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Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 5
Disease and Disease-Producing
Organisms

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
acute etiology prognosis
antibiotic fungus protozoa
antiseptic helminth sign
arthropod host sterilization
asepsis infection symptom
bacteria microorganism syndrome
chronic nosocomial infection systemic
diagnosis opportunistic infection therapy
disease pandemic toxin
disinfectant parasite vector
endemic pathogen virulence
endospore pathophysiology virus
epidemic prion

Studies of Disease
Learning Objectives
1.Define disease, and list seven
categories of disease.
2.Explain the meaning of a
predisposing cause of disease, and
list seven such causes.
3.Describe the science of
epidemiology, and cite some types of
studies done in that field.

Disease Diagnosis, Treatment, and
Prevention
Learning Objectives
4.Define terms used in the diagnosis
and treatment of disease.
5.Define complementary and
alternative medicine; cite four
alternative or complementary fields of
practice.

Infectious Disease
Learning Objective
6.Explain methods by which
microorganisms can be transmitted
from one host to another.

Microbiology: The Study of Microorganisms
Learning Objectives
7.Name four types of organisms, and
give the characteristics of each.
8.Define normal flora, and explain the
value of it.
9.List some diseases caused by each
type of microorganism.

Parasitic Worms
Learning Objective
10. Name two categories of parasitic
worms, and give examples of each.

Microbial Control
Learning Objectives
11.Explain the role of parasitic
arthropods in causing disease.
12.Give four reasons for the emergence
and spread of microorganisms today.
13.Describe four public health
measures taken to prevent the spread
of disease.
14.Differentiate between sterilization
and disinfection, and give three
examples of each.
15.Describe four measures included as
part of body substance precautions.

Laboratory Identification of Pathogens
Learning Objectives
16.Name two types of antimicrobial
agents and give three examples of
each.
17.Describe three methods used to
identify microorganisms in the
laboratory.

Case Study
Learning Objective
18.Using the case study, describe a
virus’s mechanism of infection and
the host’s response.

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
19.Show how word parts are used to build words
related to disease.

Studies of Disease
Disease
•Abnormality of structure or function of part, organ, or
system
– May be felt or observed by others.
– May have a known or unknown cause.
– Severity of effects may be variable.

Studies of Disease (cont.)
Disease Categories
•Infection
•Degenerative diseases
•Nutritional diseases
•Metabolic disorders
•Immune disorders
•Neoplasms
•Psychiatric disorders

Figure 5-1 Rheumatoid arthritis.

Disease Causes
•Age
•Gender
•Heredity
•Living conditions and lifestyles
•Emotional disturbance
•Physical and chemical damage
•Preexisting illness

Epidemiology
•The study of the cause of disease in populations
•Disease statistics
– Incidence rate
– Prevalence rate
– Mortality rate
•Disease categories
– Epidemic
– Endemic
– Pandemic

Figure 5-2 Influenza pandemic.

✓
Checkpoints
5-1 What is disease?
5-2 Name several categories of disease.
5-3 What is the definition of a predisposing cause of
disease?
5-4 List several predisposing causes of disease.
5-5 Identify three types of statistics typically collected
by epidemiologists.

Prevention (cont.)
Diagnosis
•Symptoms
•Signs
•Syndrome
•Disease classification
– Acute
– Chronic
– Subacute
•Prognosis

Prevention (cont.)
Treatment
•Medication
•Surgery
•Other therapies
– Physical therapy
– Occupational therapy
– Respiratory therapy
– Nutritional therapy
– Counseling and support groups

Figure 5-3 Physical therapy.
Prevention (cont.)

Prevention (cont.)
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
•May be used with or instead of conventional medicine
– Naturopathy
– Chiropractic
– Acupuncture
– Biofeedback
– Massage
– Yoga
– Meditation
– Herbal remedies

Prevention (cont.)
Prevention
•Seeks to stop disease before it actually happens
– Stop smoking.
– Limit alcohol use.
– Eat a healthy diet.
– Maintain a healthy weight.
– Get regular exercise.
•Health promotion organizations
– The WHO
– The CDC

Prevention (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
5-6 What is the identification of an illness called?
5-7 What is a symptom? A sign?

Infectious Disease (cont.)
• Pathogens
– Microorganisms
– Parasites
• Infection
– Local
– Systemic
• Modes of transmission
– Direct
– Indirect

Portals of Entry
•Skin
•Respiratory tract
•Digestive system
•Urinary and reproductive systems

✓
Checkpoints
5-8 What is the relationship between a parasite and a
host?
5-9 What is a communicable disease?
5-10 What term describes any disease-causing organism?
5-11 What are some portals of entry and exit for
microorganisms?

Microbiology
Types
•Bacteria (bacteriology)
•Viruses (virology)
•Fungi (mycology)
•Protozoa (protozoology)
•Algae (algology)

Microbiology Organisms Studied in
Microbiology
Type of
Organisms
Name of
Study
Characteristics of Organism
Representative
Examples
Bacteria Bacteriology Simple, single-cell organisms.
Grow in many environments.
Lack a true nucleus and most
organelles
Bacteria
Viruses Virology Composed of nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA) and protein. Can
reproduce only within living cells
—obligate intracellular parasites
Viruses
Fungi Mycology Very simple, nongreen, plantlike
organisms. Single-cell, globular
forms are yeasts; multicellular
filamentous forms are molds
Fungi
Protozoa Protozoology Single-cell, animal-like organisms Protozoa

Microbiology (cont.)
Normal Flora
•Population of beneficial microorganisms that normally
grows on and within the human body

Bacteria
•Single-celled organisms
•Lack a true nucleus
•Found everywhere
•Types
– Anaerobic
– Aerobic
– Facultative anaerobes

Bacterial Specializations
•Endospores
•Flagella
•Pili

Figure 5-4 Endospores.

Figure 5-5 Flagella.

Shape and Arrangement of Bacteria
•Cocci
•Bacilli
•Vibrios
•Spirilla
•Spirochetes
•Rickettsia
•Chlamydiae

Naming Bacteria
•Genus name: Capitalized and italic
•Species name: Lowercase and italic
•Example: Escherichia coli or E. coli

Figure 5-6 Cocci (Gram stained).

Figure 5-7 Bacilli.

Figure 5-8 Curved rods.
What feature indicates that the cells in A are capable of
movement?

✓
Checkpoints
5-12 What categories of organisms are studied in
microbiology?
5-13 What term refers to microorganisms that normally
live in or on the body?
5-14 What are resistant forms of bacteria called?
5-15 What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

Viruses
•Extremely small microorganisms
•Composed of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat
of proteins
•Grow only within living cells
Microbiology: The Study of Microorganisms

Figure 5-9 Virus size comparison.
Microbiology: The Study of
Microorganisms (cont.)

Figure 5-10 Virus structure.

Infectious Proteins
•Prions
– Composed solely of protein

Fungi
•Large group of simple plantlike organisms; few are
pathogenic
•Types
– Yeasts
• Single-celled forms of fungi
– Molds
• Fuzzy, filamentous forms of fungi

Figure 5-11 Fungi.

Protozoa
•Animal-like, single-celled microbes found all over the
world
•Types
– Amebas
– Ciliates
– Flagellates
– Apicomplexans

Figure 5-12 Some parasitic protozoa.

✓
Checkpoints
5-16 How do viruses differ from bacteria?
5-17 What type of organism causes a mycotic infection?
5-18 What group of microorganisms is most animal-like?

Parasitic Worms
Learning Objective
10.Name two categories of parasitic
worms, and give examples of each.

Parasitic Worms (cont.)
• Parasites with human hosts, also called helminths
• Helminthology
– The study of parasitic worms
• Types
– Roundworms
– Flatworms

Round Worms
•Ascaris
•Pinworms
•Hookworms
•Filaria worms (filariasis, elephantiasis)

Figure 5-13 Common parasitic roundworms.
What kind of muscle tissue is shown in B?

Figure 5-14 Filariasis.

Flatworms
•Ribbon-like or leaf-shaped
– Tapeworms
– Flukes

Figure 5-15 Flatworms.

Figure 5-16 Arthropods.

✓
Checkpoints
5-19 What is the study of worms called?
5-20 Name two types of arthropods.

Microbial Control (cont.)
Some Reasons for the Emergence and Spread of
Microorganisms Today
•Increase in world population
•Disruption of animal habitats
•Increased travel (SARS)
•Opportunistic infections
•Changes in food handling

Public Health
•Sewage and garbage disposal
•Water purification
•Prevention of food contamination
•Pasteurization

Aseptic Techniques
•Sterilization
•Disinfection

Figure 5-17 Aseptic methods.
Microbial Control(cont.)

Infection Control Techniques
•Body substance precautions
•Handwashing
•OSHA

Antimicrobial Agents
•Antibiotics (antibacterial agents)
•Antiviral agents
– Limited number of effective antiviral drugs
• Block removal of protein coat of virus
• Block production of viral nucleic acid
• Block enzyme production needed to create new
virus particles

✓
Checkpoints
5-21 What are the two levels of asepsis?
5-22 What is the single most important measure for
preventing the spread of infection?
5-23 What is an antibiotic?

Learning Objectives
16.Name two types of antimicrobial
agents, and give three examples of
each.
17.Describe three methods used to
identify microorganisms in the
laboratory.

(cont.)
• Obtain and label specimens from patients.
• Grow out bacterial cells.
• Isolate individual organisms.
• Multiply to form colonies.
• Stain cells so they can be seen.
• Perform tests to identify organisms.

Other Methods of Identification
• Growth characteristics in liquid and solid media
• Oxygen requirements
• Ability of bacteria to utilize various carbohydrates
• Reaction to various chemicals
• Serologic (immunologic) tests

Figure 5-18 Isolated colonies of bacteria growing on a solid
medium.
Other Methods of Identification (cont.)

Figure 5-19 Gram-stained bacteria.
Other Methods of Identification (cont.)

(cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
5-24 What are the dyes used to color microorganisms
called?

Case Study (cont.)
Virus’s Mechanism of Infection
•Enter host cell
•Trick host into transcribing viral mRNA
•Trick host into translating the mRNA into viral protein
•Make new virus
Host’s Response
•Increase body temperature to slow viral replication
•Activate the immune system to seek out and destroy
virus

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
19. Show how word parts are used to build words
related to disease.

Word Anatomy (cont.)

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