The Decline Of The Music Industry

The Decline Of The Music Industry
The music industry was formed and developed along with creating its technology. Together, they
have passed the way of evolution of media, from vinyl records, cassettes and ending with the CDs.
The beginning of the XXI century is considered the "Golden age" of modern music. By this time,
the industry of the music business developed very rapidly. At the time of the peak of its evolution in
America has sold about 943 million music albums on CD. Despite the fact that the manufacturers of
musical media have tried to stay in trend, to avoid losses in the music market, they failed because
every time dictated its conditions [28]. One such change was the Internet, in the vast which began to
appear all sorts of music services, which began a rapid decline in sales of music media ... Show
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Internet technologies have infiltrated and are working in almost all areas of life: education,
economy, science, culture, etc.
The term "Internet" (often referred to as "global network", "global network" or "Network") –
implies a global system of arbitrarily interconnected computer networks, which are used to store and
freely exchange data, information and knowledge. The information space that constitutes the
Internet is the physical basis of the world wide web (WWW – World Wide Web) and many other
data transmission systems [58, p.
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The Sound and Music Industry
ASSIGNMENT TITLE:
The Sound and Music Industry Reference No:
Dennis Tuckerman
Tutor: Adam Morris Assessor:
Date Set:
10/09/07 Completion Date:
18/11/07 Learning Hours: 60
Unit no
Unit Title(s): This project assesses the following module Outcome(s)/Assessment Criteria:
39 The Sound and Music Industry 1
Assignment BRIEF:
This assignment will introduce different areas of the music industry and should on completion,
provide an overview of the ‘bigger picture ' of the industry as a whole.
This essay is split into (a) areas (b) careers and (c) royalties but there is obviously a lot of overlap
between these areas throughout.
Hunter S Thompson said of the record industry ‘It is a cruel and shallow money trench, a long ...
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Also in this modern digital age there are no other routes available via the Internet whereby the
whole Record Company bit can be bypassed; smaller acts are building up a following by doing live
gigs and home studio recordings and then building up their fan base on websites such as FaceBook,
MySpace, 2ndLife, BroadJam and releasing their music as pay for downloads freeing them up from
the costly recording and distribution process. These acts are also looking after their own Music
Publishing as well, keeping a bigger share of any eventual royalties (these are discussed in depth
later in this essay). Huge bands such as RadioHead are also jumping on to the Internet bandwagon,
releasing their latest album as ‘pay what you think it is worth '; this is discussed in more detail
under the Marketing area of the Industry.
1. Music Publishing:
Once an artist/group has written a song they have created 2 distinct components (a) the lyrics and
(b) the music or musical score/notation – i.e. the melody that accompanies that song, unless
obviously it is an instrumental (e.g. The Shadows). The song could be co–written by different

members of the band, or the lyrics written by a pure songwriter (who doesn 't perform as a musical
act) for a band who then perform the songwriter 's work; or someone else writes

Effects of Illegal Music Downloading on the Music Industry
Effects of Illegal Downloading on the Music Industry Illegal downloading is commonly known as
piracy, it describe that the steeling music from artists, songwriters, musicians, record label
employees and others whose hard work and great talent who make music possible. Nowadays,
downloading music is available for everyone on internet. However, it is still illegal. Downloading
music on internet is what most people are doing because they do not have to pay, and they can
choose only the songs they want to have. Unlike CDs which we have the whole album which might
contain the songs that we do not want to listen to, plus we have to pay for it. However, it is not
always a good thing, it might be good for the people who download the music, but ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These claims included accusations that Napster was response for allowing users to infringe upon
existing copyrights and were even encouraging users to download unlicensed copyrighted materials.
When the recording industry won this landmark lawsuit, Napster stopped offering their file sharing
services to users, and soon their company failed. The Institute for Policy Innovation make a
conclusion that global music piracy causes $12.5 billion of economic losses every year, 71,060 U.S.
jobs lost, a loss of $2.7 billion in workers' earnings, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291
million in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes.
Today, most people who download music illegally do it by using new peer–to–peer networks like
BitTorrent. The BitTorrent protocol is for of handling a lot of data very quickly and is very popular
for people who upload and download copies of movies and television programs that have no license.
In more recent years, dozens of major record labels and Hollywood studios have begun offering
legal videos and tracks through BitTorrent in order to distribute their content on their own terms and
avoid the pirating of their content. The Institute for Policy Innovation concludes that global music
piracy causes $12.5 billion of economic losses

Gender Biases In The Music Industry
biases. Now when you take a look at the surface of the music business there seems to be diversity
with gender, but behind the scenes, this bias has changed very little. This behind the scenes industry
consists of music production, mastering, mixing, A&R, administration and many other record label
jobs that are given. The gender biases that exist in today's music industry serve a harsh reminder of
influential sexism, most prominent biases are the attitudes towards women because of pre–existing
male preference in the business. In today's world, we see gender biases that still exist in today's jobs
and careers. The music business is one of the few businesses that are still dominated by males and
this number isn't showing any prominent growth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows a male preferred 'network' still being used by the industry and very little change has
been made. The article also goes on to state that "Statistics on the percentages of females working in
sales for music companies and merchants are unavailable. But in an informal Billboard survey,
female executives acknowledge that they have made some headway during the last few years in
terms of representation in the marketplace. However, they urge the industry to keep pushing forward
on the issue" which means that there is still a gender gap that exists due to the preference of males.
According to the employment gap, there is very little promotional growth for females in the
business, but this number is slowly being addressed as the 'boy network' becomes more prominent;
the inefficiency of the system will make its collapse

Internet and the Music Industry
Internet and the Music Industry Cassandra Utz University of Phoenix
In our society today, there is a growing number of consumers using the Internet as a main source for
music. The smaller music companies are having to come up with new and different ways to use the
Internet to increase their sales. The music companies can drive there sales because so many people
are previewing songs online by downloading it first. The artists are also able to capitalize on their
music via the Internet. The Internet is capable of reaching all types of people all over the world. The
music industry has been made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bigger companies like Warner Music Group, Universal Music Group, Song BMG Music
Entertainment, etc., have the big dollars to promote all of their artists. Because the Internet has
caught on, all of the music companies can promote everyone. Even the little companies can do this.
Hopefully, the music industry will look at this as a blessing in disguise for the underground labels.
Looking at this in the short–term of things, downloading music could hurt the music industry and
their profits. However, later down the line, it will eventually benefit them. In a study done by Ipsos–
Reid, it shows that 81% of the public that download music, often spend at least the same on records
or even more than they did before downloading music from the Internet. The record industry must
concentrate on offering value to the user and adapt to the publics needs (Vives, 2004). The music
industry should try to realize that the ideas behind free downloads can benefit them. They should do
what they can to market more from it, rather than turning their noses up at the technology behind it.
They should realize that they waste more money on fighting the sites that offer free downloads and
lobbing Congress to stop the downloading, they should build a system in which all music is readily
available free. Making sites with easy to follow links to other online music store so that the people
can buy music from the same place that they listen to it.
With music industry coming into the

The Evolution Of The Music Industry Essay
The evolution of the music industry follows the familiar pattern of digitization. Innovation began
with the introduction of the vinyl record, transitioned from the cassette tape to the compact disc and
landed us in an era of digital downloads. The emergence of music streaming services like Spotify
has progressed the industry even further, giving consumers the ability to access music on demand
using download–free online platforms. Spotify faces criticism from artists as a result of the overlap
of creativity and commerce. They argue that business activities corrupt creativity, transforming it
into a tool for profitability rather than an outlet for expression. Artists insist that Spotify deters
album sales, favors established artists and fails to support them financially. However, Spotify was
created for consumers. It delivers an accessible alternative to purchasing and downloading music.
The interplay between creativity and commerce is changing the nature of the music industry. Spotify
has adapted to this change, providing a platform that supports both artists and consumers. Through
analysis of the market, artist's revenue, record labels and consumers, I will argue that artists should
accept the evolution of the industry and support Spotify.
Spotify is a product of change. Consumers today are not the same as they were fifty years ago.
Businesses like Spotify know this and use it to their advantage. According to industry expert Dave
Touve, "people pay more, on average, for

The Music Industry Is An Oligopoly
The music industry is an oligopoly. Since the late 1800's people like Thomas Edison have been
buying up patents in communication technology, forming monopolies, leading to a non–competitive
entertainment industry. With only a handful of corporations controlling all aspects of acquisition,
distribution and marketing of music, harsh business principles create an exploitative industry that
takes the best of what artists have to offer and leaves many of them unable to support themselves.
Beginning in the 1950's with payola and white cover music and ultimately evolving into iTunes and
Spotify, the music industry has grown into a billion dollar industry with far–reaching influence and
control. Contracts rarely serve the artists' best interest and many are left out to dry when their
usefulness has expired.
In the 1950's, radio was struggling to keep ratings against the emerging new television craze. Music
executives began to pay disk jockeys to play their music. It is called payola and it is still in practice
today, although it is technically illegal. The record companies write off the legal fines imposed by
the Federal Communications Act as an expense of promotion (Campbell p.88). Black artists in the
50's were writing some of the most inventive and marketable music of the time, but their music was
still not palatable to a white audience as long as it was played by black musicians. Record
companies began buying the songs of poor black musicians and giving them to their exclusively

How The Mp3 Murdered The Music Industry
Amber Rose Johnson
Kocur
AP Language and Composition
16.5..2016
How the Mp3 Murdered the Music Industry It is easily rational to assume that music is something
every human experiences in some way everyday, and is it reasonable to assume that the majority of
people in global north countries possess at least 1 mp3 file. It may be, however, inaccurate to
assume one purchased that mp3 file. Since it's invention, the mp3 has opened new markets of digital
music play, overshadowing the past markets of physical record sale. New copyright laws were
developed to evade the ease and massive scale of common, everyday piracy that grew out of the
wide range use of mp3. Meanwhile, full markets grew out of this concept of free digital music,
causing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike piracy, streaming is a highly profitable market that strives to deter piracy. Spotify states on
its site that it recognized the mass consumption of pirated music, and the small or nonexistent
income it provides for artists, stating its mission to provide a legal and paid service to provide music
and produce the revenue the artists deserve ("Spotify Explained"). Apple Music hosts similar
business strategy, however focuses more on the mission of providing over 30 million songs on a
24/7 radio station in its mission statement ("Apple Music"). Therefore, it is absolutely true that
piracy has but a small, mostly harmless effect on the music industry, as with streaming, which
actually is a highly profitable market in the music industry. The birth of the mp3 began with the
research of Eberhard Zwicker in psychoacoustics. In researching items like sound pressure and
integrity, he turned the concepts into mathematical logarithms like "L=20Log(p/p₀)dB" (Zwicker).
Over this time, Zwicker found that the human ear was an adaptive organ which, by natural selection,
served two purposes: to hear and interpret language and provide an early warning system against
enormous carnivorous cats, and it was no better than it had to be to serve those two purposes (Witt).
Around the same time as this research, the compact disc (CD) hit the market in 1982, claiming
"perfect sound forever", being celebrated as one of the most important engineering achievements in

The Recorded Music Industry
The recorded music industry is currently experiencing difficulties unimaginable during the 1980s,
which were a period of growth, consolidation, and technical advancement. The album sector was
still strong across the industry, something that became a financial boom from the mid–80s onwards
with the advent and subsequent popularity of compact discs (CD). CDs became the dominant carrier
of recorded music and quickly superseded vinyl albums. This was a major fillip to record
companies, as fans bought CDs of their favourite old vinyl albums, thus classic albums artists from
the 60s and 70s sold substantial amounts of CD versions of their old album catalogue. As many
major record companies were part of multinational electric goods companies, a valid argument can
be that record companies were providing the software (CDs) for the multinationals hardware (CD
players). To illustrate this point, the electrical goods giants Philips and Sony owned record
companies, and as stated on the Philips' website also collaborated in the research and development
of the compact disc. The effect of owning both aspects of the process resulted in profits being
monopolised by the multinationals.
The current malaise afflicting the recorded music industry can be traced to the development of
digital downloads to the market. Recorded music can now be compressed and made available in a
digitally transferable format known as MP3. However, due to the digital nature of the format it is
easier to share

The Sound And Music Industry
The Sound and Music Industry Introduction The sound and music industry is large and complex and
always changing, and it would be impossible to cover all parts to it in one article. So this piece is
going to focus on four of the key areas of the industry – live performance, record companies, music
publishing and artist management – to see how they have developed and how they now operate, and
to analyse how they are facing current challenges and what their future is likely to be. Live
performance Due to the decline in sales of recorded music because of downloading and streaming
from the internet, live performance has become an increasingly important source of income for
artists over recent years. Newcomers need to tour to get their name known and talked about and
maybe secure a record deal. Established acts can charge hundreds of pounds for tickets so tours can
be a huge earner for them, and there is also the opportunity to sell their merchandise to fans at the
same time. There are a lot of different people involved in the process of live performance. Promoters
set up the whole event by booking the venue, marketing the gig to the press, radio and TV, and
advertising through posters mailing and social media. They make sure that the artists have
everything they need in terms of equipment, and they set up sound checks and running order of the
show. Tour managers are in charge of making sure everything runs smoothly when a band is on tour.
They liaise with promoters and venues to

Music Industry: Written Report
[pic]
Music Industry
Assignment 2 (of 2)
Level 6 – Semester 1
2012/13
Module Leader:
Justin Morey (j.morey@leedsmet.ac.uk) – Room Caedmon 218
Teaching Team:
Bob Brazill
Andrew Fryer
Justin Morey
Sam Nicholls
Guest Speakers tbc.
This assignment is one half of the work required for this module. You will also need to complete
Assignment 1.
Assignment 2 (of 2) – Written Report (50%)
Answer one of the following questions (1600–2000 words)
1. You are a member of a band which is receiving considerable interest from major and independent
labels. Using examples from the industry, discuss:
i. The advantages and disadvantages, both financial and creative, of signing to a major label, signing
to an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1100–1350 words) ii. The contracts and/or agreements you would put in place between you and/or
the band members, and the rationale for your approach: (500–650 words)
Assignment Details
Written Report – 50%

Week 12 Hand–in Deadline: Date Friday 7th December 2012, 11.00pm. Upload as a Word document
or pdf to the Turnitin link on X–stream Report presented according to University guidelines,
including full Harvard referencing Evidence of appropriate research from a range of sources
Construction of an effective argument Word count 1600–2000 words
Feedback
Feedback for the written assignments will be attached to X–stream submissions.
General Assignment Notes
Further details may be given during lectures and tutorials, the dates, deadlines and the assignment
itself may change over the course of the semester. Details will also be posted on X–stream and it is
your responsibility to check and keep up to date with any changes.
Attendance on this module is expected and any absences will be referred to your personal tutor.
Learning outcomes addressed by this assignment
demonstrate an understanding of the operational framework of the music industry evaluate a range
of music industry stakeholders demonstrate an

Change In The Music Of Today's Music Industry
Looking back at the music that everyone enjoyed a few decades ago, and then compare it to todays
genre of music there are many differences. In the past two decades alone there has been a drastic
change in the music that is considered popular. Going from a four–man band that play instruments
to one person pressing buttons on a computer and using auto tune. The talent in today's music
industry has obviously declined over the years. As the music we listen to continues to change and
trends come and go, nobody really notices how it changes. With all of the technology and social
websites in todays society, being famous is no longer a "big deal"
(https://soratothamax.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/music–2014–charts/). Social networks such as
Facebook, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"A positive side is that without industry pressure, people can express themselves in any way they
want. Emphasis is placed on art, not money or fame"
(https://soratothamax.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/music–2014–charts/ ). To be honest, with the
music industry the way it is today, there is hardly any money or reputation when choosing a career
in music. Though this is not always the case, the "elite" are really the only ones who get the
reputation and big bucks, unless you can get a hit single on Facebook. With this in mind, children
may be more realistic when choosing a career choice, or learn various skills just in case their dream
doesn't come true like they planned (https://soratothamax.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/music–2014–
charts/

Digital Music And Its Effects On The Music Industry
In July 2011, Spotify launched in the United States. This program not only had the ability to stream
music for its listeners, but it was also free. As long as the artists were featured on this program, users
could listen to any of their songs at any time. At first, this was only restricted to desktop computer
usage, but since then Spotify has launched its app available for mobile devices, further stretching
this power of free and instant media at any time. Although this may sound great to users like you
and me, the people who ultimately suffer are the artists that put there music out there on Spotify. By
allowing us to listen to their music for free, the profits from CD's and iTunes digital music sales
have begun to decrease. This means that artists who have their media on Spotify overall do not make
the profit that they normally should. Since Spotify is a relatively new addition to the music industry,
I will be focusing on the effects it is having on sales regarding teenagers since they are the highest
population that currently uses Spotify because of it's appearance in their generation.
According to a paper by Abhijit Sen, a renowned professor with a Ph.D in Economics from the
University of Cambridge, titled Music in the Digital Age: Musicians and Fans Around the World
"Come Together" on the Net, "statistics show that the music industry and the major record labels are
in a slow slump" (Sen 8). Ever since Apple created iTunes, the number of CD purchases have been

Music Industry Changes
How the internet has affected the music industry. Over the past half–decade, the music industry had
changed drastically. If that's how people buy music or how people listen to music, its changed. The
music industry has been ripped apart thanks to the power of the internet. You might not think about
it when you're listening to music on repeat but after you have listened to a track you're potentially
affecting the official charts without even realising it. Downloading music illegally has increased
massively ever since the "technology era" has taken over the world, it's not only robbing artist of
their hard–working money but also their potential sales. The internet is like a bomb that's landed
onto the music industry and has ruined it forever ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the recent year, illegal downloads have been dominating the music industry not only in the UK
but worldwide. In 2015, numbers showed that a massive 62% of people in the UK either illegally
download or steam music online, this affect artist's income when it comes to illegally downloading
music as when they see how much money they have made it will be plummeting each month.
Throughout the UK many people were surveyed and results showed that, 26% of the people
surveyed downloaded music illegally online. In the USA, The Recording Industry Association of
America (also known as RIAA) reported that music sales have dropped massive 42% ever since
illegal download was invented. This can affect the music industry in many ways some may be that if
illegal downloads keep rising it will make sales lower and potentially make it harder for artists
getting worldwide recognition and will make it harder for new upcoming artist to get signed by
record labels. Spotify, the world largest streaming service, could be affected by people illegally
downloading music as Spotify will end up losing money which will be used to pay artist royalties
but won't be able

The Music Industry Is Littered With Corruption
Music has become a center piece of life; however it comes with a vigorous price unknown to most
of the public. The music industry is littered with corruption. My proposed research problem focuses
on the manipulation and control the music industry has upon its artists through an unescapable 360
deal, which in and of itself is not only reducing an artist to almost indentured servitude, but also
cripples record labels themselves. The 360 deal is a common mandatory contract record labels
utilize to financially support an artist. This includes advances and funds for promotion, touring, and
marketing, all which the artist has to pay back to the label. I believe this problem is significant and
warrants further research because the record labels are unconstitutionally taking away artists rights
in favor of their own greed, in turn, leaving the artist without ownership of their own songs, money,
and rights to royalties. Music has become such an important part of people's lives today. One cannot
walk down the street without seeing earbuds in a person's ears or hearing the bass to a radio in
someone's car. But how did music become such an important and constant part of the lives of so
many? What do artists have to go through to reach their audience? At the beginning of musical
development from the medieval Georgian chant to the arias of Mozart and fugues of Beethoven,
people could only listen to music in a live setting. This is how most performers would make their
money. According

Music Industry Research Paper
The music industry has changed in very quickly in so many ways it almost seems impossible.
Thomas Edison recorded the first voice in 1877 and now we listen to hundreds of different types of
music on devices that hold more information than the computers that sent the first astronaut to the
moon. People have been getting music in tons of ways for the past hundred plus years and when the
internet came into the picture, the music industry sky rocketed. People could get their own music out
and be heard just by clicking a few measly buttons and using the internet to stream millions of songs
with high speed. But even though the internet has helped the music industry by making it easier to
distribute, advertise, and produce music, it still has its disadvantages.
Thomas Edison was the first to record sound while he was experimenting with his new telegraphing
device ("Earliest Recordings Ever Made."). He did this by accidently running an indented tin foil
under the telegraph's stylus ("Earliest Recordings Ever Made."). By the end of the year, he had
successfully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "business side of music is struggling to generate enough revenue because of the new
technology" ("How the Internet Changed Music."). "Most of the people who are part of making a
record are paid in royalties, and anytime music changes hands without money being involved, those
royalties can't be paid–which is why so much has been done in recent years to try and reduce music
piracy"("How The Internet Changed Music."). iTunes and Amazon has helped by offering cheap
downloads for single songs, which allows the customer to only purchase songs they like rather than
the entire album ("How the Internet Changed Music."). Spotify and Pandora, who offer either ad–
based or paid subscription streaming of their music libraries, are Internet radio stations which have
also helped with the piracy problem ("How The Internet Changed

Decline Of The Music Industry
Music has always been an important part of our society since the beginning of time. After years of
discovering new styles and rhythms an industry began to form. This industry, known as the music
industry, has been growing and thriving drastically for many decades. However, over the past few
years, there has been a noticeable drop in profit. The strong decline in the music industry's profit is
the direct result of advancements in technology.
Advancements in technology over the past ten years have been incredible by making everyday life
easy and simple for the common person. These new devices literately put everything in the world at
ones' finger tips. Even though it seems as if these advancements help everyone, someone has to take
the fall. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Luckly, teaming up with service providers, two methods for tracing files are being enforced. The
most common tracking method for file sharing is heading probing. Header probing involves an
active engine on the network to take a look at the file headers for any files being transferred. Since
most files are transmitted with the sole intention to load web pages and pictures, the engine is fixed
to only focus on the headers of files over a certain size. The header is then scanned for suspected
keywords that are often provided by a content provider. The content provider or associated content
provider protection agency therefore will give a keyword such as a specific song title they can hunt
for. If the scanner catches one of those keywords, an alert is given to the person in charge of
monitoring the content. From the alert, they are able to track the user. The second most widely used
tracking method is most commonly known as traffic logging. Traffic logging monitors the IP
activity of every upload and download on a particular server. This means that any time one is
downloading or uploading a file to popular or unpopular file hosting sites, their IP is being recorded.
If a company decides to file a copyright takedown notice on the file, the user that uploaded the file
experiences the repercussions

The Music Industry Of The Revolutionary Digital Age
The recorded music industry is a major part of the media and entertainment industry that is
responsible for creating, manufacturing, and distributing music. As technology has continued to
advance rapidly, the music industry has become one of the most dynamic industries in decades, as
well as the wildest among industry roller coasters. Listeners are now able to expand their music
tastes and collect more music in virtual libraries than ever before, thanks to technological
innovations that allow access to convenient outlets for music downloading, such as iTunes and
Amazon. As music has evolved from being delivered on cassette tapes and CDs to mp3 files that can
be downloaded directly onto computers and smartphones, record label companies are ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, digital music has been a major contributor to the music industry's revenue increase since its
recent emergence. Subscriptions to online music services and online radios, such as Pandora and
Spotify, have also assisted in raising the industry's overall profits by over $200 million during the
past 5 years (Degusta). Nonetheless, despite the overall transition to digital format, physical music
sales still account for a substantial proportion of industry revenues in major markets. Physical
formats account for more than half of all global revenues, while digital formats now account for
39% of total industry global revenues and a majority of revenues in 3 of the world's top 10 markets
(Smirke). Aside from the aforementioned factors, there are numerous others that are taken into
account when determining the industry's profitability as a whole. Some of the many various revenue
streams include physical format or record sales, digital downloads, performance rights, and
synchronization revenues. While profits from one variable may face a sharp increase, another may
see a major decrease. For example, between 2003 and 2009, U.S. revenue for single downloads
increased by over $1.2 billion and by nearly $0.8 billion for album downloads. On the other hand,
during this 6–year time frame, CD sales in the United States dropped over $1.6 billion and cassette
tape revenues practically reached zero by the end of 2009. Evidently, one of the most vital revenue
streams of the industry

Music, Ethics, And The Music Industry
Is sharing always caring?
You, ethics, and the music industry
The music industry much like every other industry has found ways to connect their product to the
people through technology. Now music is readily available to the public through many avenues
ITunes, YouTube, and so much more. As music has become more available to the public the industry
now faces the threat of illegal downloading and sharing of music files. Many people will purchase
an album through a download site and then either post it for free download to others or distribute it
to their friends; while those who do this don't usually face consequence does that make it right?
Technology has increased as well as created criminal activity we ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this class I have learned that I have a strong moral compass and I have strong views on what is
morally right and wrong; whether it is or isn't depends on the type of philosophy you use but I know
personally my stance on the issues. I have looked at things in a new light and seen what technology
has brought to us as a society and what it has caused us such as cybercrimes. But all in all I have
learned a lot and felt very passionately about a lot of things and enjoyed my time in this

The Impact Of Internet On The Music Industry
Introduction:
The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that make money by creating and
selling music (Wikipedia). The current music industry which emerged around the middle of the 20th
century has been undergoing drastic changes for the past two decades. When the Internet, and peer–
to–peer file–sharing services such as Napster, Kazaa and Limewire, began their rise at the turn of the
millennium, many predicted that the music industry, among other entertainment sectors, was headed
for impending doom and catastrophic losses in sales. To some degree, and for the first few years,
these predictions seemed to become a reality as record sales fell drastically at least partially due to
piracy. However, as technological change continues at a rate never before seen, the impact of the
Internet has been expanded well beyond illegal downloading to include fundamentally different
ways of distributing, promoting and marketing music.
Digital Capabilities, Technologies & Innovations: (We can elaborate on all these) Internet Recording
Software, websites
Youtube
Music Streaming
Internet Radio itunes Apps (Spotify, Pandora)
Blog
Social Media
Value Creation: (for business & customers)
There is no doubt that the landscape of the music industry has undergone a significant
transformation since the turn of the millennium due to technological change. The record companies
have partially lost a hold of the control that once allowed them to keep prices for music, and their
profits,

The Sound and Music Industry UA1 Section 1 Copyright and Publishing: Music publishers are
companies responsible for the development of new music and the business that comes with it
(royalties), thus freeing songwriters and composers to focus their time and attention on their creative
work. Publishers collect royalties and administer copyrights on behalf on an artist when their songs
are used, including on the radio, on television, in a film score (synchronisation) or when another
artist covers it. A publisher does this by getting administrative rights to the artists ' songs. Artists '
use copyright to protect their work from being used without their permission and to prevent another
person from passing off their work as their own. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dividing Royalties amongst band members is something that varies. For album royalties some bands
will split the money evenly, even if they 're only playing a tambourine or not playing on some songs
on an album. With publishing royalties however, it 's a little different. Sometimes a song writer will
take 100% of the royalties. Sometimes, like in the case of U2, they split the royalties evenly, no
matter who wrote it. There is no set way to divide royalties. PRS – The PRS are in charge of
collecting royalties for an artist when their song is used or played in public or made available online.
PPL – PPL licenses businesses to play an artists music and music videos. This includes everything
from bars and hotels to gyms and radio stations. Record Companies: Today, most major record
companies are actually huge conglomerates that own a variety of subsidiary record labels. There are
two kinds of record labels; independent and major. Independent labels are usually owned by major
labels. For example, Warner Brothers Records (major) owns Reprise Records (indie). This then
makes the indie label a subsidiary label, however there are many stand alone indie labels. Most
record companies have a CEO, with each subsidiary label having its own president. There are also
vice presidents in charge of the different departments. Record companies are involved with signing,
promoting, recording

The Impact of Globalization on the Creative Industry-...
| The Impact of Globalization on the Creative Industry– Music Industry | | Student Name: Lily Lee |
Contents:
1.0 Introduction: 2
2.0 Music Industry: 2 2.1 Music Industry Value Chain 4 2.11 Beginning: 4 2.12 Production: 5 2.13
Circulation: 5 2.14 Distribution: 5 2.15 Consumption: 6
3.0 Technology Globalization impact on Music Industry: 6
4.0 Trade Globalization impact on Music Industry: 8
5.0 Conclusion: 9
6.0 Reference: 11
7.0 Appendix: 12 Appendix 1: The Core Cultural Industries 12 Appendix 2: Music Industry Value
Chain 13 Appendix 3: Traditional music value chain 14
1.0 Introduction:
Recently globalization is commonly referred to close global relationships of economic, cultural and
polity activities (Beck, 1999). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, the school encourage their students have fun and enjoy the music. The school focuses
on teaching chamber music and solo performance. According to the school claimed, most of their
students are willing to go to Music College or University to study music in the future (Sheffield
Music School, 2012).
2.12 Production:
Production link in the second music value chain, it refers to the process of a product or service
produce. The record label is the major player, the job is to seek musician write songs and produce
CD in plant. As a consequence of recording label develops, a mass of recording studios are emerge
in UK regions. Steelworks Studios located in Sheffield, described as the finest recording studios in
the North of England. So far, it received numerous famous stars work there, such as Celine Dion,
Aretha Franklin, and Take That. Besides, steelwork provides an extensive range of specialize
services and equipments, and three studios for different customers to record album (Steelworks
Studios, 2011).
2.13 Circulation:
Circulation is third segment of music value chain. Usually, in this period, record companies can
apply copyright, make contract with distribution agent and negotiate with live performance
activities. On the other hands, promotion the produced music is necessary. The record companies
can through the media like TV, internet, radio, and club to promote it.
2.14

Demand Music Streaming And The Modern Music Industry
On–Demand Music Streaming and the Modern Music Industry
In October 2014, Taylor Swift released her latest studio album 1989, and by year's end it had
become 2014's best–selling album with over 3.6 million copies purchased. Many fans had also
anticipated listening to her newest work through the popular on–demand music streaming service
Spotify. Instead, a week after the album's premiere, Taylor Swift pulled her entire discography from
the site (Mansfield). Her actions have since sparked a debate over the impact of on–demand music
streaming in today's music industry. Currently, on–demand music services are most beneficial to
customers, major music labels, and well–known artists.
What exactly is media streaming? In the past, digital media required devices to have large amounts
of local, internal storage to hold content libraries for playback. Instead, streaming allows for media
consumption via temporary downloads from online servers which are deleted once playback is
complete. Music streaming is not new, as internet radio services like Pandora have been around for
over a decade ("About Pandora"). Such services allow for the creation of custom stations through
user feedback about musical tastes. While this allows for greater personalization than traditional
radio stations, the drawbacks include the inability to select specific songs, repeat previously played
tracks, create playlists, or listen to entire albums.
On–demand services, on the other hand, allow for all of this in

Copyright Framework Of The Music Industry
Copyright framework in the music industry
Intellectual property is the economic framework that underpins the British creative industry – music
being one of them. Copyright is the currency of that framework. It can provide an incentive to the
market to invest in brand new creative content, since every recording by an artist can be licensed for
a specific value in the United Kingdom and globally, hence generating a substantial balance of
export income for the UK. According to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the
Creative industries are the third biggest export industry for the UK, which makes the monarchy the
largest cultural economy in the world relative to GDP.
From a legal standpoint, copyright is governed by legislation, which is extracted from the national
law, as well as from the European Union law.
Although copyright can be financially beneficial for the turf, its infringement causes damage to the
music industry. Specifically, in a continuously developing digital environment, it is easier to acquire,
create, market and sell music. However, along with these improvements, there has arisen the
opportunity to unlawfully acquire music, and thus breach the law – concerned with a sector that is
committed to find solution to limit the damages caused by illegal download.
Copyright and royalty collection agencies commit its resources to detect the breaches of law, in
terms of copyright, and campaign for proportionate measures to help the rightsholders protect

The Sound and Music Industry By Danielle Hutchinson–Gates
Intro
In this assignment, I will be looking at the pros, cons strengths and weaknesses of the 4 main areas
of my study, these are artist management, music publishing companies, live music and Record
companies. Studying these 4 areas will allow me to understand the industry in more detail as I wish
to work in this industry. Knowing about these different areas of the music industry will help my
current knowledge for the future.
Record Companies
A record label is a brand or trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music
videos. A record label can also be a publishing company. Together they manage the production,
manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion and copyright for sound recordings and music
videos. Talent scouts look for and develop new artists ("artists and repertoire" or "A&R") and
maintain contracts with new and existing recording artists and their managers. The name 'record
label' comes from the piece of paper in the centre of a record which displayed the name of the
company that made it.
Record Companies are very important in the recording industry. There are 2 types of record
companies, independent labels which are not funded by one of the major labels and major labels
which are, at present, Warner music group, Universal and Sony. These companies make up roughly
75% of the music market. Many artists or bands start with an

The Impact On The Music Industry
Streaming Sights Profit, While Creators Barely Get By
Music streaming sites, such as Pandora and Spotify, have a negative impact on the music industry as
a whole. Streaming affects more than just the music business itself, it astronomically decreases
industry revenues, steals from and devalues the worth of the creators and their content, and is run
from a poor business model that is only profitable for streaming companies.
Not only do streaming sites directly disturb the music industry as a whole, but they also affect the
U.S. gross domestic product, or GDP, a good portion of which, about 11% is comprised of copyright
revenue. A large part of copyright revenue is produced from sound recording copyrights, typically
owned by labels, and from musical works' copyrights, typically owned by publishers. When
streaming sites pay their miniscule amounts, they pay revenues directly to the holders of the
copyrights, essentially creating a loss for not only the music industry, but also the copyright
industry.
Companies such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) regularly post revenue
statistics that include income from CDs, streaming, downloads, cassettes, SoundExchange, and
every other profitable area of the business. What they show is shocking; revenue has decreased by
more than 50 percent, from around $15 billion to just under $7 billion. When sites pay miniscule
amounts, such as .006 to .0084 cents (Spotify) or .000017 cents (Pandora) per stream, the total
revenue

Streaming And The Future Of The Music Industry
Streaming & The Future of The Music Industry The dawn of the internet brought forth a revolution
that, by now, has seeped its way in the the very fibers of almost every human experience. Education
has changed. Communication has changed. Entertainment has changed. Business has changed.
Entire industries have been built, and destroyed, by the information age. The music industry, in
particular, has felt both. With precursors of the Compact Disc (CD) and digital music formats,
Shawn Fanning single handedly eviscerated the music industry. Napster, his peer to peer mass file
sharing service, is what landed the fatal blow, and the industry has been bleeding out since.
Many have tried to sew this wound shut. Most prominently Apple, with their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Streaming has obvious limitations though. Access to the network that sends the information is
required. This is usually achieved by a connection to the internet. The strength of the connection
drastically affects the quality of the stream. This entire process can be understood through viewing a
video on YouTube, arguably the most popular video streaming service of all time. YouTube hosts a
video that is saved to its server through its website. To view it, you must connect to the YouTube
website through the internet. There you can view the video without having to download and store it
on your device. This idea is similar to that of radio and television broadcasting where streaming uses
the internet as its medium for travel instead of radio or electromagnetic waves.
Most would associate the beginnings of media streaming with the back half of the 2000s, which is
when it first amassed global popularity. Surprisingly, the idea to stream media through the internet
had been floating around computer and entertainment industries since the 1990s. Even the current
model for subscription based music streaming services had been presented previously. MusicNet
was the brainchild of RealNetworks and the major record labels. It was their

The Current And Future Structure Of The Music Industry
1221581
Report critically discussing the current and future structure of the music industry in the United
Kingdom.
In this written report I shall be critically discussing the current and future structure of the music
industry in the United Kingdom.
The current structure can be laid out in the following manner:
Source: (Dustry, 2015)
PART 1 – Labels, publishers and the Live Sector.
Labels
Firstly the focus of this report will be on the roles and the position of music labels. There are two
types of music label; a "major" label and an "indie" (independent label). A music label is a separate
entity which will supply an agreement between the artist and the label for a certain number of tracks
to be recorded, manufactured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following on further from this, the label then pays the artist royalties from sales. In more recent
times, both indie and major labels are including what is known as "Ancillary Rights". Essentially,
this is a clause that labels add into a contract that states that they receive a cut of artist's earnings
which aren't directly related to the recording and release process. For example, should the artist sell
out and perform a huge capacity venue, the label would then expect a percentage of that live
income.
Writing about "indie" labels in "The Music Industry handbook", Rutter states "Historically, many
'indies' have grown to become larger corporate structures, whereby their artists have become
successful through healthy consumer interest. Major music companies also work with successful
independents to 'upscale' their operations; the major's powerful promotion and distributions
mechanisms facilitate greater product exposure for a percentage of the proceedings" (Rutter, 2011)
Publishers
Publishers, or the act of publishing, entails an organisations acquirement of the copyrights to an
artist's material. We can look at the role of a publisher for both a songwriter, a performer, and an
artist who both writes their music and goes out to perform. Publishers will dedicate time, money,
energy and passion into an artist's career and help them to develop their songs into the industry.
Once a writer has completed a piece of music, there are

Analysis of the Music Industry
Music may be defined romantically as `the food of love ' (Shakespeare) or more prosaically as
`sound with particular characteristics ' (Wikipedia), but it is undeniably a `vibrant artform ' (Arts
Council England) and one which touches more people, in more ways, than any other art form.
In commercial terms, music certainly generates a higher market value than the other arts, although a
comprehensive market size for music in all its manifestations is impossible to calculate. Key Note
has put a value of £3.03bn on consumer spending on music in 2005, derived from three sectors:
recorded music (which accounts for the bulk of the market), live music and musical instruments.
However, data for other related markets are included, such as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each chapter of the report starts with more detailed definitions and coverage.
For coverage of recorded music, Key Note is grateful to the statistics and commentary provided by
the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), detailed later in this chapter under Key Trade Associations.
For other sectors, an important component of the report is the field research into the attitudes and
buying habits of UK consumers with regard to music, conducted for Key Note by NEMS Market
Research specifically for this report.
Report Background
This is the first edition of a Market Review of the Music Industry published by Key Note. Although
coverage is targeted mainly at the UK market, the global aspects of the music industry are given full
acknowledgment. In particular, it is recorded music – by far the largest market by value – that has
evolved a global structure. Since 2004, it has featured just four `majors ' owning dozens of famous
labels and holding recording contracts (or back catalogues) for the vast majority of the world 's top–
selling recording artists.
The `big four ' major groups, including the UK 's own `home–grown ' giant, EMI Group PLC, also
own rights to publish and to license the majority of successful songs, theme music, etc. These rights
are increasingly important as the market moves towards a more fluid, ICT (information and
communications technology)

A Summary Of Music Affecting The Music Industry
The music industry has been greatly affected by the rising interest in the internet. People can
instantly listen to songs by a single search, even entire albums. Digital downloading has allowed
people to have constant access to any and all music. Deciding whether it is affecting the music
industry positively or negatively is its own question, but there is absolutely no question that the
entire industry is affected. Most music is available to listen to without necessarily requiring
payment. Through websites like YouTube and SoundCloud, a fairly large amount of music is
accessible. Alternatively, some people simply download the music from different sources. There has
been some complaint that downloading the music from such sources is considered copyright piracy,
but not much is done to combat the illegality of pirating music. Combined with the fact the any
given person's music taste can change in weeks, buying every song that they enjoy listening to can
get extremely expensive. The executive vice president of the Warner Brothers Group, Paul Vidich
said, "It is a challenge that we have got to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the younger generations are more apt at using computers, they can outsmart these large
companies that control music sales. Capitalism has a way of forcing companies to necessitate the
creation of ways to end the free downloading music. They are not lacking in money by any means,
but in a capitalistic society companies must take all money obtainable. Vidich stated that "there are
things that will happen that will begin to change the way we do business." Many people are also
aware that small bands rely on the profit of people buying their songs, thus, people will buy songs
from those that need the money to continue making music. They also know that the bigger, more
popular bands can survive without that profit, using the money gained from touring and selling band

Music Industry Research Paper
Music Industry: Independent vs. Major Record Label
Music is at our fingertips. We can turn on a radio or select a song on a menu and it chimes back at
you the melody of the song you selected. A man named Scott de Martinville of the 18th century was
fascinated by the way photographs preserved images, and he felt as if he could do the same with
sound. The invention of the phonograph was the beginning of the music industry. Musicians could
now use a machine to record their sounds and then publish and dis– tribute records. With records
came record labels, the leaders of the music business. Then just like everything else in a capitalist
country it became all about the money, rather than the music. The business aspect of music should
be based off of independent artistry in opposed to corporate wel– fare.
Ludwig van Beethoven one of the most talented, prolific, and remembered composers of all time
was an independent artist. One has to wonder, how did composers/musicians make their money 150
years before labels were established? Beethoven used the same methods as an inde– pendent artist
would today. He would do live performances on piano or composing a large or– chestra. These
performances would bring profit while expanding popularity just like modernized artists. Beethoven
also found profit in selling his sheet music, patronage, and being an instructor. This was the
unintentional start of independent music, and it continued to be this way until one man decided to
industrialize the

Globalization in the Music industry
Globalization in the Music Industry
Jonathan Ben Ami
ACOM 388
The music industry has been around for over two centuries (PBS). Its volatility can be measured by
its ability to shift and change according to its time period, the technologies that arise through the
ages and the public's shift in musical taste. The music industry is comprised of many different
components, organizations and individuals that operate within it. Some of these components include
the artists who compose the music themselves, the producers that engineer the sounds created by the
artists, the companies that handle distribution and promotion of the recorded music, the broadcasters
of the music such as radio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the past decade, the use of CDs has been replaced with online streaming and retailing. This has
eliminated much of the record companies revenues as they were used to making most of their profit
off of distribution and promotion of physical copies of artists albums (Niemen). This has caused for
a major shift and remodeling of major players in the music industries business models. Companies
such Sony, Warner Music Group and Universal Music Group have started to completely rethink the
way they conduct business (Forbes). In the past record labels were not only responsible for
production, distribution and promotion of an artist and his/her music, but they also acted as a bank
(Forbes), funding the artists tours and recording sessions. Recently, these music giants have been
moving towards becoming more of a modular network organization. What this means is that they
are less occupied with the nitty gritty, and more focused on what they do best which is distribution
and promotion. This also allows for more freedom of creativity for the artist as well as fairer split of
profits (Forbes). This adaption of new business models clearly shows the versatility of the music
industry in adapting to new times and technologies.
One can only speculate the future of the music industry. As aforementioned, the music industry is in
constant flux, changing shape and adapting to new

Superstardom In Popular Music : The Gendered Character Of...
"...it should be remembered that the gendered character of the music industry... and music generally
both reflects and serves to constitute the gendered character of wider social and cultural realities."
William A. Hamlen Jr. writes in his article, "Superstardom in Popular Music: Empirical Evidence",
about the music industry market. Hamlen's article expresses how the music industry is male
dominated because the "lack of female role models" allows for masculine culture to continue. Thus,
male domination in the music industry creates a space that is difficult for women to enter. Female
singers navigating through this male dominated space may have to compromise the brand, image,
and music they would like to create for their own self. Succumbing to the gendered expectations that
come from a male dominated industry allows for males to make executive decisions on the way
women are portrayed to consumers. This paper will briefly share the mechanism that the music
industry employs to produce and brand popular twenty–first century female singers. Worldwide
success and recognition are attained by the perpetuation of look alike, sound alike female artists'
(and music) due to the music industry's hesitation to invest in brand new talent and break away from
societal expectations.
Marketing and music go hand in hand. Most artists, including female artists, rely on their record
label to provide an avenue for the artist to gain recognition. The primary methods to reach people is
through

The Impact Of Music On The Music Industry
No one can deny that technology is actively changing the music industry. Production, distribution
and sales of music have been affected dramatically within the last 10 years along with artists,
composers, and technicians. Most of the changes have been great for consumers, but vastly negative
for professionals in the music industry, however a few artists have found ways to adapt to the
changing atmosphere of digitally downloaded music and use it to their advantage. We've seen music
change form from physical, tangible products like records and CD's to electronic single tracks stored
in an invisible cloud. Two major factors in this sudden revolution are online music stores
(specifically iTunes) and file sharing websites that allow music to be downloaded illegally.
Since the iTunes music store was introduced on April 28, 2003, gross music sales have plummeted
in the United States – from $11.8 billion in 2003 to $7.1 billion in 2012, according to the Recording
Industry Association of America (Covert). Counterintuitively, during that time consumers were
buying more music than ever. How is that possible? It 's because iTunes had made digital singles
popular and was selling them cheap. This would change the music industry forever. In 2000,
Americans bought 943 million CD albums (Covert), and digital sales didn't even make a dent in
comparison. But by 2007, those inexpensive singles overtook CDs by a wide margin, generating 819
million sales compared to just 500 million for the CD.

Essay on The History of Music Industry
In the past, music has been a costly business, where only people with a lot of money could enter and
be successful in the industry. Changes in the music industry coupled with new computer technology
have made it much easier for people without a lot of money to compose, produce, and distribute
their creation. In order to get a better understanding of the music industry in comparison to 2014,
one has to look at its history. There were many things that happened from the 1980's onward, and
they brought on a significant impact towards the music industry. Development in computer
technology has also made a big impression on music. Many things within these fields have enabled
artists to connect with their fans in a way they couldn't before, and on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There were many changes in the business of music records from the 1980s onward. For example, the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 law was passed. This enabled a free–for–all in for the record
companies and granted them the ability to compete with anyone in the market. What ended up
happening was the companies bought each other left and right until there were 5 or 6 big companies
that ran everything. The record industry controlled music production, distribution, and airplay on the
radio. Radio started out on the AM frequencies, then later the FM higher fidelity stations. The only
way to get music through to the masses feasibly was to go through the highly selective record
companies because they were the only ones who could mass produce music. To distribute, first they
sold music on gramophone records, an early distribution medium made of processed shellac from
the lac bug. Then they moved on to track tapes, vinyl records, compact cassettes, and eventually
CDs.
Emerging digital Era: 1980's And Beyond:
Gradually after this event, the medium for music had changed, from various types of analog grooved
discs, to various types of magnetic tape–based reels and cartridges, to compact discs, or CDs, to
digital downloads.
An early revolution in music portability was created by a device called the Walkman cassette player.
This device was based on a similarly designed

Napster's Influence On The Music Industry
Technology has evolved over the years especially in the music industry. We went from buying hard
copy CDs to developing music streaming services. The music industry changed once Napster was
created. Napster allowed people to easily share Mp3 files from each other's computers. It was a free
streaming service that enabled you to download anything you wanted without having to pay a dime.
It made CD sales plummet and hard copy CDs became obsolete. Napster was the foundation of
torrenting. It made Limewire, Bearshare, and other file sharing services where you can illegally
download for free. It revolutionized everything from burning CDs to CDs to doing it electronically.
Napster influenced the music industry to develop Mp3s, iPods, and other music

Success in the Music Industry
Jillian Rotsky MUSC 244–01 Midterm Essay October 11, 2009
"Modern music is people who can 't think signing artists who can 't write songs to make records for
people who can 't hear." Frank Zappa
Starting a career in the music industry is a difficult task. There are many important steps that you
need to take along the way, and the path is often long and confusing. The people that you meet along
the way will guide you along this path, and hopefully help you become a music industry success
story. The goal is to not let your message get jumbled and distorted beyond your control and lead
you to disaster. The number one person in your path to success is yourself. You need to start the
work required to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your manager also helps you develop who you are as an artist; your personal image is being
developed here. Do you begin to appear in public with other artists of the same level of success? Do
you volunteer time and services for charitable purposes and do you begin to identify those charities
whose interests you feel you can advance by your involvement? (Thall, 2006) This image will
develop and change overtime due to the music industry environment and the people you become
associated with along the way. You manager will also help you create your promotional package.
This package with be distributed to many people in the music industry, including people in A&R.
The A&R department of a record label is often regarded as the gatekeepers of the record company.
A&R is the department of a record company that finds and or develops bands, songwriters, or
musicians. More often than not A&R reps help out with a bands artistic and commercial
marketability. Think of the A&R Department as the middleman between the band and record label.
A&R Department Responsibilities may include some or all of the following: locating bands,
songwriters, and musicians for their record label, negotiating contracts for a band or artist, finding
producers for recording the band, locating recording engineers, scheduling time to record the band,
scouting songs for a band from music publishers with whom they have relationships, and listening to
demos from bands. A&R Reps from

The Recording Music Industry: The Structure Of The...
The recording music business was originally dominated by record labels beginning in the 1950s.
According to Aspray, the original structure of the recording industry stood as an oligopoly
controlled by the six major record labels: Warner Music Group (WMG), Electrical and Music
Industries Group (EMI), Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), Universal Music Group (UMG), Sony
Music Group (SMG) and PolyGram (PMG). The Big 6 controlled all promotional and distributional
efforts of recorded music and this control allowed them to dominate over smaller record labels due
to their size and financing. Although the Big 6 profited from this model, frequently the earnings
were disproportionately distributed unevenly amongst artists, leaving them disadvantaged with little
monetary return from the sale of their recordings. (Aspray) Aspray goes on to say that while this
distribution model was inefficient from an economic standpoint, artists had no other choice but to
sign with major labels if offered a contractual agreement. Production, recording, promotion, and
distribution expenses all lead to extremely high fixed costs and needed large investments from
labels. Often these expenses would then be debited to artists' return on investment received from
their recordings, leaving them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phonograph utilized a cylinder record to play music. Within this record, grooves were edged out
in accordance to the vibrations created whilst recording. Soon after the phonograph was
commercialized, a constructively similar invention called the gramophone emerged. The only
significant difference was that it used a disc record. The gramophone was the first inexpensive
music device available for the public and became a popular coin–based business within bars and
arcades. Furthermore, disc records became easier to replicate and became the primary source of
recording music. (Aspray,

The Decline Of The Music Industry

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