or
even political wellbeing (Bradley & Walters, 2011). It then overall deems as a kind of harmful
behavior towards certain values or norms of the society it committed in.
Becker (from labelling theory) argued that no action in itself crime or deviant, it depends upon who
commits it, who sees it, and what action is taken about it (Becker, 1991). So it is to underline that
crime is really a social creation, and does not have such reality of its own, historical relative and
characterized by the constant changing (Henry, 2001; Bradley & Walters, 2011). This is not the
conclusion, as we continually seek to understand such claim that crime is a product of the society
and always shifting over time and place.
In this essay I will unpack three motives of why crime has been posited to be a social construction
rather a reality in itself autonomous or neutral. Three different approaches will be proposed to
justify crime as a social fabrication, which are; First Crime is a legal based fabrication which takes a
form on the doctrinal argument by judges and bring existence to such

The Sermon On The Mount ( And The Plain )
Inherent Value in the Sermon on the Mount (and the Plain) Critical analysis of Christian doctrine
often suggests overlapping principles concerning teachings. That is, the teachings of one individual,
such as a disciple of Christ are re–interpreted and introduced by another, heightening discussion on
historical relevance, intent, ethical implications and methods of delivery. The Sermon on the Mount
and the Sermon on the Plain fall under this category of controversial interpretation. One is
recognized as essentially playing off the other, delivering the same message while delivering a new
level of interpretation. Literary interpretation of the gospel is ever–changing due to the influential
nature of the modern environment, where current actions shape the initiatives of the past. While the
common understanding is that these sermons lack independence as one re–introduces the theories
taught in the previous sermon, the theory requires further interpretation before formulating a
conclusion on the independent or collective nature of the sermons. As one examines Christian
doctrine, common ground or interpreting the same message throughout becomes a constant action.
That is, disciples and followers of Christ who spread the word to others are likely to deliver the
same message, as the Word of God acts as the founding origin for these teachings. Thus,
differentiating between multiple doctrines has become a formality initiated by literary scholars, who
aim to establish different

The Third Condition For The Stability Of Democracy
The third condition for the stability of democracies is Freedom of speech (Schofield 31). Freedom of
speech must exist in a democracy for stability to prevail. The absence of that is a rise of political
problems. Whereas the freedom allows every individual in the country to have his or her opinion on
how the country should be led, when they begin threatening the leadership it is a matter of peace
disturbance, and they are liable for prosecution. Through it, there are many complaints that will arise
from both the leadership and citizenry fraternities. Countries that lack the financial muscle to
employ political scientists who give the knowledge and research findings on the best policies to
implement in order to push the country forward can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also leads to mutual concessions between supporters and opponents, resulting in institutional trust
(Lecture notes). Freedom of speech is a prerogative for democratic stability. Indeed, it is one of the
reasons for the progress that democracies have.
The fourth condition for stability of democracies is multiple political debates on the best ways to
move forward and to progress the country. Democracies must allow conflicting ideas from various
parties on how to deal with problems that the nation is facing (Schofield 68). For example, when the
country begins to have Agency problems or the agency costs begin to spiral out of control, the
incumbent leaders must allow for free debates about the underlying factors affecting the country.
In this, the elected politicians might begin to divert the resources into implementation of policies
that are their preferences and not voter preferences (Lecture notes). The debates can properly trigger
the implementation of reliable solutions for this. In many democracies, the solutions are in most
cases are indecisive, which lead to compromise from all the debating parties or leaders, resulting in
innovative ways on how to solve a particular problem. Democracies avoid unfavorable outcomes
when it comes to implementation of public policies that are not agreed upon by representatives in
the country. The solutions for the various problems facing

Hitler Propaganda Speech
The use of emotional persuasion is identifiable in the speeches of Hitler, as well as in other forms of
propaganda. For example, in Hitler's speech on November 10th 1933, which was broadcast on
national radio, he referred to Jewish people being "international, because they conduct their business
everywhere". This speech was used to induce fear and paranoia amongst German people, making the
emotional shift towards hatred of Jewish people, and other minorities, acceptable in the new
political regime. This shift in emotional guidelines is also apparent in an article published in the
New York Times in 1933, which follows the observations of the writer, who had recently visited
Germany. She noted an overwhelming emotional connection between Nazis even in the early 1930s,
where they appeared to have a feeling of comradeship, unaffected by differing classes. Similarly, in
Nazism, Nationalism, and the Sociology of Emotions: Escape from Freedom Revisited Neil
McLaughlin argued that while logic and reason were employed on certain levels of Nazism, the
overall ideology was entirely emotional.
Given these examples of the use of emotion in the rise of Nazi ideology, the phenomenon is best
understood in terms of theories that explain emotions and historical change. On the individual level,
Hitler's emotional reasoning for directing the historical events as he did can be understood in terms
of an emotional effect, as explained by Reddy in his theory. That is, Hitler's use of persuasive

Alexander Wendt's Teleological Theory
My first theorist critique will focus on Alexander Wendt and his teleological theory on the "logic of
anarchy" which holds that a world state, through a monopoly on the use of organized violence, is
inevitable. Wendt's theory can be housed under explanatory progressivism which in turn yields itself
to comparative analysis against the broader foundational theories of realism. and liberalism, and
contingent progressivism. Given the teleological identity Wendt assigns his assertion, we will also
find relevance in examining the connections with self–organization theory. This paper will open
with a summary of the "logic of anarchy", the inevitability of a world state, and will then flow into
the comparative analysis mentioned above. The summary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
All real–world change or dynamics is seen to follow, or be motivated, by this law." The first law of
thermodynamics is meant to identify and explain that which remains the same, and thereby, the
second law is meant to observe and explain that which is in a state of change or causes change. A
useful example is "If a glass of hot liquid, for example is placed in a colder room a potential exists
and a flow of heat is spontaneously produced from the cup to the room until it is minimized (or the
entropy is maximized) at which point the temperatures are the same and all flows stop." Taking this
basic framework and applying it to the International relations system, we can see that perhaps Wendt
is correct in assuming that a one world state is indeed inevitable, but incorrect in his statement that it
will be a peaceful and less competitive one world

Social Justice Vs Environmental Property Essay
The main point of the author is as follows there is a question that how social justice and
environmental property are same? Both involve long arise with. This is the fact that people acting
alone may not obtain them and both depend on individual people achieving along, pooling stock and
acting collectively. The reasons provided by author are as the new political economy development
insists during a new paper out in the present era which says that social justice and environmental
property both don't seem to have two different goals, both should be tackled by completely separate
government related departments. Both are closely merged and depend on each other. You can't have
one while not the opposite or you can't have even one of them until there's collective action, with
small teams operating along – regionally, across the country and in the world. If we look at the ...
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their selection of housing, for other things, or shopping for food, fuel and other more and more
deficient materials. However, those that attempt different things to survive in economic condition
and loss might feel they need very little or no post during a society however chance obviously
booked for others. They will know that, nevertheless their thoughts related to the natural
atmosphere, they are doing nothing or they will build any particularity. Basically, neither made nor
poor, they will escape the severe effects of global climate change, however while there is no larger
equality there is less possibility of building a appropriately powerful political agreement in time to
save lots of the WorldNet logics to understand the links between social justice and environmental
premise should be at the center of a brand new social establishment, to achieve the post–war
establishment creation by William First Baron Beveridge and construct to fulfill the issues of the
twenty first

The View That Crime Is Socially Constructed Essay
Discuss the view that crime is socially constructed, give examples to illustrate your answer!
Introduction
Crime prevalently commits around the globe either refer back to past experiences or even within
present or ongoing society. Crime is indeed not commendable to commit in any society. However,
we cannot rule out the possibility that it is there as a complex issue and well explained as a part of
any particular society. Therefore, what crime actually is? Crime delineates as an illegal act either
against law, collective wellbeing, or even political wellbeing (Bradley & Walters, 2011). It then
overall deems as a kind of harmful behavior towards certain values or norms of the society it
committed in.
It is interesting to note that Becker (from labelling theory) claimed by saying no action in itself
crime or deviant, it depends upon who commits it, who sees it, and what action is taken about it
(Becker, 1991). So it is to underline that crime is really a social creation, and does not have such
reality of its own, historical relative and characterized by the constant changing (Henry, 2001;
Bradley & Walters, 2011). This is not the whole thing, it is an ending quest as we continually seek
an adequate answer to justify such claim that crime is a product of the society and that it
characterized by shifting over time and setting.
In this essay I will unpack three motives of why crime has been posited to be a social construction
rather a reality in itself autonomous or neutral.

Annotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Order Within South...
Evelyn Goh's paper on Hierarchical order in South East Asia aims to explain the surprising peace
and mutual co–operation which grew out of South East Asia following the post–Cold–War period.
Her main argument is that it is the South East Asian states themselves which created this peace and
co–operation through two broad 'pathways': Omni–enmeshment on a regional and inter–state level
and the creation of a 'complex balance of influence.' My main criticism with her argument is that the
current order in South East Asia has yet to be challenged by a substantial security crisis, leaving us
questioning just how robust these pathways are. I also reference to John Mearsheimer's paper on the
'false promise of international institutions' to provide further criticisms. Regardless, I found her
analysis on how smaller states can create the regional framework for peace compelling – it runs
counter to the two major streams of IR thought (realism and liberalism) while explaining what they
could not predict: peace in South East Asia.
Omni–enmeshment
Goh's first 'pathway' is that South East Asian states have followed a policy she dubs 'Omni–
enmeshment'. By enmeshment, Goh means 'the process of engaging with a state so as to draw it into
deep involvement into international or regional society, enveloping it in a web of sustained
exchanges and relationships with the long–term aim of integration.' In layman's terms, Goh is not
talking simply about two states agreeing to co–operate on economic

Occupy # Everywhere Summary
The first paper I have chosen to review is called Reflections on Occupy #Everywhere: Social Media,
public space and emerging logics of aggregation. The author argues that social media has changed
the way protest movements such as Occupy organize and communicate with their members,
allowing the movement to reach a larger audience than would otherwise be possible (Juris, 2012,
para. 1). The author's evidence is valid, and comes from qualitative observation of the growth of the
Occupy movement in general, and Occupy Boston in particular. The author's evidence is relevant to
his argument, as it supports the role that social media played in the formative phases of the Occupy
movement. The second paper I have found is entitled Social Media and

The Indignados Identity
Finally, relationships and practices discussed are connected at various levels with the broader
discourse which is transmitted to the public and interacts with which returns the 'system'. Originally,
the indignados' identity is built on a series of specific demands –fight against unemployment,
housing rights and quality public services, among others– that need not necessarily relate to the
'submission' of the political powers to 'markets'. At the time in which the movement 'took' the
Spanish streets and identity began to be constructed around 'the political', each of these demands
was no longer the simple sum of their individuality, but their articulation in an open system of
differential relations. As noted, the hegemonic logic follows two

The Burden Sharing Behavior Of Gulf Cooperation Council (...
The purpose of this paper is to examine the burden–sharing behavior of Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) members and their response to the military burden of Iran. Quantitative methods are used to
test the study's hypothesis. The findings suggest that the large GCC member (Saudi Arabia) is in
military burden– at a greater rate than smaller GCC members. In accordance with the logic of
collective action, I tested the hypothesis that small alliance members will be free riders. I show that
the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model captures the dynamic feature of GCC's behavior. The
findings show non–cooperative behavior among GCC members concerning their level of military
burden towards Iran, and small members of GCC who are free riders on the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this, the Arabian Gulf States should work collectively to fill the power vacuum and
increase the level of security in the Arabian Gulf region. This study would focus on the effects of
free–riding on security arrangements among the Arabian Gulf states. Finally, applying the same
framework of the NATO on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) could help the Gulf States play a
larger role in their region.
There is serious concern for the entire world about the Arabian Gulf security. Iran's expanding
ambition rose to new heights when its nuclear ambitions were revealed to the world. In fact, Iran's
nuclear ambition has alerted regional and international concerns about the future stability and
security. This paper is important because it will contribute to the existing literature of collective
action studies in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular. This study would provide valuable
information to many stakeholders. First, this research will give scientific predictors of future
procedures that should be taken to improve the regional security. It will also shed light on
identifying the type of course of action to help identify the best policies in dealing with the security
dilemma.
This paper consists of two major sections: First, describe some aspects of the different concepts of
security in the Arabian Gulf region, evaluate a collective action framework with an

B2 Case Study
Similarly to B1, B2 organizes online. As described in the recruitment section, the group recruits
their network of friends, and tried to get to people that could of what was needed. The first stage of
the group was to get people to send in postcards, and then they start showcasing the postcards
throughout Mexico, as well as analyzing all of the postcards in order to make a list of the most
relevant grievances and proposals send in by their followers , which they called them "10 Batallas
Ciudadanas". They presented la "10 Batallas Ciudadanas" to government officials . Within B2,
according to one of the co–founders, everyone does whatever is needed, from helping put on the
mounting the postcards displays, sending stuff through social media, or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As Melissa explained, they are continually looking for the input of their followers. They take into
account how people are reacting to the content, they want to ensure that those who they claim to be
representing are actually supporting the tactics and the conclusions they are trying to reach.
Furthermore, their looser boundary, and their consideration for what followers post, makes it easier
to form alliances with strangers. There might be two things at play here, which are different from B1
logics, which are demonstrated in the different organizational and recruitment techniques. On one
hand, the progress of the group is interacting with social media. B1 has only those who were
admitted to their group, after fulfilling the potentially high cost requirement of being a social
activist, post about the stuff that they are interested. In contrast, B2 collects from personal
narratives, creating a space where strangers feel comfortable posting their comments. B2 is utilizing
connective logics, through personal frameworks, to allow the many narratives with different
narratives and proposals to post about representing all of society . The connection is built more from
a communitarian coordination, they do not have a set of who gets to participate, either by helping to
pursue the grievance collected, or who gets to decide what grievances are. But, they connect through
individuals that are trying to pursue something for their initiative. Thus, the coordination is more
fluid. Additionally, they work directly with both political parties and the legislature law, and they are
working into implementing anti–corruption reforms for any elected official office . Unlike B1, they
directly contact the legislature, and through the "connective logic", they are utilizing the claims of
representing all of the society in order to push political changes (Bennett &Segerberg 2012). This
has also been

Crime As A Social Creation Essay
Introduction
Crime prevalently commits around the globe either in the elapsed time or even in this present and
ongoing society. Crime is not commendable to commit in any society, however, we cannot exclude
the possibility that, it is there as a complex issue and could be explained as part of society. So, what
crime actually is? Crime delineates as an illegal act either against law, collective wellbeing, or even
political wellbeing (Bradley & Walters, 2011). It then overall deems as a kind of harmful behavior
towards particular values or norms of the society it committed in. Becker (from labelling theory)
argues that no action in itself crime or deviant. It depends upon who commits it, who sees it, and
what action is made on it (Becker, 1991). So it is to underline that crime is really a social creation,
and does not have such reality of its own, historical relative and characterized by the constantly
changing (Henry, 2001; Bradley & Walters, 2011). This is not the right conclusion, as we
continually seek to understand such a claim that crime is a product of the society and always shifting
over time and space.
In this essay, I will unpack three motives of why crime has been posited to be done on a social
construction rather a reality in itself autonomous or neutral. Three different approaches will be
therefore proposed justifying crime as a social fabrication; First Crime is a legal based fabrication
which takes a form on the doctrinal argument by judges and bring existence

The Morality Behind Driving Essay Essay
The Morality Behind Driving
In the past several years, technology has become so ubiquitous that it can now be found in parts of
our lives that we once believed it would, and could, never play a part in. While the growing presence
of technology in our day to day lives suggests a high compatibility, in certain instances, our lives,
specifically our ideologies and moral beliefs, seem to conflict with technology. The development of
the autonomous car and the ethical and moral dilemmas that can arise from this technology's use,
perfectly exonerate the incompatibility between our current moral and ethical beliefs and
technological innovations. While our present view of morality may conflict with certain aspects of
this technology, all in all, this struggle is desirable as it forces our society and community to think as
a collective, solving the problem now in order to work towards the betterment of the human race.
In the past several years, companies like Google and Tesla have been working towards the self–
driving, autonomous vehicle. Many project that in a mere four years, "most major automotive
companies will have developed successful driverless technology" (Access Science Editors). The
implementation of this technology clearly has many benefits but, we cannot mistakenly believe that
improvement means perfection. Technology is a process and with each improvement, more and
more people will be drawn in making this technology more ubiquitous. Each step gives rise to
another, but

Comparing Levi's Essay On Democracy And Trust In Democracy
Trust is an important human connection that is inherent for connection. We have trust from our
earliest months that we are alive. However, politics is often seen as a place where trust is carried on
the winds. To quote Cesar, "Et tu, Brute." In politics having too much trust is a person or a system
(such as a system with the Roman Empire, or an authoritarian regime), will have you end up like
Julius Cesar, dead with the knives of you friends in your back. Many western nations have come a
long way from the Roman Empire, and there is both trust and distrust built into the systems.
Trust in democracy is even more important. It is a tenant that there should be trust in the government
and trust in the people, as well as, trust in the other branches of government. There is trust that the
laws will be fulfilled. Margaret Levi's discussion of political leaders of governments accept this
underlying notion of the rule of law and the ruled believe they have a right to be included in the
system and to be treated fairly within that system. They believe that their leaders should to be held
to that system as well. This flows Levi's discussion of the conditions necessary for constituents to
contribute to the tax contract under quasi–voluntary compliance. People have to trust the taxation
scheme to be fair and that others are contributing to it as well. They also have to trust that their
leaders will uphold their end of the social contract, and benefit in some way knowing if they get too

Essay on Hrm 510 Week 6 Assignment 3
HRM 510 WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENT 3
To purchase this visit here:
http://www.activitymode.com/product/hrm–510–week–6–assignment–3/
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SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM
HRM 510 WEEK 6 ASSIGNMENT 3
Assignment 3: Pay, Benefits, and Terms and Conditions of Employment
Due Week 9 and worth 300 points
It is your responsibility as the HR Director of the same organization from Assignment 2 to a) create
policies regarding pay and benefits for the selected job opportunity, and b) develop methods for both
addressing unionization and implementing OSHA regulations. You will present your findings to the
Vice President of Human Resources for approval.
Create a PowerPoint presentation with fifteen to twenty (15–20) slides in which you:
1. Create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justify your response.
6. Outline a plan for investigating workplace injuries, and formulate a policy that explains the
process for filing a worker's compensation claim within the selected organization.
7. Narrate each slide, using a microphone, and indicate what you would say if you were actually
presenting in front of an audience.
8. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment.Note: Wikipedia and other
Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
 Format the PowerPoint presentation with headings on each slide and relevant graphics
(photographs, graphs, clip art, etc.), ensuring that the presentation is visually appealing and readable
from eighteen (18) feet away. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
 Include a title slide containing the title of the assignment, the student's name, the professor's
name, the course title, and the date. The title slide is not included in the required slide length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
 Develop policies that are compliant with employment laws.
 Evaluate an organization's physical environment and determine criteria that ensure occupational
safety.
 Use technology and information resources to research issues in employment law.

 Write clearly and concisely about employment law using proper writing mechanic.
Grading for this

Reification And Racialization In The Holocaust And Rwanda
Reification and Racialization in the Holocaust and Rwanda
Reification refers to the categorization of people based on those anxieties from fears around
conceptions of self–worth and status. Anxiety, a basic component of humanity, is recognized by its
feeling of dread rather than its causes. Reification of others is born out of reification of oneself
(Weisband, "Social Groupings"). It reduces the freedom and choices available, and it assumes that
one is too stagnated to change, especially in comparison to others. This denies that all human
freedom is similar. In denying the situatedness of the human condition, people develop the desire to
create the uncreatable, and thus they reify themselves to confront anxieties over their own
situatedness. As the freedom they have is not what they want, this leads to self–reification, self–
contempt, self–denial, and self–disgust (Weisband, "Reification"). It is the beginning of hatred. The
reified "self" judges the self in discipline. Similarly, the logic of illogic starts with reification, which
develops feelings of supremacism which lead to racism, then racialization, then, finally,
spatialization (Weisband, "Rwanda and Nativism"). These reflect the different modes of cultural
development that rationalize self–contempt, self–rejection, and denial of self–worth. It represents
the beginning of doctrines that aim to explain stereotypes, prejudice, and other forms of hatred
(Weisband, "Social Groupings").
In cases of mass racial violence such as the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide, the logic of
illogic served to separate Jewish Germans and Tutsi Rwandans from the majority population, by
racializing their identities and then spatializing them as collective groups. Both were racialized, for
the Jewish through racializing the religion and its followers, and for the Tutsi by a Hutu nativist
movement that racialized the Tutsi as bringing shame onto ancestral history. The spaces for both
groups were eliminated as these movements took root.
As discussed in Racism, Jewish Europeans have historically been and continue to be viewed as
separate from white Europeans, despite falling under the White category as being of European and
Middle Eastern origin. Even those who converted from

Special Interest Lobbying
Inherent within democracy are expansionary pressures. Olson (1965) argued in 'The Logic of
Collective Action' that small groups with concentrated interests will prevail over large groups with
diffuse interests, who tend to suffer from free–rider problems. Special interest groups will tend to
successfully lobby for subsidies and other favourable government actions (and they have the
incentive to do so), while the tax–paying public will not have the incentive to block these changes as
the costs of collective action outweigh the individuals benefits. US Senator Tom Coburn produces
the 'Wastebook' every year, showing some of the more ridiculous examples of such special interest
lobbying activity in America and the logic of collective action ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, higher taxes today to fund a larger public sector will reduce savings and growth through the
distortionary impact of taxation (Barro, 1991), as well as through harmful disincentive effects. A
larger public sector will also crowd–out private investment, again reducing economic growth. One
study estimated that a 10% increase in government spending as a share of GDP reduces economic
growth by 0.5% to 1% per year (Bergh and Henrekson, 2011). While a loss of 0.5%–1% growth per
year may seem insignificant, in fact this is a substantial effect and the magic of compound growth
means that such an annual growth reduction is in fact highly significant in the long–run. Many other
studies focusing on rich countries have also found a significant and robust negative relationship
between government size and economic growth, including research from Romero–Ávila and Strauch
(2008) and Fölster and Henrekson (2001) among

The Dialectics Of Public Policy In Mali
The dialectics of public policy and collective action within the history of the cotton's developmental
agenda in Mali. The history of cotton in Mali has a strong link with politics: the colonialists
struggled to impose it, the postcolonial state made of it a symbol of development, the French
government remains a stakeholder, and the neoliberal project targeted that sector for reform. The
Malian state, despite the increasing export of gold, remains heavily vested in the cotton production
as it is the first agricultural export. Moreover, "cotton is the main source of livelihood for a quarter
of the Malian population" (Serra 2014). Hence, the development of the sector has affected a large
part of the population, and many more sectors that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The strategy of the CMDT was to increase cotton's production through incentives, in order to buy it
from farmers at a fixed price, to process the yields in fibers for selling in international markets
(Serra 2014). Hence, the pricing of the farmers' yields of cotton depends on the decisions of the
CMDT and is not directly dependent on the international market's prices. The production of cotton is
localized only in the Southern half and more precisely in the central and eastern parts of South Mali.
Between the independence and the end of the twentieth century, the CMDT acted as "the state
within the state" in the cotton zone by managing all agricultural policies, and even public health,
education and general infrastructures as roads (Serra 2014). The policies of the CMDT reshaped the
agricultural practices. The cultivable lands increased as occasional slash–and–burn method was
replaced by a permanent growing fueled by inputs (Dufumier and Bainville 2006). The CMDT have
supplied credits for peasants to allow them to increase their capital (mainly cattle, machinery
remains rare) and inputs' supplies. The CMDT also channeled the supply of chemical fertilizers
produced by French and European companies. However, most of the increases in yielding are due to
organic fertilizers produced by the peasants' cattle as

Examples Of Ethos In The Declaration Of Independence
"Classical rhetoric considers that a speaker or writer has three appeals at his or her disposal: to ethos
(the standing of the writer or speaker), to pathos (emotion), and to logos (reason), divided into
deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning." (The Declaration) Jefferson's drafting of the
Declaration of Independence is based on three types of argument––ethos, pathos, logos–– which are
modes of persuasion. They are also referred to as the three artistic proofs (Aristotle coined the
terms), and are all represented by Greek words. (Holliday)
The principle of ethos is to prove to the audience/reader that the writer is a reasonable person and is
therefore credible. The writers of the Declaration of Independence establish their ethical standing,
that they are men of good sense, good character, and good will; first, by acknowledging that they
need to explain to the world the reasons for their actions. (The Declaration) Jefferson does this very
skillfully in the first line of the Declaration when he announces to the world that the Declaration is
written out of respect for those who must judge the rightness or wrongness of the colonies' decision
to break with Great Britain: "...decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Holliday)

Analysis of The Logic of Collective Action Public Goods...
Analysis of The Logic of Collective Action Public Goods and The Theory of Groups by Mancur
Olson Mancur Olson, wrote The Logic of Collective Action Public Goods and The Theory of
Groups, throughout the book Olson discusses such topics rationality, group size and group
behaviour, public goods, free rider, collective action problem, and selective incentives. Olson's
world–renowned book is full of useful knowledge and opinion concerning world politics. After
reading this valuable text I feel both enlightened and baffled concurrently. Olson's beliefs in the
political system seem to be without the human factor. His theories appear to leave out the
complexity of the human psyche. Olson fails to analyze the fact that people may join a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PLURALISM Olson discusses in his book the theory of pluralism. In Chapter five he defines
pluralism as "the political philosophy which argues that private associations of all kinds, and
especially labour unions, churches, and cooperatives, should not have an unlimited control over the
plurality of these private associations" (Olson 111). Pluralism in a sense is the middle ground; it
doesn't coincide with the nation state theory and it stays clear of the laissez–faire anarchistic
extremes. Pluralism "provides a cushion between the individual and the state" (Olson 112).
Pluralism is the perfect mix of active and passive citizenry, and power is bartered and shared
between many different groups. On the other end of the spectrum is the theory of Neo–Pluralism,
which consists of multiple pressure groups, but political agenda biased towards corporate power.
Although pluralism seems more beneficial Neo–pluralism has its benefits such as economic
prosperity, and the ability for leaders to meet the demands of the people. However, it destroys the
realm of individual initiative and free enterprise. So in concurrence with Olson pluralism seems
more beneficial to society.
Group Size and Group Behaviour
"The traditional theory of group behaviour that implicitly assumes that private groups and
associations operate according to principles entirely different from those that governs the
relationships among firms in the marketplace or between

Clouds Socrates Unjust Speech Essay
The Carnage of Just Speech
William Myers
Section Eschenburg Thursday 9:00am
Topic B Aristophanes & Pericles
In Aristophanes' play, "clouds", there is a battle between the "old" and "new" way of going out about
life. This can be seen through the "just" and "unjust" speech, whose argumentative outcomes dictate
the way in which society should go about educating its citizens. The "unjust speech", which is a
heavy logical and manipulative approach to thinking about life ("new"), seems to subvert the "just
speech", which appears to rely on moral and mythical justification ("old"). Pericles, a prominent and
influential Politian in Athens, has argued that democracy is the best form of government because it
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people who make the laws usually do so in a way beneficial to them "in public affairs"(West).
Unjust speech has the power to diminish the collective wisdom the Athenians have built up by
pointing out small contradictions and using manipulative reasoning that just speech can't defend
through logic. Just speech can only be defended through the centuries it has successfully survived
and through the strong bond each citizen shares with each other (West). Therefore, Aristophanes
argues through "clouds" that unjust speech has the ability to break down collective wisdoms, win
arguments, create unequal powers, and ultimately dismantle democracy (West). For example, unjust
speech states, "I quite deny that Justice even exists"(West 902) to which just speech replies "It does
with the gods" (West 904), then unjust speech ask the question "then why didn't Zeus perish when
he bound his father?"(West 906) to which just speech replies "give me a basin: to vomit in"(West
907), basically stating if just does exist within the gods then it makes no sense because the gods are
not just themselves. In this case unjust found a logical approach to dismiss the presences of just
speech. This small contradiction discredits just speech as a whole, aids to the confusion of just
speech, and gives power to unjust speech. This result causes just speech

Truth and Reality; Are They Mere Mind Created ?
Truth and Reality: Are our versions mere mind–created, or real ? Can we ever distinguish actual
reality from the synthetic models that mind create ? Or, can we ever know any reality other than
what our minds create ? If we clinically analyse the total contents of our mind, we will find that it is
a mix of many things that we consider as real, and equal number of things that we know as mere
manufactured products of we,or that of the human community in general. What we naively consider
as real are objects and relations that we have seen, heard, touched,tasted or smelt. We had learned
this criterion of assessing reality from our primeval days when mind was not developed to perceive
anything beyond what were just in–front ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We have already discussed above why mankind happened to consider this category of objects and
relations as real. To put it differently, this kind of reality is something that we could experience in
the 'here and now' realm of time and space ! We have seen at the initial paragraphs that we have no
hesitancy now to accept the laws of science also as reality similar to what is before the eyes and
ears, because, though we can not see or observe them directly, the direct effects of them like day and
night,( due to revolution of earth around Sun) rains, ( due to heat of sun evaporating sea water and
the resultant formation of clouds) the fixed arrival of seasons etc are in the 'here and now' realm of
time and space. In other words, if the effects are real for their being in front of us, there is no
hesitancy for us in accepting the reality of the corresponding CAUSES too, though they are far away
in time and space ! After our finding corresponding CAUSES for every things that we experience
here at far away realms of time and space, we made the law of 'causality' an important paradigm of
human reality. There would be a 'cause' behind every effect that we experience here on earth. Man
learnt to use 'reason and logic' system to accept such causes as real. This exercise of using reason
and logic is the art or even science of 'relating' or linking something already established as true ( say,
the effect)

Media In George Orwell's 1984
The culprit? Media. The media constantly and unendingly bombards crowds with information and
entertainment through magazines, the news, television, and the internet that consequently affect
people's actions and thoughts. This is exemplified by the novel 1984, by George Orwell, which
depicts an oppressive society ruled by a totalitarian government controlling. Orwell describes the
ruler of this government, Big Brother, as having complete, despotic control over his subjects,
including complete control over the media. While it is true most people are heavily influenced by
the media, outright control can only be achieved over a collective consciousness, not the minds of
individuals. Whoever controls the media can collectively control the minds ... Show more content on
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The party has cleverly stripped each individual of their personal emotions, and through the use of
war mentality, creates a world where one is always part of a larger crowd. One of the main aims of
the Party is to "extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought" (193). In Oceania,
you can never be truly alone, and speaking individual thoughts are considered a crime. In this way,
the entire society of Oceania is not made up of independent, individual thinkers, but rather it is a
single, mindless mass, and that is precisely what the Party wants. To be orthodox is to be stripped of
individuality. By removing privacy and individuality, the Party has removed the ability for private
contemplation and reasoning. All of Oceania is a single crowd with unrelentless faith in Big Brother.
The result is a mindless population driven by instincts and emotions rather than logic and reason,
allowing the party to completely alter the collective beliefs of the entire society. In 1984, the masses
of Oceania are controlled through the use of media by Big Brother. Big Brothers, who is just the
facade of the Party, has complete, uncontested control over all information and evidence throughout
Oceania. In the Ministry of Truth, an entire workforce under the Party is dedicated to altering media.
The hypocritically named ministry control all media, ranging from news, entertainment, fine arts,
educational

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