1 CO5121 LAW OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS SP53 2019 .docx

1
CO5121 LAW OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
SP53 2019
ASSIGNMENT
Due date: A written assignment is due by 15 January 2020
23:59.
Weighting: The assignment is worth 30% of the marks for the
subject.
Individual Assignment: This is an individual assignment –
students are not to copy each other’s work. Rather, their essay
is to be a reflection of their original thoughts, analysis and
research.
Lodgement: you must lodge assignments in hard copy to your
lecturer during class on the due date with an assignment
cover sheet that has been time and date recorded. You must
ALSO lodge your assignment electronically via the LearnJCU
website as a backup copy (and to check for plagiarism). Please
ensure you retain a photocopy of the assignment. Your
electronic copy of the assignment must also be submitted before
the due time on the due day. Note the link on the web site
to the University’s policy on submitting assignments
electronically.
To submit your electronic copy of the assignment, follow these

instructions:
1. Go to your subject site in Learn JCU, select Assignments
from the left-hand navigation bar.
2. You will see an icon that looks like a blue page - Click on
View/Complete.
3. To attach your file, click on the ‘Browse’ button and double
click on the file you wish to submit. You can also write a
comment about the file you are sending eg if you have an
extension, you might want to say “Extension Granted” Please
note that you are only able to submit the assignment in one
document.
For more information go to http://learnjcu.jcu.edu.au and click
on LearnJCU Toolbox under the Support tab.
Penalty for late submission: the penalty for late submission of
assignments without an extension having been granted is
the loss of 5% of the total marks available (for the piece of
assessment) per day vanishing down to a mark of zero after 20
days.
In fairness to all students, extensions of time will only be
granted in exceptional circumstances and where there is
cogent evidence supporting the need for extension. If an
extension is applied for close to the due date, normally the

2
assumption of the lecturer will be that the student has had up to
five weeks to work on the task and has done so consistently.
The co-ordinator may require the student to produce their work
completed to the time of the request for an extension.
If your circumstances warrant the need for an extension, or you
would like to request an informal review of your assessment,
please refer to the Subject Outline for further details. The
“Review of Assessment” and “Request for Extension” forms are
available in hard copy from the Law School office or from the
Law School web site: http://www.jcu.edu.au/law Please note
that all enquiries and concerns relating to assessment review
and teaching and learning issues should, in the first instance,
be addressed to the Lecturer/Subject Coordinator. The Head of
School will not enter into discussion without evidence that
the Lecturer/Subject Coordinator has been formally consulted.
Word Limit: Assignment – 1500-2000 words. Note that your
emphasis should not be on length but rather on clarity and
precision of thought and expression. You must indicate the
length of the assignment on your paper. Word count not
recorded - Students will be penalized 2 marks for failing to
record the correct word count on the cover sheet or assignment.
Word count exceeded - Students will be penalized 1 mark for
each 100 words (or part thereof after the first 100 words)
above the 1,500-2000 word limit.
Style Guide: include footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography.
These are not included in calculating the paper’s word

length (unless the footnote is used for extremely long passages
of text that may run the risk of circumventing the word limit).
Referencing for all Law assignments must be based on the
following – Australian Guide to Legal Citation (latest edition)
University of Melbourne.
(http://www.mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/AGLC3)
Marking Schedule: a marking sheet is attached. Marks will be
primarily awarded for content, analysis and reasoning (based
on sound research) but expression, grammar and spelling,
presentation and form will also be taken into account
(especially
where such detracts from the strength of the argument/analysis).
Regard shall be had to the following criteria:
1. Demonstrated familiarity with the relevant law and policies
(based on sound research);
2. Evaluation of arguments/critical analysis of the relevant law
and policies (based on sound research);
3. Development of argument (based on sound research);
4. Structure and organisation;
5. Originality;
6. Quality of expression, spelling, grammar, and punctuation;
and
7. Referencing and bibliography.
Structure: While there is always a place for creativity in
answering the questions set, somewhere towards the early part
of
the answer, there should be an outline/summary/statement of
your argument/answer to the question in a nutshell. (Where
a question includes a quotation to be analysed, ensure that you
address the nub of the quotation in all aspects of the
assignment). The assignment should also typically include: brief
statement of the law/development or change

3
proposal/development; analysis (eg what was/is the change
meant to achieve and why; has it achieved/is it likely to achieve
that goal; is it too early to tell; what does the case law and
scholarly analysis tell us?) The conclusion ought to consist of a
summary showing how your analysis supports your
opinions/deductions. It is significant to note that good research
supports
good analysis. Headings may also be useful. For the problem
section of the question, the IRAC (issue, rule, apply, conclude)
technique may be useful.
Research Skills: Please refer to Milne, S & Tucker, K, A
Practical Guide to Legal Research, latest edition, Law Book
Company. You will note from the schedule for the course, that
the lecturer takes students through research databases and
methodologies that are relevant to the assignment, also. It is
important to attend that class – as it is important to attend most
classes.
Policy on Plagiarism: Please note the link on the web site to the
University’s policy on plagiarism. This WILL be enforced.
Recent case law has confirmed that evidence of plagiarism at
University will be considered by a court upon an application
for admission. Failure to disclose such evidence is viewed very
seriously.
Question:

"In 2019, the Final Report of the Banking Royal Commission
was released. Critically analyse the main findings of
that report as relevant to corporations law. Has the Australian
Government accepted those recommendations? If so
which ones? What is the timeline for implementation?
Considering the position in Singapore and the UK, have these
jurisdictions had similar Enquiries? If so, have there
been recommendations and law reforms flowing from those
Enquiries relevant to the corporate law of those
countries? If so, how do they compare to the developments in
Australia? If there has not been an Enquiry in the UK
or Singapore, why not? (30 marks)
You will need to undertake legal research and analysis in order
to provide support for all of your answers above and this
includes references to the relevant law where applicable.
4

CRITERIA FOR LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT – CO5121
Legal Research and Analysis Assignment
CRITERIA/
WEIGHTING
FAIL

less than 50%
PASS
50-64%
CREDIT
65-75%
DISTINCTION
75-84%
HIGH DISTINCTION
85% (+)
LAW/ISSUES:
Ability to write a
clear statement of
the law pertaining
to the quotation as
the basis for the
identification of
key issues in
question. Show
legal
understanding of
question/problem
and issues in it.
30 %
Has failed to adequately
state the
law/development. Failed
to identify some/most of
the legal issues. Failed
to address issues as
relevant to question.

Has stated the
law/development in a
basic format; identified
some of the legal
issues; attempted to
accurately address the
question.
Has adequately stated the
law/development;
identified some/most of
the legal issues;
accurately addressed the
question.
Has appropriately and
adequately stated the
law/development and
identified most/all of the
legal issues and
accurately addressed the
question.
Has clearly, accurately and
appropriately stated the
law/development and identified
all legal issues and accurately
and appropriately addressed
the question.
RESEARCH AND
ANALYSIS: Ability
to critically analyse
the issues and law

arising in the
quotation/problem.
Evidence of
understanding of
legal issues,
developments and
influences on the
law supported by
Has failed to critically
analyse
quotation/problem;
lacks evidence of
understanding of legal
issues/developments/
influences on law. Little
or no use of scholarly
authority to support
argument/legal opinion
Has attempted to
critically analyse the
quotation/evidence;
some evidence of basic
influences on
law/application of law to

facts. Some use of legal
authority to support
argument.
Has provided a
reasonable critical
analysis of the
quotation/problem, which
demonstrates reasonable
issues/developments/influ
ences on the law.
Scholarly authority used to
support argument and
legal opinion.
Has provided an in-depth
critical analysis of the
quotation/probelm, which
demonstrates in-depth
influences on the law.
Authority appropriately
used where necessary to
support argument.
Has provided an in-depth
critical analysis which has by

sophisticated use of legal
reasoning demonstrated
comprehensive/detailed
understanding of
issues/developments/influence
s on the law. Scholarly
authority consistently used to
support argument.
Understands application of law
to facts
5
scholarly authority
and research.
50%
Organisation and
structure
10%
Disorganised/
incoherent
Shows some attempt to

organise in a logical
manner, including
linking paragraphs/law
to facts
Shows organisation and
coherence
Carefully and logically
organised
Carefully and logically
organised; shows
sophisticated attention to
purpose
Written expression,
referencing &
bibliography
quality/form
10%
Meaning unclear and/or
grammar, spelling
and/or referencing
contain frequent errors
Meaning apparent but
language not always
fluent; grammar,
spelling and/or

referencing may contain
errors
High standard of
conventional English;
grammar, spelling and
referencing mainly
accurate
Very high standard of
conventional English;
referencing accurate
Sophisticated use of English
employing an academic style;
referencing accurate
COMMENTS:
USW1.46926.202030 - NURS-6501N-47,Advanced
Pathophysiology.2019 Winter Qtr 11/25-02/16-PT27
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Running head: ASTHMA 1
ASTHMA 5
1

Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic and acute asthma
exacerbation
Suspected Entry: 92% match
Uploaded - RevisedAsthma.docx
exacerbation
Source - Another student's paper
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Chronic Asthma and
Acute Asthma Exacerbation
Student Name
Instructor
Institution Affiliation
Date
1
exacerbation

exacerbation
Asthma refers to conditions that affect
pulmonary. It brings about either intense or interminable
irritation of
respiratory tracts and fixing of the breathing tract muscles. The
pathophysiological system of intensifying acute and incessant
malignant
growth is like the etiological parts of steady chlamydia and
infections.
In this way, understanding the pathophysiological mechanism
is basic in
deciding diagnosis, exacerbation, and prescription of its
treatment.
For
asthma to grow viruses and other organisms play vital roles. In
intensification, the key instrument is viral replication bringing
about
the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract which triggers
irritation,

cytokine discharge, in this way it brings about the creation of
more
bodily fluid. Notwithstanding, chlamydia and infection never
prompt
changes in blood vessel blood according to Durham, et al.
(2016). During
exacerbation of asthma, dehydration plays a vital role because
it has a
close relation to the water levels in the body with regards to
epithelial cells' airway.
2
In case asthma attacks through dehydration, the blood vessel
display
extremely sharp changes in the blood PH which could ascend to
as high as
7.60 while the blood PaO2 decreases to exceptionally low
levels inside a
brief span as low as 40 mm Hg combined with a sharp ascent in
PaCO2,
according to Nakagome and Nagata (2011).
In case asthma attacks
through dehydration, the blood vessel display extremely sharp
changes
in the blood PH which could ascend to as high as 7.60 while the
blood
PaO2 decreases to exceptionally low levels inside a brief span
as low as
40 mm Hg combined with a sharp ascent in PaCO2, according
to Nakagome
and Nagata (2011)

According to Walsh, Sills and Arnold (2017), during
asthma
attack through dehydration, the arterial blood patterns exhibit
very
sharp changes in the blood PH which could rise to as high as
7.60 while
the blood PaO2 reduces to very low levels within a short time as
low as
40 mm Hg coupled with a sharp rise in PaCO2
The period of emotional grief, stress, and sorrow also trigger
acute asthma symptoms during exacerbation.
acute asthma symptoms during exacerbation

Acute asthma can also be triggered by a period of
emotional stress grief and sorrow are upheavals to asthma
symptoms
exacerbations
In such cases, levels of oxygen drop very fast making a patient
lose
inner breathe instantly thus rising their CO2 levels alongside
the PH
levels with almost the same levels. If there should be an
occurrence of
exceptional feelings, asthma occurs as manifestation, for
example, short
breathes, expanded respiratory obstruction, and the diminished
pinnacle
of expiratory stream rates.
The factor
I selected is allergic regardless of its being a predominant
multifactorial condition. In most cases, asthma exacerbation
speeds
where there is a chronic or strong family history of allergic
reactions.
It means the allergy effect is triggered by immunological
responses
factor in the symptomatology of asthma. Therefore, this factor
impacts
the pathophysiology of both disorders by disrupting the normal
epithelial cells leading to the trigger of a response explaining
the
common occurring allergies in response to the inhalant antigens.

Ceaseless asthma is likewise exacerbated in the respiratory tract
because of the presentation of toxic metals.
3
Metals raise the PH and the CO2 content in the blood rises up
thus reducing oxygen (D’Amato, 2011).
thus reducing oxygen (D’Amato, 2011)
Metals raise the PH levels in the human body making CO2
contents in the blood to raise and reducing the oxygen content
All the referenced components affect
the pathophysiological issue present in asthma. The analysis of
asthma
pursues an exceptional methodology as set up by exacerbation.
If a
patient is suspected of asthma the doctor performs an allergic
test. For
this situation, breathing and restorative history tests are done
to

decide how well their lungs are functioning. Asthma has no
positive fix,
in this manner if an individual is acknowledged with it, an
allergist
suggests they take prescriptions that keep away from asthma
triggers.
3
Prescriptions such as corticosteroids are recommended to be
taken on a daily basis.
taken on a daily basis
One of the drugs recommended and are taken daily
according to prescriptions is the Corticosteroids
In case the dehydration test is involved and finds the patient's
water
level is below the required level taking more water to boost it is
recommended. For the instance of lethal metals, body-liquids
and solids
are examined for any nearness of poisonous substances in the

body
including circulatory system subsequently proposing of
overwhelming
harmfulness. Finally, in the case of chlamydia and virus, a test
is done
through epistemological tests. If established positively
antibiotics
are given to attack them, thus reducing asthma.
4
Acute asthma mind mapAcute asthma Diagnosis Treatment
Mind map ( Diagnosis ) ( Treatment ) ( Acute asthma ) of
Acute asthma
Emotional stress
Therapy
Clinical presentation
Epistemology

Corticosteroids daily
Anxiety
Dehydration
Briefing tests Depression an
Water addition
Pathophysiological
5
Disruption of epithelial cells
Pulmonary fibrosis
5
Chronic asthma mind map.

Chronic asthma mind map
Detoxification Viruses and chlamydia

Antibiotics Treatment Allergies
Lung infection Disruption of epithelial cells

Working lungs
Mucus production
5
Inflammation Medical history

Clinical presentation Pathophysiology Epistemology Diagnosis
Metal toxicity
Clinical presentation Pathophysiology Epistemology
Diagnosis Metal toxicity
Chronic asthma
References
D'Amato, G. (2011).
6
Effects of climatic changes and urban air pollution on the rising
trends of respiratory allergy and asthma.

Effects of climatic changes and urban air pollution on the
rising trends of respiratory allergy and asthma
Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine, 6(1), 28.
Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine, 6(1), 28
Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 6(1), 28–37

Durham, A.
7
L., Caramori, G., Chung, K.
L., Caramori, G., Chung, K
F., & Adcock, I.
F., & Adcock, I

F., & Adcock, I
M. (2016).
7
Targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics in asthma and chronic
obstructive lung disease.
Targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics in asthma and
chronic obstructive lung disease
Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics in Asthma and
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
8

Translational Research, 167(1), 192-203.
Translational Research, 167(1), 192-203
Nakagome, K., & Nagata, M. (2011).
Pathogenesis of airway inflammation in bronchial asthma. Auris
Nasus
Larynx, 38(5), 555-563.
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Running head: ASTHMA 1
ASTHMA 5
1
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Chronic and Acute Asthma
Exacerbation
Uploaded - Wk6assgn Akerele S patho new.docx

Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Chronic and Acute
Asthma Exacerbation
Semiloore Akerele
Walden University: NURS-6051N
January 5th , 2020
1
exacerbation
exacerbation

Asthma refers to conditions that affect pulmonary.
2
It might result in either acute or chronic inflammation of
respiratory
tubes and tightening of the respiratory tract smooth muscles.
It might result in
either acute or chronic inflammation of respiratory tubes and
tightening
of the respiratory tract smooth muscles
Asthma is a pulmonary condition that results in either a
chronic or an acute inflammation of the respiratory tubes
coupled with a
tightening of the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract

3
The pathophysiological mechanism of exacerbating acute and
chronic
cancer is similar to the etiological aspects of persistent
chlamydia and
viruses.
The pathophysiological
mechanism of exacerbating acute and chronic cancer is similar
to the
etiological aspects of persistent chlamydia and viruses
The pathophysiological exacerbation of chronic asthma is
closely related to the etiological aspects of persistent viruses
and
chlamydia

4
Therefore, realizing the pathophysiological mechanism of each
type of
asthma is critical in determining diagnosis, exacerbation, and
prescription of its treatment.
Therefore, realizing
the pathophysiological mechanism of each type of asthma is
critical in
determining diagnosis, exacerbation, and prescription of its
treatment
Establishing the pathophysiological mechanism of each
asthma is an important step in determining its exacerbation,
diagnosis
and prescribing treatment for the patient
For asthma to grow, viruses and other organisms play vital
roles.
5

In exacerbation, the key mechanism is viral replication resulting
in the
epithelial cells of the respiratory tract which triggers
inflammation,
cytokine release, thus resulting in the production of a large
amount of
mucus.
In exacerbation, the
key mechanism is viral replication resulting in the epithelial
cells of
the respiratory tract which triggers inflammation, cytokine
release,
thus resulting in the production of a large amount of mucus
The key mechanism in this exacerbation is the viral
replication that results in the epithelial cells of the respiratory
tract triggering cytokine release, inflammation, and the final
large
mucus production

6
However, chlamydia and virus do not lead to changes in arterial
blood patterns (Durham et al.
However, chlamydia and virus do not lead to changes in
arterial blood patterns (Durham et al
Nevertheless, chlamydia and virus do not lead to the
sporadic changes in arterial blood patterns
2016).
During exacerbation of asthma,
dehydration plays a vital role because it has a close relation to
the
water levels in the body with regards to epithelial cells' airway.
4
Nakagome and Nagata (2011), states that during asthma attack
through
dehydration, the arterial blood patterns exhibit very sharp
changes in
the blood PH which could rise to as high as 7.60 while the
blood PaO2

reduces to very low levels within a short time as low as 40 mm
Hg
coupled with a sharp rise in PaCO2.
Nakagome and Nagata
(2011), states that during asthma attack through dehydration,
the
arterial blood patterns exhibit very sharp changes in the blood
PH which
could rise to as high as 7.60 while the blood PaO2 reduces to
very low
levels within a short time as low as 40 mm Hg coupled with a
sharp rise
in PaCO2
According to Walsh, Sills and Arnold (2017), during
asthma
attack through dehydration, the arterial blood patterns exhibit
very
sharp changes in the blood PH which could rise to as high as
7.60 while
the blood PaO2 reduces to very low levels within a short time as
low as
40 mm Hg coupled with a sharp rise in PaCO2

6
acute asthma symptoms during exacerbation.
acute asthma symptoms during exacerbation
Emotional stress, sorrow, and grief may also trigger acute
asthma exacerbation
In such cases, levels of oxygen drop very fast making a patient
lose
inner breathe instantly thus raising their CO2 levels alongside
the PH
levels with almost the same levels.
4
In case of intense emotions, patients bring out asthma symptoms
such as

shortened breath, increased respiratory resistance, and
decreased peak
of expiratory flow rates.
In case of intense
emotions, patients bring out asthma symptoms such as shortened
breath,
increased respiratory resistance, and decreased peak of
expiratory flow
rates
Conversely, having intense emotions brings out asthma
symptoms such as airway reactivity, decreased peak expiratory
flow rate,
increased respiratory resistance and shortness of breath
The factor I selected is allergic
regardless of its being a predominant multifactorial condition.
In most
cases, asthma exacerbation speeds where there is a chronic or
strong

family history of allergic reactions. It means the allergy effect
is
triggered by immunological responses factor in the
symptomatology of
asthma. Therefore, this factor impacts the pathophysiology of
both
disorders by disrupting the normal epithelial cells leading to the
trigger of a response explaining the common occurring allergies
in
response to the inhalant antigens.
7
Chronic asthma is also exacerbated in the respiratory tract as a
result
of exposure to metal toxicity such as aluminium, copper,
Cadmium, and
Zinc.
Chronic asthma is also
exacerbated in the respiratory tract as a result of exposure to
metal
toxicity such as aluminium, copper, Cadmium, and Zinc
Exposure to metal toxicity, especially as a result of
inhalation, also causes the respiratory tract to exacerbate to
chronic
Asthma

thus reducing oxygen (D’Amato, 2011).
8
All the mentioned factors have widespread effects on the
pathophysiological disorders present in asthma.
All the mentioned factors have widespread effects on the
pathophysiological disorders present in asthma
The factors mentioned above have widespread effects on
the pathophysiological disorders present in asthma
5
The diagnosis of asthma follows a special approach as
established by exacerbation.

The diagnosis of asthma follows a special approach as
established by exacerbation
The diagnosis of asthma follows a particular approach, as
established by its exacerbation
If a patient is suspected of asthma the doctor performs an
allergic test.
8
In this case, breathing and medical history tests are done to
determine how well their lungs are working.
In this case, breathing and medical history tests are done to
determine how well their lungs are working

During this period, medical history and breathing tests are
performed establishing how well a patient’s lungs are working
9
Up to date asthma have no definite cure, therefore if an
individual is
realized with it, an allergist can recommend they take
medications that
avoid asthma triggers.
Up to date asthma have
no definite cure, therefore if an individual is realized with it,
an
allergist can recommend they take medications that avoid
asthma triggers
Even if there is no cure for asthma, the allergist will
recommend taking medications that avoid asthma triggers

taken on a
daily basis. In case the dehydration test is involved and finds
the
patient's water level is below the required level taking more
water to
boost it is recommended.
5
For the case of toxic metals, body fluids and solids are tested
for any
presence of toxic substances in the body including bloodstream
thus
recommendation of heavy detoxification.
For the case of toxic
metals, body fluids and solids are tested for any presence of
toxic
substances in the body including bloodstream thus
recommendation of
heavy detoxification

For the case of metal toxicity, body fluids and solids are
tested for any presence of toxic substances in the body,
including the
bloodstream
Finally, in the case of chlamydia and virus, a test is done
through
epistemological tests. If established positively antibiotics are
given
to attack them, thus reducing asthma.
10
( Diagnosis ) ( Treatment ) ( Acute asthma )Acute asthma
mind map

Emotional stress
Therapy
Epistemology
Anxiety
Dehydration
Briefing tests Depression an
Water addition
Pathophysiological
8

Pulmonary fibrosis
8

Working lungs
Mucus production
8

Clinical presentation Pathophysiology Epistemology Diagnosis
Metal toxicity
Chronic asthma
References
D'Amato, G. (2011).
11

Effects of climatic changes and urban air pollution on the rising
trends of respiratory allergy and asthma.
Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine, 6(1), 28.
Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine, 6(1), 28

Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 6(1), 28–37
Durham, A.
12
L., Caramori, G., Chung, K.
F., & Adcock, I.

F., & Adcock, I
F., & Adcock, I
M. (2016).
12
Targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics in asthma and chronic
obstructive lung disease.
Targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics in asthma and
chronic obstructive lung disease
Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics in Asthma and
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

13
Translational Research, 167(1), 192-203.
Nakagome, K., & Nagata, M. (2011).
Pathogenesis of airway inflammation in bronchial asthma. Auris
Nasus
Larynx, 38(5), 555-563.

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Asthma 1
Asthma 2
Asthma 3
Asthma
Semiloore Akerele
Walden University: NURS-6501
January 5th , 2020
Asthma
Asthma is a very fatal disease which blocks the airways that
take air
to the lungs. These airways swell as a result of inhaling some
substances. These airways muscles tighten and narrows the air
passage

making it hard for the patient breathe in. Furthermore, the
muscles also
secret mucus around the airways that narrows the airways
leading to
more complications.
1
Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma
and acute asthma exacerbation.
Uploaded - Wk6assgn Akerele S patho.docx
Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic
asthma and acute asthma exacerbation
Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic
asthma and acute asthma exacerbation
Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas patterns
during an exacerbation.

Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas
patterns during an exacerbation
Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas
patterns during an exacerbation
Asthma is an infection on the pulmonary
artery resulting in either an acute or chronic inflammation of
respiratory tracks. Some Asthma patients often gasp the air and
others
wheezes, experience chest tightness, and shortness of breath
(Rothe et
al., 2018).
1
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the
airways.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the
airways

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects
the airways
The pathophysiology of chronic asthma involves
immunohistopathological
features that start with the infiltration of inflammatory cells.
The pathophysiology of
chronic asthma involves immunohistopathological features that
start
with the infiltration of inflammatory cells
The pathophysiology of chronic asthma involves
immunohistopathological features that start with the infiltration
of

inflammatory cells
The involved sections include neutrophils that are also
implicated in a fatal asthma exacerbation;
The involved sections include neutrophils that are also
implicated in a fatal asthma exacerbation
The involved cells include neutrophils that are also
implicated in a fatal asthma exacerbation
eosinophils, lymphocytes, activation of must cells as well as
injury to epithelial cells.

eosinophils, lymphocytes, activation of must cells as well as
injury to epithelial cells
eosinophils, lymphocytes, activation of must cells as well
as injury to epithelial cells
The inflammation of the airways is followed by airway edema
that is triggered by progressive inflammation.
The inflammation of the airways is followed by airway
edema that is triggered by progressive inflammation

The inflammation of the airways is followed by airway
edema that is triggered by progressive inflammation
At this point, hypersecretion of mucus leads to the development
of a mucus plug.
At this point, hypersecretion of mucus leads to the
development of a mucus plug
At this point, hypersecretion of mucus leads to the
development of a mucus plug
Subsequently, hyperresponsiveness, limitation to airflow,
respiratory symptoms, and eventually chronicity are
experienced.

experienced
experienced
There is a need to note that persistent changes to the structures
of the
airways are shared, leading to fibrosis, increased mucous
secretion,
epithelial cells damage, hypertrophy of smooth muscles lining
the walls
of the airways and eventually angiogenesis.

There is a need to
note that persistent changes to the structures of the airways are
shared, leading to fibrosis, increased mucous secretion,
epithelial
cells damage, hypertrophy of smooth muscles lining the walls of
the
airways and eventually angiogenesis
There is a need to note that persistent changes to the
structures of the airways are experienced, leading to fibrosis,
increased mucus secretion, epithelial cells damage, hypertrophy
of
smooth muscles lining the walls of the airways and eventually
angiogenesis
Huether, McCance, El-Hussein, Power-Kean & Zettel (2018)
argue that
atopy, which is a genetic predisposition that translates to a
response
that is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) is depicted as the
main
predisposing factor for asthma.

Huether, McCance,
El-Hussein, Power-Kean & Zettel (2018) argue that atopy,
which is a
genetic predisposition that translates to a response that is
mediated by
immunoglobulin E (IgE) is depicted as the main predisposing
factor for
asthma
Huether, McCance, El-Hussein, Power-Kean & Zettel
(2018) argue that atopy, which is a genetic predisposition that
translates to a response that is mediated by immunoglobulin E
(IgE) is
depicted as the main predisposing factor for asthma
Airway remodeling is depicted as the ultimate phase in the
development of chronic asthma.

Airway remodeling is depicted as the ultimate phase in the
development of chronic asthma
Airway remodeling is depicted as the ultimate phase in
the development of chronic asthma
Remodeling of the airway may lead to permanent structural
changes that are characterized by loss of lung function.
Remodeling of the airway may lead to permanent structural
changes that are characterized by loss of lung function
Remodeling of the airway may lead to permanent
structural changes that are characterized by loss of lung
function

Permanent structural changes can be attributed to the patient`s
unresponsiveness to therapy.
Permanent structural changes can be attributed to the
patient`s unresponsiveness to therapy
Permanent structural changes can be attributed to the
patient`s unresponsiveness to therapy
These changes include sub-basement membrane thickening
fibrosis of
epithelial cells, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of smooth
muscles,
dilation of blood vessels, and mucous gland hyperplasia (Hart &
Greenstone, 2018).

These changes include
sub-basement membrane thickening fibrosis of epithelial cells,
hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of smooth muscles, dilation of
blood
vessels, and mucous gland hyperplasia (Hart & Greenstone,
2018)
These changes include sub-basement membrane
thickening
fibrosis of epithelial cells, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of
smooth
muscles, dilation of blood vessels, and mucus gland hyperplasia
(Hart
& Greenstone, 2018)
Viral respiratory infections mainly trigger acute asthma
exacerbation.

Viral respiratory infections mainly trigger acute asthma
exacerbation
Acute asthma exacerbation is mainly triggered by viral
respiratory infections
During urgent cases, bronchoconstriction takes place suddenly,
thereby
narrowing the airways following exposure to allergens (Hart &
Greenstone, 2018).
During urgent cases,
bronchoconstriction takes place suddenly, thereby narrowing the
airways
following exposure to allergens (Hart & Greenstone, 2018)

During acute cases, bronchoconstriction takes place
suddenly, thereby narrowing the airways following exposure to
allergens
(Hart & Greenstone, 2018)
The bronchoconstriction is triggered by mediators produced by
mast cells
such as leukotriene and histamine that lead to the contraction
of
smooth muscles.
The
bronchoconstriction is triggered by mediators produced by mast
cells
such as leukotriene and histamine that lead to the contraction of
smooth
muscles

The bronchoconstriction is triggered by mediators
produced
by mast cells such as leukotrienes and histamine that lead to
the
contraction of smooth muscles
Additional stimuli that trigger acute asthma exacerbation
include cold,
stress, exercise, and respiratory irritants since they cause
sudden
obstruction of airflow.
Additional stimuli
that trigger acute asthma exacerbation include cold, stress,
exercise,
and respiratory irritants since they cause sudden obstruction of
airflow
Additional stimuli that trigger acute asthma exacerbation
include cold, stress, exercise, and respiratory irritants since
they

cause sudden obstruction of airflow
During an exacerbation, hypercapnia coupled with respiratory
acidosis is experienced due to severe obstruction of the airway.
During an exacerbation, hypercapnia coupled with respiratory
acidosis is experienced due to severe obstruction of the airway
During an exacerbation, hypercapnia coupled with
respiratory acidosis is experienced due to severe obstruction of
the airway
On the other hand, hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis are
experienced by
children during an acute attack, with some patients

experiencing carbon
dioxide narcosis (Vasileiadis et al., 2018).
On the other hand,
hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis are experienced by children
during an
acute attack, with some patients experiencing carbon dioxide
narcosis
(Vasileiadis et al., 2018)
On the other hand, hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis are
experienced by children during an acute attack, with some
patients
experiencing carbon dioxide narcosis (Vasileiadis et al., 2018)
On the other hand, some instances of alkalosis are experienced
during acute cases.

On the other hand, some instances of alkalosis are
experienced during acute cases
On the other hand, some instances of alkalosis are
experienced during acute cases
This is mainly linked with hyperventilation and hypocapnia that
characterize the respiratory alkalosis.
This is mainly linked with hyperventilation and hypocapnia
that characterize the respiratory alkalosis
This is mainly linked with hyperventilation and
hypocapnia that characterize the respiratory alkalosis

Explain how the factor you selected might impact the
pathophysiology of both disorders.
pathophysiology of both disorders
pathophysiology of both disorders
Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for a
patient based on the part you chose.

Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for
a patient based on the part you chose
Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment
for a patient based on the factor you selected
Genetics is one of the patient factors that are likely to impact
the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic asthma.
Genetics is one of the patient factors that are likely to impact
the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic asthma
Genetics is one of the patient factors that are likely to

impact the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic asthma
For instance, a family history of asthma or allergic reaction to
allergens is associated with increased cases of asthma.
For instance, a family history of asthma or allergic reaction
to allergens is associated with increased cases of asthma
For instance, a family history of asthma or allergic
reaction to allergens is associated with increased cases of
asthma
Huo & Zhang (2018) identify that patient who possesses asthma
susceptible genes are likely to develop asthma due to
inheritance.

Huo & Zhang (2018)
identify that patient who possesses asthma susceptible genes
are likely
to develop asthma due to inheritance
Huo & Zhang (2018) identify that patient who possesses
asthma susceptible genes are likely to develop asthma due to
inheritance
Based on genetics, the diagnosis and treatment of asthma would
begin by
undertaking a comprehensive history of the patient to determine
if they
have a family history of asthma.
Based on genetics, the

diagnosis and treatment of asthma would begin by undertaking
a
comprehensive history of the patient to determine if they have a
family
history of asthma
Based on genetics, the diagnosis and treatment of asthma
would begin by undertaking a comprehensive history of the
patient to
determine if they have a family history of asthma
This would be followed by an allergen test.
This would be followed by an allergen test
This would be followed by an allergen test

Treatment would entail the avoidance of allergens likely to
trigger an asthmatic exacerbation.
Treatment would entail the avoidance of allergens likely to
trigger an asthmatic exacerbation
Treatment would entail the avoidance of allergens likely
to trigger an asthmatic exacerbation
Perse, the use of corticosteroids would be essential during
treatment to manage symptoms effectively.

Perse, the use of corticosteroids would be essential during
treatment to manage symptoms effectively
Per se, the use of corticosteroids would be essential
during treatment to effectively manage symptoms
Huo & Zhang (2018) maintain that personalized medicine for
asthma
can be developed after the effective identification of
asthma-susceptible genes following the determination of the
genetic
characteristics of the various asthmatic phenotypes.
Huo & Zhang (2018)
maintain that personalized medicine for asthma can be
developed after
the effective identification of asthma-susceptible genes
following the

determination of the genetic characteristics of the various
asthmatic
phenotypes
Huo & Zhang (2018) maintain that personalized
treatment for asthma can be developed after the effective
identification
of asthma-susceptible genes following the determination of the
genetic
characteristics of the various asthmatic phenotypes
Also, the disease-susceptible genes are identified as a vital drug
target source.
Also, the disease-susceptible genes are identified as a vital
drug target source

In addition, the disease-susceptible genes are identified as
a vital drug target source
Hence, treatment should be based on the effective identification
of the drug-susceptible genes.
Hence, treatment should be based on the effective
identification of the drug-susceptible genes
Hence, treatment should be based on the effective
identification of the drug-susceptible genes
Other pharmacological interventions would entail the use of
short-acting

beta-adrenoceptor agonists that act as bronchial dilators as well
as
leukotriene drugs to enhance lung function.
Other pharmacological
interventions would entail the use of short-acting beta-
adrenoceptor
agonists that act as bronchial dilators as well as leukotriene
drugs to
enhance lung function
Other pharmacological interventions would entail the use
of short-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists that act as bronchial
dilators as well as leukotriene drugs to enhance lung function
2
Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for
acute asthma exacerbation.

Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one
for acute asthma exacerbation
Source - https://www.precisionessays.com/thesis-papers-
explain-how-the-factor-you-selected-might-impact-the-
pathophysiology-of-both-disorders/
Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and
one for acute asthma exacerbation
Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical
presentation, as
well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your
paper.
Include the
epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as
well as the
diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper

Source - https://www.precisionessays.com/thesis-papers-
explain-how-the-factor-you-selected-might-impact-the-
pathophysiology-of-both-disorders/
Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical
presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you
explained in
your paper
3
Chronic Asthma Mind MapPathophysiology - Low FEV1 -
Mucus formation -
Thickening of airways - Hyper-responsiveness - Airways
constriction
Chronic Asthma Mind
MapPathophysiology - Low FEV1 - Mucus formation -
Thickening of airways -
Hyper-responsiveness - Airways constriction

Pathophysiology - Low FEV1 - Mucus formation -
Thickening of airways - Hyper-responsiveness - Airways
constriction
Clinical Presentation - Cough - Wheezing - Shortness of breath
- Chest pressure - Hypoxemia
Clinical Presentation - Cough - Wheezing - Shortness of
breath - Chest pressure - Hypoxemia
Clinical Presentation - Cough - Wheezing - Shortness of
breath - Chest pressure - Hypoxemia

4
· · · Acute asthma mind mapDiagnosis - Family history - Age of
onset - Allergen exposure - Recurrent respiratory infections
· · · Acute asthma mind mapDiagnosis - Family history - Age
of onset - Allergen exposure - Recurrent respiratory infections
Acute Asthma Exacerbation Mind MapDiagnosis - Family
history - Age of onset - Allergen exposure - Recurrent
respiratory
infections
Chronic Asthma
3
Risk Factors - Cold, damp air/climate - Allergens - Physicality -
Chemical irritants

Risk Factors - Cold, damp air/climate - Allergens -
Physicality - Chemical irritants
Risk Factors - Cold, damp air/climate - Allergens -
Physicality - Chemical irritants
Treatment - Inhalers - Spirometer use - Identification of triggers
-
Avoidance of triggers - Lifestyle modifications - Daily
corticosteroids
Treatment - Inhalers -
Spirometer use - Identification of triggers - Avoidance of
triggers -
Lifestyle modifications - Daily corticosteroids

Treatment - Inhalers - Spirometer use - Identification of
triggers - Avoidance of triggers - Lifestyle modifications -
Daily
corticosteroids
Diagnosis Treatment Acute asthma
Emotional stress
Therapy
1
Dehydration Clinical presentation

Epistemology
Water addition
Anxiety
Briefing tests
Depression an
Pathophysiological
1

Pulmonary fibrosis
Conclusion
In conclusion, parents shouldn’t embrace a program that will
help in
management and treatment of asthma to children. This will help
to detect
asthma that can be passed from parents to children or according
to
family history. When asthma is detected, treatment should start
immediately and patient should be advice on how to improve
their health.
References
5
Rothe, T., Spagnolo, P., Bridevaux, P.-O., Clarenbach, C., Eich-
Wanger, C., Meyer, F., Leuppi, J.
Rothe, T., Spagnolo, P., Bridevaux, P.-O., Clarenbach, C.,
Eich-Wanger, C., Meyer, F., Leuppi, J
https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/S0140-
6736(17)33311-1
Rothe, T., Spagnolo, P., Bridevaux, P.-O., Clarenbach, C., Eich-
Wanger,
C., Meyer, F.,

D. (2018).
5
Diagnosis and Management of Asthma - The Swiss Guidelines.
Diagnosis and Management of Asthma - The Swiss
Guidelines
Diagnosis and Management of Asthma - The Swiss
Guidelines
Respiration;
5
International Review Of Thoracic Diseases, 95(5), 364–380.

International Review Of Thoracic Diseases, 95(5), 364–380
International Review Of Thoracic Diseases, 95(5), 364–
380
https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1159/000486797
https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1159/000486797
https:// doi-
org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1159/000486797

1
Hart, S., & Greenstone, M.
Hart, S., & Greenstone, M
Hart, S., & Greenstone, M
(Eds.). (2018).
1
Foundations of Respiratory Medicine.
Foundations of Respiratory Medicine

Foundations of Respiratory Medicine
Springer.
Huether, S.
1
E., McCance, K.
E., McCance, K
E., McCance, K

L., El-Hussein, M.
L., El-Hussein, M
L., El-Hussein, M
T., Power-Kean, K., & Zettel, S.
T., Power-Kean, K., & Zettel, S
T., Power-Kean, K., & Zettel, S

(2018).
1
Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition-E-Book.
Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition-E-Book
Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition-E-
Book
Elsevier Health Sciences.
Elsevier Health Sciences

Huo, Y., & Zhang, H.
Huo, Y., & Zhang, H
Huo, Y., & Zhang, H
Y. (2018).

1
Genetic Mechanisms of Asthma and the Implications for Drug
Repositioning.
Genetic Mechanisms of Asthma and the Implications for
Drug Repositioning
Genetic Mechanisms of Asthma and the Implications for
Drug Repositioning
Genes, 9(5), 237.
Genes, 9(5), 237

Genes, 9(5), 237
Vasileiadis, I., Alevrakis, E., Ampelioti, S., Vagionas, D.,
Rovina, N., & Koutsoukou, A.
Rovina, N., & Koutsoukou, A
Rovina, N., & Koutsoukou, A
(2019).
1

Acid-Base Disturbances in Patients with Asthma:
Acid-Base Disturbances in Patients with Asthma
Acid-Base Disturbances in Patients with Asthma
A Literature Review and Comments on Their Pathophysiology.
A Literature Review and Comments on Their
Pathophysiology
A Literature Review and Comments on Their

Pathophysiology
Journal of clinical medicine, 8(4), 563.
Journal of clinical medicine, 8(4), 563
Journal of clinical medicine, 8(4), 563
Assignment - Week 4

semiloore Akerele
on Mon, Dec 23 2019, 2:50 AM
60% highest match
Submission ID: 51f66acd-31c4-44cf-97bc-
e15b2de0a79f
wk4assgn Akerele S Patho.docx
Word Count: 1,202

60%
Citations (14/14)
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DISORDERS OF THE VEINS AND ARTERIES 1
Uploaded - wk4assgn Akerele S Patho.docx
2

Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
Semiloore Akerele
Walden University: NURS- 6501N
December 22nd , 2019.

3
Disorder of the Veins and Arteries Two of the most common
medical
disease in adult population are Chronic Venous Insufficiency
(CVI) and
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) that presents so many
similarities.
Disorder of the Veins
and Arteries Two of the most common medical disease in adult
population
are Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) and Deep Vein
Thrombosis (DVT)
that presents so many similarities
Disorder of the Veins and Arteries Chronic Venous
Insufficiency (CVI) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) are two
prevalent
disorders that present with many similarities
It is imperative as an advanced nurse practitioner to have a

knowledge
of the differences between these two disorders as well as their
differences to prevent misdiagnosis. mistreatments, and possible
complications that might arise during the course of the
treatment of the
disease. This paper is aimed at identifying the pathophysiology
of CVI
and DVT, difference between CVI and arterial thrombosis.
3
Also, the patient factor followed will highlight the effects of the
female gender on the pathophysiology of these illnesses.
Also, the patient factor followed will highlight the effects of
the female gender on the pathophysiology of these illnesses
Also, the patient factor followed will highlight the effects
of the female gender on the pathophysiology of these illnesses
Also, a constructed mind map will accentuate the epidemiology,
pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnoses and
treatment of

Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Deep Vein Thrombosis.
Also, a constructed
mind map will accentuate the epidemiology, pathophysiology,
clinical
manifestations, diagnoses and treatment of Chronic Venous
Insufficiency
and Deep Vein Thrombosis
Lastly, a constructed mind map will highlight the
epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations,
diagnoses and
treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Deep Vein
Thrombosis
Pathophysiology of Chronic Venous
Insufficiency According to Heuther and McCance (2017),
Varicose vein and
valvular insufficiency can progress to Chronic Venous
Insufficiency
(CVI). CVI is an inadequate venous return over a period of time

which
result in pool of blood within the vein which results into
swollen,
twisted and tangible vein.
4
Structurally, the veins are thin walled highly distensible vessels
with valves to prevent backflow and pooling of blood.
Structurally, the veins are thin walled highly distensible
vessels with valves to prevent backflow and pooling of blood
Huether & McCance (2017) defines veins as
“thin-walled, highly distensible vessels with valves to prevent
backflow
and pooling of blood” (p
When one valve is damaged and there is an inadequate venous
return,
section of the vein is subjected to the pressure of a larger
volume of
blood under the influence of gravity which result int swelling of
the

surrounding tissue (Heuther & McCance, 2017).
2
Over the years, venous hypertension, circulatory stasis, and
tissue
hypoxia caused by sluggish circulation and unmet metabolic
needs (waste
collection and oxygen delivery) produce an inflammatory
reaction in the
vessels and tissues.
Over the years, venous
hypertension, circulatory stasis, and tissue hypoxia caused by
sluggish
circulation and unmet metabolic needs (waste collection and
oxygen
delivery) produce an inflammatory reaction in the vessels and
tissues
Over the years, venous hypertension, circulatory stasis,
and tissue hypoxia caused by sluggish circulation and unmet
metabolic
needs (waste collection and oxygen delivery) produce an
inflammatory
reaction in the vessels and tissues

This process induces a fibrosclerotic remodeling of the skin
which then causes ulceration.
This process induces a fibrosclerotic remodeling of the skin
which then causes ulceration
This process induces a fibrosclerotic remodeling of the
skin which then causes ulceration
(Huether & McCance, 2017).
(Huether & McCance, 2017)

(Huether & McCance, 2017)
5
Pathophysiology of Deep Vein Thrombosis Deep Vein
Thrombosis (DVT) essentially occurs in the lower extremities.
Pathophysiology of Deep Vein Thrombosis Deep Vein
Thrombosis (DVT) essentially occurs in the lower extremities
Deep Vein Thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are
clots that essentially occur in the lower extremities

6
Three factors are known to promote DVT (the triad of
Virchow):
Three factors are known to promote DVT (the triad of
Virchow)
Three factors promote DVT known as the Triad of
Virchow which includes
2
venous stasis, venous injury, and hypercoagulable states.
venous stasis, venous injury, and hypercoagulable states

venous stasis, venous injury, and hypercoagulable states
DVT’s builds up when the inner lining the vessels are damaged/
impaired.
3
This impairment initiates the clotting cascade to heal the
damaged epithelium.
This impairment initiates the clotting cascade to heal the
damaged epithelium
This damage initiates the clotting cascade to heal the
injured epithelium

6
The accumulation of clotting factors and platelets lead to
thrombus formation which usually occur at the venous valve.
The accumulation of clotting factors and platelets lead to
thrombus formation which usually occur at the venous valve
Accumulation of clotting factors and platelets leads to
thrombus formation in the vein, often near a venous valve
The growth of the thrombus leads to increase in blood pressure
while blood flow diminishes.
2
Increased pressure in the vein behind the clot may produce
edema in the
extremity, and persistent venous obstruction can lead to Chronic
Venous
Insufficiency.

Increased pressure in
the vein behind the clot may produce edema in the extremity,
and
persistent venous obstruction can lead to Chronic Venous
Insufficiency
Increased pressure in the vein behind the clot may
produce
edema in the extremity, and persistent venous obstruction can
lead to
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
DVT can lead to a clot breaking off and go to the lungs which is
called
pulmonary embolism and can also result in embolic stroke or
death.
2
(Hammer & McPhee, 2014).

(Hammer & McPhee, 2014)
(Hammer & McPhee, 2014)
7
Differences between venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis
A thrombus
can develop in either the arterial system or the venous system.
Differences between
venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis A thrombus can
develop in
either the arterial system or the venous system

The Differences between Venous Thrombosis and Arterial
Thrombosis A thrombus is composed of fibrin and blood cells
and can
develop in either the arterial or the venous system
8
The arterial thrombi form under the condition of high blood
flow and
rare composed mostly of platelet aggregates held together by
fibrin
stands.
The arterial thrombi
form under the condition of high blood flow and rare composed
mostly of
platelet aggregates held together by fibrin stands
Arterial thrombi form under conditions of high blood flow
and are composed mostly of platelet aggregates held together by
fibrin

stands(Huether & McCance,2017)
9
Venous thrombi form under the conditions of low blood flow
and are
composed of red cells with larger amounts of fibrin and few
(Heuther
& McCance 2017).
Venous thrombi form
under the conditions of low blood flow and are composed of red
cells
with larger amounts of fibrin and few (Heuther & McCance
2017)
Venous thrombi form under conditions of low flow and
are
composed mostly of red cells with larger amounts of fibrin and
few
platelets (Huether & McCance, 2017)

10
Inflammation plays major role in the development of venous
thrombosis
while arterial thrombosis is influenced by the state of the
coagulation
system.
Inflammation plays
major role in the development of venous thrombosis while
arterial
thrombosis is influenced by the state of the coagulation system
Source -
Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation does also
play a role in the development of venous thrombosis, while
arterial
thrombosis is influenced by the state of the coagulation system

Venous thrombotic risk is determined by flexible combination
of both
acquired and genetic risk factor while arterial thrombotic risk
factors
are either acquired or lifestyle related such as high blood
pressure,
smoking et.c.
Venous thrombotic risk
is determined by flexible combination of both acquired and
genetic risk
factor while arterial thrombotic risk factors are either acquired
or
lifestyle related such as high blood pressure, smoking et.c
Source -
Arterial thrombotic risk factors are either acquired or
lifestyle related such as high blood pressure, smoking,
unfavorable
lipid profile et cetera

( Rosendale, 2016).
Patient Factors:
Gender (Female) Both male and female are affected by DVT and
CVI, but
female is at higher risk because of the possibility of pregnancy
and
also birth control. Rosendale (216), stated that, many drugs put
the
women at risk of developing thrombus which are basically
female hormones
and oral contraceptives (Rosendaal, 2016). Also, women
between the age
of 16 and 50 who are pregnant or on birth control are at risk of
CVI and
DVT. Countrywide according to Goldman & Weiss (2016),
about 15% and
25% of women and men respectively are affected by varicose
veins, and
an approximated 3% estimated to affect European countries
populations,
prevalence compared to that of diabetes (Goldman & Weiss,
2016). CVI
and DVT can be diagnosed by physical examination. D- timers
is also
done before proceeding to other diagnosis method.
Ultrasonography
diagnosis can also be done together with Doppler flow studies.
D- timers
are avoided in pregnant women because their serum D-timers is
four
times the normal value.in pregnant women. For DVT is treated
using

injectable with anticoagulant heparin followed by oral
anticoagulant
(Baker & dela Cruz, 2019). For pregnant women, low molecular
weight
heparin is usually recommended. They are also encouraged to
stay active
and wearing of compression stocking. Comment by Semiloore
Akerele:
Comment by Semiloore Akerele:
To
exclude DVT, Ultrasonography diagnosis is specifically done
with
clinical testing for CVI. CVI’s treatment depends on the
disorder's
severity and a patient should follow a dietary sodium and
lifestyle
changes, pneumatic devices, surgery, topical wound care and
compression
using bandages (Gujja, Sanina & Wiley, 2017).
3
Conclusion The pathophysiology, similarities and differences of
these
diseases have been discussed, and the pathology has been
considered with
the patient factor of female in mind.
Conclusion The
pathophysiology, similarities and differences of these diseases
have
been discussed, and the pathology has been considered with the
patient

factor of female in mind
Conclusion The pathophysiology, similarities and
differences of these diseases have been discussed, and the
pathology has
been considered with the patient factor of female in mind
MAP MIND
DVT mind mapDIAGNOSIS Ultrasound
D-dimer History Physical examination
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Pain Holman’s sign Extremity redness
Redness
TREATMENT
Heparin
Elevation of legs Compression stockings
Warfarin
11
DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
Source -
deep venous thrombosis
EPIDEMIOLOGY Slowed venous blood flow
Biochemical imbalance between circulating factors
12
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Venous stasis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Venous stasis
Source -
https://coggle.it/diagram/WNP1ok0gXwABrEbg/t/-
Venous stasis ulcer

Obstruction of blood flow
Vessel damage
Hypercoagulability
CVI mind mapDIAGNOSIS Vascular ultrasound
Pulses that are non-palpable are determined by Doppler studies
Using history and physical examination Lower extremities
carefully inspected and palpated.
TREATMENT Non-invasive treatment:
Compression stockings
Physical exercise
Lower extremities are elevated Invasive treatment:
13
Sclerotherapy or surgical
Sclerotherapy or surgical
Sclerotherapy or Surgical

Ligation
Vein resection
Vein stripping
2
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
EPIDEMIOLOGY Valve damage
Reduced mobility
Shock
Advanced age
Stasis ulcers

1
Dry, rough skin
Dry, rough skin
Dry,!rough!skin
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inadequate supply of oxygen rich-blood leads to necrosis
development Damaged vales and venous walls inhibiting their
function
Blood
clot in lower extremities due to damaged valves Weakened
walls and
valves cause insufficient venous return impairing blood flowing
to the
heart.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION Rough and dry skin Stasis ulcers
Hyperpigmentation
Swollen lower extremity Patients complain of leg pains and
feeling tired quickly

References Baker, M., & dela Cruz, J. (2019).
11
Deep Venous Thrombosis Ultrasound Evaluation.
Deep Venous Thrombosis Ultrasound Evaluation
Source -
deep venous thrombosis
6
Dresang L.T., Fontaine P., Leeman L., King V.
Dresang L.T., Fontaine P., Leeman L., King V

Dresang, L.T., Fontaine, P., Leeman, L., & King, V.J
J.
2
(2008).Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy.
(2008).Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy
(2008).Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy
Am Fam Physician,15;77(12):1709-1716.

Am Fam Physician,15;77(12):1709-1716
Am Fam Physician,15;77(12):1709-1716
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0615/p1709.html#sec-5

Goldman, M. P., & Weiss, R. A. (2016). Sclerotherapy E-book:
7
Treatment of Varicose and Telangiectatic Leg Veins.
Treatment of Varicose and Telangiectatic Leg Veins
Treatment for Varicose Veins
14
Elsevier Health Sciences.

Gujja, K., Sanina, C., & Wiley, J. M. (2017).
2
Chronic venous insufficiency.
Chronic venous insufficiency
Interventional Cardiology: Principles and Practice, 759-767.
Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014).

2
Pathophysiology of disease:
Pathophysiology of disease
Pathophysiology of disease
An introduction to clinical medicine.
An introduction to clinical medicine
An introduction to clinical medicine

(7th ed.) New York, NY:
(7th ed.) New York, NY
(7th ed.) New York, NY
McGraw-Hill Education.
McGraw-Hill Education

McGraw-Hill Education
Huether, S.
2
E., & McCance, K.
E., & McCance, K
E., & McCance, K
L. (2017).

2
Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.).
Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.)
Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.)
St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Rosendaal, F. R. (2016).
2
Causes of venous thrombosis.
Causes of venous thrombosis

Causes of venous thrombosis
Thrombosis Journal, 14(Suppl 1), 24.
Thrombosis Journal, 14(Suppl 1), 24
Thrombosis Journal, 14(Suppl 1), 24
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-016-0108-y

http://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-016-0108-y
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-016-0108-y
Pathophysiological mechanisms of Exacerbating Acute and
Chronic Asthma
Asthma alludes to a pulmonary condition that results into either
a chronic or acute inflammation of the respiratory tubes coupled
with a tightening of the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract.
In some cases, episodes of bronchoconstriction will accompany
it as well. Establishing the pathophysiological mechanism of
each asthma is an important step in determining its
exacerbation, diagnosis and prescribing treatment for the
patient.
The pathophysiological exacerbation of chronic cancer is
closely tied to the etiological aspect of persistent viruses and
chlamydia. Viruses and other organisms play a huge part in
providing the necessary conditions for asthma to thrive. The key
mechanism in this exacerbation is the viral replication that
results in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract triggering
cytokine release, inflammation and the eventual large mucus
production. However, the viral and chlamydia has does not
result into sporadic changes in the arterial blood patterns. The

asthma attack takes time and so blood PaO2 of 100 mm Hg will
only fall slightly to around 85 mm Hg followed by a slight rise
in the PH to 7.45 from its initial 7.40 (Casale et al 2016).
Despite these processes being necessary for clearance of the
viral infection, they are still super-imposed over the already
existing inflammatory condition in the airways that ignites
symptomatology instead. Furthermore, it means that the immune
system is slowed down hence making it unable to clear the
viruses. As a result, there is infiltration of the pulmonary vein
which exacerbates asthma inflammation.
Dehydration plays a very a far wider role in acute exacerbation
of asthma. Studies show that asthma has a close relation with
the water levels in the body with regard to airway epithelial
cells. This will from time to time contribute to a fraction of
epithelial and edema damage coupled with hyper-
responsiveness. However, this does not only result should it be
exercised-induced asthma. According to Walsh, Sills and
Arnold (2017), during asthma attack through dehydration, the
arterial blood patterns exhibit very sharp changes in the blood
PH which could rise to as high as 7.60 while the blood PaO2
reduces to very low levels within a short time as low as 40 mm
Hg coupled with a sharp rise in PaCO2.
Acute asthma can also be triggered by a period of emotional
stress grief and sorrow are upheavals to asthma symptoms
exacerbations. Interestingly, greater anxiety has been noted to
be common to asthma patients than hepatitis B Patients. The
level of oxygen in the blood reduces very fast as the patient’s
loose instant breath while the CO2 levels climbs up along with
the PH levels in almost the same proportion. For instance in a
study including 230 patients, 45% scored high on depression
rating taken as depressed (Gelb, Christenson & Nadel, 2016).
However, the patients with depression had health related issues.
Conversely, having intense emotions brings out asthma
symptoms such as airway reactivity, decreased peak expiratory
flow rate, increased respiratory resistance and shortness of
breath.

Even though asthma is a predominantly multifactorial condition,
it’s most pressing risk factor remains as the allergies. This
involves the chronic asthma in particular. Having a family
history of allergic reactions can speed asthma exacerbation. In
this case, an immunological response to the allergy is a
triggering factor in the symptomatology of asthma. The
disruption of the normal epithelial cells leads to triggering of a
response which explains the commonly occurring allergic
responses to the inhalant antigens particularly among those
individuals exposed to these agents.
Exposure to metal toxicity in the respiratory tract exacerbates
chronic asthma. Zinc, cadmium, copper and aluminum results
into both chronic obstructive lung disease and the acute self-
limiting neutrophil alveolitis (Morris, 2016). With time, this
develops into pulmonary fibrosis as well as damaging the
functional impairment based on the potential of the agent to
cause that damage. Metal raise the PH levels in the body as the
CO2 content in the blood rises up as well with a reduction in the
Oxygen content.
The factors mentioned above have widespread effects on the
pathophysiological disorders present in asthma. First, viruses
provide conditions for damaging of the epithelial cells in the
body. This comes through triggering of the cytokine release that
spearheads inflammation and large mucus production. Secondly,
exposure to toxic metals leads into chronic lung disease and the
self-limiting neutrophil that results into pulmonary fibrosis
based on the damaging extent of the metal agent (Morris, 2016).
Thirdly, the emotional stress and dehydration connotes to
similar effects because they both predispose patients to sudden
acute asthma exacerbation that involves decreased peak
expiratory flow rate, increased respiratory resistance and
shortness of breath.
Diagnosis of asthma follows a very specific approach as
established by its exacerbation. For the case of allergy, an
allergy test is performed by the doctor. During this period,
medical history and breathing tests are performed establishing

how well a patient’s lungs are working. Even though there is no
cure for asthma, the allergist will recommend taking
medications that avoids asthma triggers. Corticosteroids are
taken daily. Dehydration test involves testing a patient’s water
level in which if it is found out that he/she is lacking sufficient
water, they are recommend to be taking more water to boost it.
For case of metal toxicity, body fluids and solids are tested for
any presence of toxic substances in the body including the
blood stream. Based on this heavy detoxification is conducted.
Lastly, cases of viruses and chlamydia can be tested through
conducting epistemological tests in the body by a qualified
doctor. Upon their establishment, antibiotics are administered to
attack the virus and hence reduce the risk of asthma.
Acute asthma mind map
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute asthma
Emotional stress
Therapy
Dehydration
Epistemology
Water addition
Anxiety

Briefing tests
Depression an
Pathophysiological
Pulmonary fibrosis
Detoxification
Viruses and chlamydia
Chronic asthma
Antibiotics
Treatment
Allergies
Lung infection
Working lungs
Mucus production
Inflammation
Medical history
Pathophysiology
Epistemology
Diagnosis

Metal toxicity
References
Casale, T. B., Tashkin, D. P., Lühmann, R., Engel, M., Moroni-
Zentgraf, P., & Kerstjens, H. A. (2016). Therapy Demonstrates
Reduced Risk of Severe Asthma Exacerbation and Asthma
Worsening in Symptomatic Asthma, Independent of IgE or
Blood Eosinophil Levels. Journal of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology, 137(2), AB214.
Gelb, A. F., Christenson, S. A., & Nadel, J. A. (2016).
Understanding the pathophysiology of the asthma–chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Current
opinion in pulmonary medicine, 22(2), 100-105.
Morris, M. (2016). Drugs and Diseases: Pulmonology.
Medscape. Retrieved from:
emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview
Walsh, C. G., Sills, M. R., & Arnold, D. H. (2017). Time-
dependent severity change during treatment of pediatric patients
hospitalized for acute asthma exacerbations. Annals of Allergy,
Asthma & Immunology, 118(2), 226-227.

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