Interview With Mr. Bracey Essay

Interview With Mr. Bracey Essay
On October 26, 2016 an interview was conducted with Mr. Johnathan Bracey. During the interview session, Mr. Bracey
was able to clearly state basic information about himself. Basic information such as date of birth, age, gender, ethnicity,
race, sexual orientation, relationship status, primary language, socioeconomic status, and religion were given. When
asked his date of birth Mr. Bracey stated, "I was born on the fifth of August during the year 1991, so I am currently
twenty–five years old." Mr. Bracey was then asked how he identifies and he responded he is an African American
heterosexual male as evidence by the client stating "I'm attracted to girls and girls only, so I classify myself as
heterosexual." The client reported his relationship by saying, "I like girls, but unfortunately I am not in a relationship at
the moment, nor have I ever been married, so you can say I'm single." Johnathan was asked his primary language and
was able to confirm English was his primary language by stating, "I only speak English, I learned Spanish in high
school, but I don't remember it very well." Mr. Bracey was then asked about his socioeconomic status; claiming he is a
part of the middle–class. Finally, he summarized his religious preference by stating, "I'm not really religious. I know
about God, but I wouldn't say I am a person who goes to church all the time." Based on this statement, the social
worker would conclude the client is a non–denominational Christian.
Presenting Problem
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Symptoms And Symptoms Of Heart Disease
Heart disease is common among dogs – almost as common as it is in humans. If you own a dog, and you have some
concerns about your dog 's health, it is important to understand what type of heart disease complications your dog may
experience, especially in response to infection, illness, diet, and lack of exercise. For many dogs the symptoms and
complications of heart disease are similar to what you would expect to see in human symptoms. Heart disease in dog 's
can be attributed to congenital complications as well. Typically, when your dog is young, you will want to have your
dog evaluated to determine if there are any congenital complications that may pre–dispose your dog to heart
complications early in life. When compounded by heart disease development, due to poor diet or other infections, your
dog will typically show signs of poor tolerance for exercise, have some swelling around the stomach and may even
show signs of weight loss. When evaluated, your dog 's veterinarian is going to listen for the presence of a gallop heart
sound which is indicative of swelling in and around the heart. The gallop heart sound will be a sound that is similar to a
third heart beat or echo and can typically only be heard with a stethoscope. Heart murmurs in dogs are also quite
common and while they can, to some extent, be corrected with surgery, most dogs will live a long time with heart
murmur. But, when heart disease is a concern, you will want to address the heart murmur issues as well.

Essay on Ch 19 CaseStudy3 VSD SSL
Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy
Tiffany is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to
get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. At his one month check–up, the nurse tells her that
Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and Tiffany breaks into tears.
Dr. Baker checks over Caleb in the exam room, taking extra time feeling and listening to his chest. After the exam Dr.
Baker says, "When I listen to Caleb's heart I hear an extra sound called a murmur. I want to use an echocardiogram and
an ECG to get a good picture of all the parts of his heart."
After a full day of tests, Tiffany meets with Dr. Baker in his office. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normally, a murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound heard during a heartbeat. (NIH.GOV)That is what
Dr.Baker probably heard when doing the examination.
2. The defect in Caleb's heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you
expect the blood to move from left–to–right ventricle or right–to–left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer
based on blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels. It goes left to right during systole. The difference
is normally, oxygen–poor (blue) blood returns to the right atrium from the body, travels to the right ventricle, and then
is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen. Oxygen–rich (red) blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs,
passes into the left ventricle, and then is pumped out to the body through the aorta. But when an infant has ventricular
septal defect it still allows oxygen–rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum,
and then mix with oxygen–poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. (ROCHESTER.EDU) but instead when systole
occurs the blood gets mixed because of the septum therefore heart needs to pump harder to ensure that enough blood
with oxygen reaches the body.
3. When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color–codes oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood
(blue).
a. In

Atrial Septal Defect Essay
All About ASD
According to the text approximately 1, 966 babies are born with Atrial Septal Defect. People who have this disorder are
dealing with this everyday of their life. Since Atrial Septal Defect is a heart condition, the symptoms and treatment
have an impact on everyday life.
Atrial Septal Defect is a common and interesting disorder. Atrial Septal Defect is mostly know as "a hole in the heart."
This disorder is birth defect. It can happen to male, female, adult, and kids. This disorder mostly happens to kids and
infant. Atrial Septal Defect is when there is a hole in your heart that doesn't allow oxygen to flow through. This can
causes difficulty breathing, heart murmur, and e.t.c... There three different types of level. These level are called ostium
secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The most severe level is ostium secundum which is the true atrial septal.
Then is ostium primum, and last sinus venosus. This genetic disorder is typically diagnosed by noticing .symptoms. ...
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One symptom is heart murmur. Heart murmur is when your heart makes swishing sound heard in you heart. Other
symptoms that are typically known is shortness of breath. This can happen when exercising or doing some kind of body
workout. These treatment can be treated by different kinds of things. This disorder can be treated by doing heart surgery
or cardiac catheterization. For the surgery they will stitch up the hole with surgical materials or your body's own tissue.
Cardiac catheterization is when they put a flexible tube in your heart to insert a device in the hole to cover it. People
who have atrial septal defect face fewer challenges in their daily

Blood Flow Dilated Cardiomyopathy Case Study
Heart(cardiovascular) disease involves many statuses where the normal function is disrupted by the condition of the
heart or blood vessels. It will slow down the delivery of oxygenated blood into the body. There are several requirements
for the heart to have a normal function. There needs to be adaptable coronary circulation because the vessels that supply
the oxygen and nutrients to the heart must be functional, capable and meet increased demands when needed. It must
provide a flexible response by the myocardial contractile cells so when the animal needs additional cardiac output
during exercise and stress, the cells of the heart can provide a higher heart rate output. The valves on the heart are
crucial and must be maintained for blood flow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a disease of the heart muscle that is characterized by an enlarged heart that alters its ability to function properly.
DCM is a primary myocardial disease characterized by cardiac chamber enlargement, arrhythmias, and diminished
cardiac contractility (Case et., al 2011). The upper and lower chambers of the heart become enlarged, with usually one
side being more severe than the other. Specifically, when the lower chamber becomes enlarged, its ability to pump
blood out of the lungs and body deteriorates. If this happens, fluid begins to fill the lungs and the heart becomes more
overloaded which then can lead to CHF ( PetMD).
Signs and symptoms that pertain to DCM include lethargy, anorexia, shortness of breath, coughing, abdominal
digestion, a slight loss of consciousness (PetMD). The enlarged heart can push against the trachea and cause severe
coughing. Portuguese Water Dogs can develop clinical signs of CHF as young as 2–3 months of age. There are
indications that appear to be a genetic predisposition in several large–and giant breeds. Irish Wolfhounds, Great Danes,
Saint Bernards, Newfoundlands, Dobermans, and Boxers are breeds that show an increased incidence of DCM (Case
et., al

Push-Up Lab Report
This lab report discusses the results of an experiment in which we compared the effects that doing push–ups has on the
two sexes. The aim of this experiment was to compare the way that the cardiovascular system reacts to moderately
heavy muscle activity. Notably, we wanted to see how this reaction varied in correlation to sex.
Procedure
In this experiment, we tested 4 human subjects of each sex, of the same age group. First we would make certain that
they were in a relaxed state in order to measure their resting heart rate. Heart rate was measured by having the subjects
count the number of beats of their heart for a duration of 10 seconds (measured with a timer), and then multiplying that
number by 6 to obtain a standardised measurement of BPM (beats per minute). After having measured resting heart
rate, we would have the subjects perform a set of three full push ups. Upon completion of the set, we had the subjects
immediately get up and count the number of beats that their heart made within 10 timed seconds. When told by the
observer that the 10 seconds were up, subjects announced the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When smoking, lots of carbon monoxide is inhaled, and since its bonding force is 100 times that of carbon dioxide, it
can stay in the system forever, limiting the amount of gas exchange that can happen. More carbon monoxide means less
oxygen, and the smoker's heart will have to pump blood faster in order to supply the cells of the body with the required
amount of oxygen. Moreover the nicotine in cigarettes stimulates the body to make adrenaline, and this makes the heart
work faster, raising blood pressure and heart rate. Smoking also damages arteries, leading to fat buildup that can narrow
the size of the arteries. Because of this, less blood can pass and the heart needs to beat faster. But in bad cases, fat build
up can lead to a higher chance of having a heart attack or a

Ventricular Septal Defect Essay
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Definition
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. During fetus development, a gap
occurs in the heart's lower wall between two ventricular chambers and allows blood to pass through from the left to the
right side of the heart. The blood rich with oxygen, pumped back to the lungs instead of out to the body and cause the
heart to work harder than usual.
Pathophysiology
Ventricular septal defect cause the blood flow move from high pressure, left ventricle, into the right ventricle, which
has lower pressure. Oxygenated blood instead of going to the systemic circulation enters into the left ventricle and goes
into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. As the result return of the blood from the lungs to the left atrium and
eventually into the left ventricle, will increase and cause dilation and hypertrophy of the chambers, increases end–
diastolic pressure, and raise the pulmonary venous pressure. By increasing the pulmonary blood flow, the pulmonary
capillary pressure also rises and that can increase the interstitial fluid in the lungs, and cause pulmonary edema. Finally,
as blood goes through the gap, from the LV to the RV, away from the aorta, case the cardiac output to drop,
Incidence
According to the centers for disease control and prevention, congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common
types of birth defect among children. Today CHD, mostly VSD, affect about 1% of every 40,000 babies

Heart Murmur Research Paper
Your new puppy has been active and playful, and gazing into his eyes makes your heart melt. Now, his first checkup
has the veterinarian taking an intense and lengthy listen to your puppy's heart. The doctor concludes this auscultation
with the pronouncement that your puppy has a heart murmur. Before you feel your own heart sink with dread, it is
important to understand how common, and often harmless, a puppy's heart murmur is. (Reference 1) American Kennel
Club Canine Health Foundation: Diagnosing Heart Murmurs In Dogs http://akcchf.petwave.com/Dogs/Health/Heart–
Murmurs/Diagnosis.aspx The Whoosh of a Murmur A heart murmur is an abnormal heart sound. Instead of the normal
"lub–dub" sound of each heartbeat, a veterinarian will hear a whooshing sound in between the "lub" and the "dub." This
whooshing sound is the murmur, and it is caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. In some cases, a murmur
indicates an anatomical defect in the valves or chambers in the heart. If a valve does not open or close ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is simply a result of your puppy growing so quickly and his heart increasing the blood flow to accommodate.
(Reference 4) These murmurs usually appear around the age of six to eight weeks, (Reference 3) and they disappear
between four and six months of age. (Reference 2) These benign murmurs are understandably concerning for new
puppy owners. More often than not, they soon vanish without incident. Your veterinarian will listen closely each time
your puppy returns for a vaccination booster. The Merck Veterinary Manuals: Diagnosis of Heart Disease
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/circulatory_system/heart_disease_and_heart_failure/diagnosis_of_heart_disease.html
Further

Introduction Of Sudden Cardiac Death
Introduction
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death in exercising young athletes. 1 Current estimates of the
incidence of SCD in athletes range from almost one in a million to 1:23,000 athletes per year, while some
subpopulations of athletes are reported at even higher risk with an incidence of 1 in 3,000. 2 Such deaths often receive
more attention because of the youth of the victims and the perception that physically trained athletes are healthy. 3 SCD
is often a result of structural cardiac abnormalities that can be detected through the use of pre–participation physicals. 1
Pre–participation cardiovascular screening is the systematic practice of medically evaluating large, general populations
of athletes before participation to eliminate risk of SCD. 3 The National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) requires
BOC (Board of Certification) certified athletic trainers to be educated, trained, and evaluated in six major practice
domains. 4 Prevention and clinical evaluation are two of the six domains. The American Heart Association suggests that
pre–screening athletes can improve the detection of cardiac abnormalities. 5 Athletic Trainers are increasingly required
to be the health care professionals administering pre–participation physicals. Athletic trainers need to have clinical
competence such as knowledge and skill, and confidence in performing cardiac auscultations to effectively detect
cardiac abnormalities in athletes. The purpose of this study is

Heart Assessment Essay
During inspection of the heart assessment observe abnormal finding. Inspect the jugular vein and the carotid artery.
Note pallor or cyanotic skin color, temperature, turgor, texture, and clubbing of finger. Observe for swelling, edema and
ulceration. Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia caused by a lengthy cardiovascular or respiratory. Poor cardiac output
and tissue perfusion is noted by cyanosis and pallor. For dark–skinned, inspect his mucous membranes for pallor.
Decreases or absent of pulse with cool, pale, and shiny skin, and hair loss to the area, and the patient may have pain in
the legs and feet may indicate arterial insufficiency. Ulcerations typically occur in the area around the toes, and the foot
usually turns deep red when dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Follow a systematic palpate the sternoclavicular, aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid and epigastric areas using a systematic
sequence. Using the ball of hand find the apical pulse then tips of finger over the precordium. Note abnormal finding
such as heaves, thrills and fine vibration (purring cat). Palpate the other arterial pulses by pressing with the pads of your
index and middle finger. Start at the temporal artery and work down to the dorsalis pedis pulse. Abnormal finding such
week pulse could be due to cold weather or can indicate sever heart failure or peripheral vascular disease. Strong or
bounding pulsations usually occur in a patient with a condition that causes increased cardiac output, such as
hypertension, hypoxia, anemia, exercise, or anxiety. A thrill usually suggests a valvular dysfunction.
Percuss at the anterior axillary line and continue toward the sternum along the fifth intercostal space. The sound
changes from resonance to dullness over the left border of the heart, normally at the midclavicular line. Percussing is
used to help locate cardiac borders. It is important to know that the right border of the heart is usually aligned with the
sternum and can't be

Auscultation Of The Heart
Heart murmurs are swishing or whooshing sounds created by turbulent blood with each heartbeat. This sound is usually
observed through auscultation of the heart with a stethoscope. Many times, this sound is indicative to underlying
cardiac abnormalities. However, the sound can be benign and many live without incident and asymptomatic.
Abnormalities to the structure of the heart may be the main cause. These malfunctions can be congenital in nature or
may come with stress on the heart and valves. Common structural conditions are stenosis of the heart (mitral, aortic,
tricuspid, pulmonary), regurgitations (mitral, aortic, tricuspid), septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus. Damage to
the structure may also be caused by myocardial infarction, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assess heart/lung sounds – Auscultating exhibits clarity for abnormal adventitious sounds such as S3 related to
ventricular hypertrophy and S4 indicative to atrial hypertrophy and hypertension. Listen for pulmonary malfunction and
fluid in lung bases.
Monitor hemodynamic status for elevation in systemic vascular resistance and decrease in cardiac output.
Maintain strict input and output to assist in monitoring cardiac status.
Encourage relaxation by providing comfortable environment reducing stimulation while reducing systemic stimulus.
Encourage patient to stop smoking. Provide her with education and offer smoking cessation.
Monitor medications for signs and symptoms of toxicity, side effects, and adverse effects.
Diltiazem is an antihypertensive medication called calcium channel blockers (CCB). In African–Americans
hypertensive patients CCBs are more effective than other anti–hypertensive medications. Possible side effects from the
medication that this patient demonstrates are headache, dyspnea, dizziness and excessive weight

A Brief Look at the Human Heart
The heart is one of the most important organs in the entire human body. It is really nothing more than a pump,
composed of muscle which pumps blood throughout the body, beating approximately 72 times per minute of our lives.
The heart pumps the blood, which carries all the vital materials which help our bodies function and removes the waste
products that we do not need. It is so essential to our survival that any malfunction or congenital or acquired defect can
lead to major complications and possibly death. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital heart disease that
affects the membranous part of the interventricular septum. A defect in the interventricular septum allows
communication between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. As a result, flow moves from a region of high
pressure to a region of low pressure. In other words, blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, hence the
name left–to–right shunt. There are various degrees of severity for this disease by having either a small or large shunt.
Patients with a small shunt are asymptomatic and their life prognosis is very optimistic compared to those with a large
shunt. In the latter case, a medium to large shunt increases pulmonary blood flow, which causes pulmonary disease and
may cause cardiac failure. This congenital heart disease is the most common of form of congenital cardiovascular
anomalies. Other forms of congenital heart disease (CHD) include atrial septal defect (ASD), pulmonary

Valvular Heart Disease Essay
Valvular heart disease is when a valve is damaged or has a defect in one of the four valves in the heart. There are four
types of valves you have the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary. All of theses valves have significant jobs of
moving blood through the heart to get to the rest of the body. Now the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are used to
control the blood between the atria and the ventricles which is the upper and lower chambers of the heart. Also the
valves that are frequently affected by valvular disease are the mitral and aortic valves. The valve that controls the flow
of blood through the heart is the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve governs the flow of blood between the aorta and
the heart. To ensure that the blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Causes are regurgitation, stenosis, artesia. Regurgitation is when a valve flaps and blood leaks backwards. Stenosis is
when the valve becomes thick and stiff. Results are narrow openings and reduced blood flow. Artesia is when the valve
isn't fully formed and it is a sheet of solid tissue that blocks the blood flow. People don't usually feel the symptoms of
this disease for a long time. There is a infection of the inner lining of the heart muscle and heart valves called Bacterial
Endocarditis. Things that can damage the aortic valve are high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Now also one or
more valves can get damaged from other disorders for example carcinoid tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosus, syphilis. Also there are drugs that can promote heart valve disease for example, Methysergide which is a
medication that helps treat migraine headaches. Some common symptoms are irregular heartbeat, swelling of ankles
and feet, dizziness, fainting. Now some symptoms that aren't really common are a heart murmur which can be
determined when a doctor listens to the heart and shortness of breath when lying down or being very

Asd Essay
Discuss the definitions of ASD and VSD The normal flow of blood through the heart consists of the entry of blood to
the right atrium through to the right ventricle and then the blood passes through the tricuspid valve entering the lungs
and then through to the left atrium and to the left ventricle via the mitral valve and finally into the body. During fetal
development, however there are the risks for congenital anomalies. These congenital heart disorders consist of Atrial
septal defect (ASD) and Ventricular septal defect (VSD). ASD is one of the common congenital heart defects that
requires interventional measures or repair. The condition occurs when the foramen ovale the opening between the atria
prior to birth does not close and there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With auscultation, a systolic ejection murmur may be heard and described as soft and scratchy along the left upper
sternal border (Renuka & Thenmozhi, 2015). Another physical finding is a wide fixed split of S2 which may or may not
be present (Renuka & Thenmozhi, 2015). Diagnostic studies like an electrocardiogram may show rhythms including
sinus, atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (Renuka & Thenmozhi, 2015). Other diagnostic findings include cardiomegaly
on a chest x–ray (Renuka & Thenmozhi, 2015). Children with VSD often present as underdeveloped and small for their
age secondary to the increased need for caloric intake because of an increased work of breathing with decreased lung
compliance (Spicer et al., 2014). With large defects, children present with harsh pansystolic murmur heard best at the
left lower sternal border which may include a thrill (Goolsby & Grubbs, 2014). Also, electrocardiogram and chest x–ray
findings are often consistent with left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomegaly (Goolsby & Grubbs, 2014).
What are the symptoms and physical exam findings from auscultation for each in adults? ASD in adults creates
symptoms which include dyspnea, palpitations and shortness of breath with activity and the clinical manifestations of
arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation are presented (Goolsby & Grubbs, 2014). Other physical findings include, the
visualization of a pulsation that lies over the second and third intercostal space, a pulmonic

Mitral Valve Prolapse Is A Common Cardiac Disorder
Mitral Valve Prolapse is a common cardiac disorder, affecting two to three percent of the general population annually
(Delling & Vasan, 2014). Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is characterized by changes in the mitral leaflet tissue with
displacement of the one or both leaflets into the left atrium of the heart. Because the leaflets do not close tightly to seal
the valve, they are commonly referred to as being "floppy". The mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left
ventricle into the left atrium of the heart, and when the leaflets become floppy it can cause backflow of the blood, also
known as regurgitation (Delling & Vasan, 2014). This backflow of blood, or regurgitation, causes a murmur or turbulent
blood flow, which can be heard on auscultation.
Contributing Factors The exact cause of MVP is not known. Research has shown that valvular disorders tend to be
hereditary and are common in people who are born with other disorders, specifically connective tissue, autoimmune,
and skeletal disorders (Arapcic, 2011). Recently, researchers have also discovered a mutation in the DCHS1 gene that
causes MVP (Durst et al., 2015). Patient X, a 50 year old African American female admitted with MVP, states she has
been having a murmur since childhood and has been asymptomatic until recently.
Assessment of heart A physical examination, specifically auscultation of the heart, as well as an electrocardiogram and
echocardiogram are used to assess the heart fully. Upon physical

Physician Patient Interactions And The Development Of...
In the medical world, physician–patient interactions are vital to the development of relationships between physicians
and patients. For this paper, I observed a Pediatrician's interaction with three very different patients. Even within
Pediatrics, doctors see children of many different ages and have to adjust their communication methods and skills
depending on specific situations. In this paper, I shall be discussing 3 of the interactions that I observed, which included
a regular checkup for an 18 month baby, a yearly checkup for an 8 year old boy, and a sick 11 year old boy. From these
experiences, which I shall describe more in detail throughout this paper, I learned that the majority of the concepts that
we explored this year through this class play major roles in affecting physician–patient encounters in the real world and
that each and every patient encounter is unique, because physicians tailor their skills and behavior based on the context
and situation of the interaction.
REFLECTION ON THREE PATIENT ENCOUNTERS
The first patient that I observed was a young 11 year old boy who came in complaining about having nasal congestion,
fever, and a persistent cough from the past week. Throughout the encounter, the flow of communication was pretty
good and balanced, as the physician asked questions and after the patient responded the physician asked follow up
questions. However, one major factor that affected the encounter was the presence of a "third party". The patient's

The Heart Of A Heart: The Beauty Of The Heart
In our search for knowledge our world is filled with constant shifts and changes, and the beauty of itself is often left in
silence while we're engulfed with constant experiences. This essay from the London Review of Books explores such
beauty through the existence of a heartbeat. The essay is written from the experiences of a doctor towards a general
audience who may not understand scientific jargon by embedding imagery alongside his own experiences, and explores
his enlightenment of the beauty within hearing the heartbeat of others.
This essay is written in first person in the perspective of the author through the usage of personal pronouns within the
text such as "I". This is used to bring about a sense of intimacy to the audience with the author, and distinguishes itself
from a regular essay as the author attempts to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Healthy cardiac valves close with a soft percussive noise, like a gloved finger tapping on a leather–topped desk". The
usage of musical jargon is followed by the use of simile within the text to illustrate this. The example here is used to
reveal movement, and its links to the beauty of the heart. Movement is constantly revealed throughout this, when the
author alludes to the fact that the movement within the heart resembles a child. "... Murmurs that can be high–pitched
or low, loud or soft...". The word murmur presents a vocal direction when personified represents the murmur of a child
as the murmurs of children contain similar qualities as in the example. The example of a new born child is again used
by the author, to describe the beauty and distinctiveness of the heartbeat. "The foetal heartbeat was distinct, fluttering
fast like a bird over the oceanic swell of the mother's pulse, an allegro played over an adagio". The author here uses
vivid imagery, accompanied by a simile to reveal the beauty within a

Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Kristen Ammen
The mitral valve is located on the left side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle. The purpose of the
mitral valve is to form a seal between these two chambers of the heart to prevent the back flow of blood. When blood
enters the left side of the heart, it is oxygenated and enters through the pulmonary veins. The blood then travels through
the left atrium; the bicuspid (mitral) valve then opens to let the blood flow down to the left ventricle. The left ventricle
contracts, causing the mitral valve to close (preventing the backflow of blood).When the left ventricle contracts it is
pumping the blood out to the remainder of the body. (Jenkins, 2007) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The blood clot can then travel through an artery and cause a heart attack or if it travels to the brain can cause a stroke.
Mitral valve prolapse can also lead to shortness of breath and chest pain. Mitral valve prolapse can lead to infections of
the heart or other areas of the body. Mitral valve prolapse is rarely deadly. (American Heart Association, 2013) Mitral
valve prolapse is usually detected through a routine physical. Most patients do not have any symptoms when the
murmur may be heard. When auscultation occurs, you will hear a normal S1 and quiet systole. The valve will then have
a mid–systolic click that is very pronounced. A crescendo–decrescendo is immediately heard after the mid–systolic
click. This is best heard in the apex area of the chest. (Systolic Murmurs– Mitral Valve Prolapse) To properly diagnose
the disorder an echocardiogram has to be done. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart that can show the
characteristics of the valve and to examine if the valve is allowing leakage or backflow. (National Heart, Lung, and
Blood Institute, 2011) Misdiagnosis in the past effected 5–15 percent of patients who were actually suffering from other
conditions that were causing the valves to bulge and mimic mitral valve prolapse. In the years past doctors would
prescribe antibiotics to patients who was having dental procedures done but The American Heart Association does not
recommend the prescribing

Mitral Valve Disease Essay
Mitral Valve disease is the most common heart disease in dogs, it is responsible for 75% of heart disease in dogs. It is
thought to be genetic and is more common in smaller breeds, especially in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels where it is
the leading cause of death, it can also effect larger breeds.
Mitral valve disease effects the cardiovascular system. In a healthy animal deoxygenated blood flows into the heart
from the vena cava into the right atrium, it then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From here the
blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where is it oxygenated, next it flows from the lungs to the left
atrium via the pulmonary vein. Here it passes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is no cure for mitral valve disease, it can only be managed and treatment can change as the disease progresses.
The treatment is commonly diuretics, positive inotropes, vasodilators and other medications that help relieve the
symptoms of heart failure and regulate blood pressure. Sometimes treatment does not work in severe cases and the dog
will die even with treatment. The only way to prevent the disease is to stop the dog from breeding either by neutering
the animal or keeping it away from potential

The Classifications Of Augmented Reality
4.2 Classifications of Augmented reality
There are two types of simple augmented reality: marker–based which uses cameras and visual cues, and marker less
which use positional data such as a mobile 's GPS and compass.
i) Marker based AR
Various types of markers are images that can be detected by a camera, and used by the software as the location for
virtual assets placed in a scene. Most of them are black and white markers. Simple augmented reality markers can
consist of some basic shapes made up of black squares against a white background. More elaborate markers can be
created using simple images that are still read properly by a camera, and these codes can even take the form of tattoos.
ii) Marker less AR
In marker–less augmented reality the image is gathered from the internet and displayed on a particular location
(gathered using GPS). The application doesn't require a marker to display the content. It is more interactive than marker
based augmentation.
4.3 AR based approach
The feature of the software platform that enables to visualize applications is Vuforia [web based tool] and is given in
TABLE 2.
TABLE 2: Features of the web based tool Vuforia.
Sl.
No. Capabilities Type Examples
1. To recognize images and objects Flat images Print media and product packaging
2. Supports geometric shapes classification Multi Targets of JPG/PNG/RGB/ Gray–scale Cascaded Images
3. Mapping physical environment Smart Terrain 3D Mesh Creation
A. Extended features
Create devices and

Case Study : Coa Or Coarctation Of The Aorta
CASE STUDY: COA or COARCTATION OF THE AORTA Included in the following is a case study of a two–month–
old male patient diagnosed with Coarctation of the Aorta (COA). COA occurs in less than 200,000 patients per year,
usually found in newborns and infants. (Mayo Clinic, 2017) Usually present at birth, COA is the congenital narrowing
of a short or long section of the aorta. Patients that are diagnosed with COA can have additional heart defects, and the
cause is unknown. (AHA, 2009) Which shows true in my patient in this case study who was also diagnosed with VSD,
ventricular septal defect. COA left untreated could result in additional cardiac complications, and could even be fatal.
Surgical and/or therapeutic catheterization interventions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This defect affects the aorta which is the vessel that comes off the left ventricle to deliver oxygenated blood throughout
the body. COA appears as a pinched portion of the aorta that limits blood flow, or acts as an obstruction preventing
blood flow through the aorta. The portion of the aorta that is affected can be a short or long section. COA depending on
the severity can affect the afterload of the left ventricle significantly, then causing right sided compensatory
hypertrophy due to the effort the heart must make to squeeze the oxygenated blood through the affected area. Other
defects or anomalies can greatly affect the pathophysiology such as coarctation of the aorta with ventricular septal
defect, which is a defect in the septal wall causing the heart to have to work even harder. Another common anomaly is
coarctation of the aorta with patent ductus arteriosus, which is a hole in the aorta causing the blood to skip a necessary
step for circulation. The more cardiac defects the patient has the more complications the patient will incur and creating
a more difficult or risky medical and/or surgical intervention, or long term affects that may require medications, or
additional surgeries later in life.
CLINICAL FINDINGS (SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE) A newborn with greater narrowing of the aorta will show
earlier, and more severe symptoms, where as a newborn with less of a narrowing may not be diagnosed until

Systolic Murmur Research Paper
A murmur is a series of vibrations of variable duration that is able to hear with a stethoscope at the chest wall during a
heart auscultation, that emanates from the heart or great vessels. A systolic murmur is a murmur that begins during or
after the first heart sound and ends before or during the second heart sound. Certain clinical features common to all
murmurs must be defined in the patient with a systolic murmur. These characteristics are intensity (loudness),
frequency (pitch), quality, duration, configuration, primary location (point of maximum intensity), and site(s) of
radiation. Localizing their point of maximum intensity may aid greatly in determining their site of evolution. Not all
heart murmurs radiate; however, when it occurs,

Heart Murmur Essay
Explain the murmur from a mechanistic view of the hearts physiological functioning? A heart murmur can be an
indicator of a congenital heart defect (CHD). However, there are cases where a heart murmur does not indicate any
pathological anomalies. Innocent or inorganic heart murmurs will not typically cause patients any problems, and are
either accidental or functional (Begic et al., 2016). Organic heart murmurs are indicative of a heart defect or disease,
congenital or acquired (Begic et al., 2016). If there changes, such as a narrowing, in the heart valves, muscle, or blood
vessels, a heart murmur can occur (Bergic et al., 2016). With these changes, the velocity of blood flow becomes altered
due to the size of the opening the blood must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2013). Patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: Do we have the right answers? BioMed Research International,
2013, 676192. doi: http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/676192
Begic, Z., Dinarevic, S.M., Pesto, S., Begic, E., Dobraca, A., & Masic, I. (2016). Evaluation of diagnostic methods in
the differentiation of heart murmurs in children. Acta Informatica Medica, 24(2), 94–98. doi:
http://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2016.24.94–98
Clyman, R.I. (2013). The role of patent ductus arteriosus and its treatments in development of bronchopulmonary
dysplasia. Seminars in Perinatology, 37(2), 102–107. doi: http://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2013.01.006
Oncel, M.Y., & Erdeve, O. (2016). Oral medications regarding their safety and efficacy in the management of patent
ductus arteriosus. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 5(1), 75–81. doi: http://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v5.i1.75
Wardle, A.J., Osman, A., Tulloh, R., Luyt, K. (2014). Patent ductus arteriosus: An analysis of management. Cardiology
in the Young, 24(50), 941–943. doi:

Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Explain the murmur from a mechanistic view of the hearts physiological functioning?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is one of the common congenital left to right cardiac defects seen in children. The
ductus arteriosus is a large communication pathway that is naturally patent in the fetus, connecting the trunk of the
major pulmonary artery to the descending aorta (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). During the fetal life, ductus
arteriosus is a normal structure that allows the blood to pass from the right ventricle to the descending aorta by
bypassing the pulmonary circulation. The ductus arteriosus is an important structure in the fetal development as it allow
the blood flow to the rest of the fetal organ and structure. In fetus pulmonary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The incidence of PDA is approximately 0.02 to 0.04 percent in term infants and 20 to 60 percent in preterm neonates.
Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for six to eleven percent of all congenital heart defects. PDA is found twice as often in
females than in males (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). The incidence of PDA is increased in children who are
born prematurely, children with a history of perinatal asphyxia, and, possibly, children born at high altitude. Up to 30
percent low birth infants develop PDA (Kim, 2016).
How is a patent ductus arteriosus

Acute Coronary Disease
Cardiac RRR with no murmur or gallops. A regular rate and .rhythm means the four chambers of the heart (atriums and
ventricles) are working correctly mechanically and electrically. There is no evidence of abnormal cardiac function,
indicating valve disorders, myocardial infarction (MI) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). There are no signs or
symptoms of shock due to sepsis from a perforated ulcer. These symptoms would include tachycardia and hypotension.
As there are no murmurs, the valves are also opening and closing normally, thus allowing the blood to flow in the right
direction. This indicates that the heart valves are not allowing the blood to flow backwards (regurgitation) or to flow in
the correct direction but through a narrowed or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The deceased activity of the propulsive actions of the intestines leads to an ileus, so there is no evidence for this. Patient
had dyspepsia in past and took Tums but this is much worse and only partially relieved by chewable antacids. The pain
has a burning quality and relieved with eating, especially drinking milk, but returns about two hours after eating. Thus,
food and milk are relieving factors for the dyspepsia. The patient denies early satiety, anorexia or weight loss; therefore
there is no evidence for gastric masses or gastroparesis. The stated symptoms of early satiety, anorexia and weight loss
are indicators of stomach cancer, gastric masses or gastroparesis. The patient denies radiation of pain to back, melena,
hematemesis or fever. When a gastric or duodenal ulcer perforates, especially in a posterior perforation, there is often
pain radiating to the back. A peptic ulcer ulcerates the gastric mucosa. In a perforation, the ulceration erodes the mucosa
and extends into the layers below the mucosa, which may include blood vessels. This leads to free air in the abdomen as
well as bleeding. Since his pain does not radiate, there are no signs or symptoms of gastric or duodenal perforation. In
peritonitis, the patient would have a fever as an indication of an infectious process. Peptic ulcer perforations are found
in 2–10% of patients with PUD. Of these perforations, 60% are duodenal, 20% are antral and 20% are gastric body
(Yeung,

Detection Of Heart Abnormality Using Image Based Heart...
Detection of Heart Abnormality Using Image Based Heart Sound Signal With Augmented Reality Suresh.D,
B.C.Premkumar, Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics, Department of Electronics
and communication School of Engg., and Technology, Jain University GSSS Institute of Technology for women
sureshd1230@gmail.com pramukhatech15@gmail.com Abstract: In this paper, heart sound signal is obtained from
stethoscope and converted in to a wave pattern using phonocardiograph (PCG). Various cardiac sound signal wave
patterns obtained from PCG may have normal and abnormal sound signals. Abnormal sound signals are called heart
murmurs. These sound signal wave patterns are to be made available in the form JPEG image which is in detecting
heart abnormalities. Augmented Reality(AR) is an emerging technology in which one's perception of the real–time
environment is enhanced by superimposing computer–generated information such as graphical, textual, audio content,
and objects onto a display screen. The proposed application is an android mobile based application which will be
compatible with all the existing and upcoming versions of the operating system. This technique helps the user to view
the virtual object in the real world

Chest Pain In Pediatric Patients
Many pediatric patients arrive at their primary care provider's office, urgent care, or the emergency department with
complaints of chest pain. According to Hay, Levin, Deterding, and Abzug (2014), 6 in 1000 emergency and urgent care
visits are in pediatric population is attributed to chest pain. Despite the frequency of the presenting symptoms, it is
revealed that the majority of children who report chest pain do not have true cardiac related chest pain. The evaluation
and management of chest pain in the pediatric population depends on the setting in which the patient is seeking care. In
all levels of care, a pediatric patient who reports chest pain must be thoroughly assessed to determine the origination of
the pain. The patient must be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children will sometimes present to primary care office with bruising and it is up to the provider to conduct a well–
rounded assessment to determine the nature of the bruise. Children who admit to have been abuses, who are witnessed
to have been abused or who have typical signs of abuse do not typically require an evaluation for blood disorders. Also
bruises that occur secondary to trauma does not always require an evaluation for bleeding disorder either. An abnormal
bruising is any bruise that is not a result of trauma or bleeding disorder such as hand patterned bruising and bruising
that is a result of witnessed trauma (Anderst, Carpenter, and Abshire,

Congested Heart Failure Case Study Essay
Congested Heart Failure
(adapted from McGraw Hill Case Studies)
Chief Complaint: 74–year–old woman with shortness of breath and swelling.
History: Martha Wilmington, a 74–year–old woman with a history of rheumatic fever while in her twenties, presented
to her physician with complaints of increasing shortness of breath ("dyspnea") upon exertion. She also noted that the
typical swelling she's had in her ankles for years has started to get worse over the past two months, making it especially
difficult to get her shoes on toward the end of the day. In the past week, she's had a decreased appetite, some nausea and
vomiting, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
On physical examination, Martha's jugular veins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the blood quickly flows in, it will hit the hardened walls, creating an extra sound. In congestive heart failure, preload
and contractility are major factors in the improper functioning of the heart as a pump.
3) Is her history of rheumatic fever relevant to her current symptoms? Explain. Rheumatic fever caused by Group A
Streptococcus bacteria may cause damage to heart tissues including valves. Overtime, congestive heart failure may
have developed. However, the pulmonary semilunar valve seems to be the issue in this case study, whereas rheumatic
fever normally affects left heart tissue.
4) A chest X–ray reveals a cardiac silhouette that is normal in diameter. Does this rule out a possible problem with
Martha's heart? Explain. No, a normal diameter of a cardiac silhouette does not rule out a problem with Martha's heart.
The heart adapts and will compensate for damage in order to still function optimally. The right ventricle, in this case,
will become stronger in order to push the same amount of blood (stroke volume) through the narrowed pulmonary
semi–lunar valve. This thickening doesn't necessarily change the inner diameter.
5) You examine Martha's abdomen and find that she has an enlarged liver ("hepatomegaly") and a moderate degree of
ascites (water in the peritoneal cavity). Explain these findings.
The increased resistance of blood flow through the pulmonary semilunar valve from the right ventricle backs up the
pressure of blood

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Rheumatic Fever
1. What is causing this murmur?
In the case of Martha, she had an episode of rheumatic fever in her twenties. Rheumatic fever, of which is an illness
brought on by Streptococcus A, produces a protein that attaches to the cell wall of an organism causing inflammation.
This can affect the heart and cause pancarditis, which is an infection of the entire heart. Endocarditis is the portion of
pancarditis that causes valvular disorders. Though the pulmonic valve is not commonly affected, it is still a possibility.
The valve apparatus can become fused leading to stenosis years after a rheumatic fever episode that is acute, and
damage can become progressive if there are subsequent episodes (Chin, 2014). With Martha 's murmur being low in
pitch and more of a rumbling, it is considered a narrowing of the valve or stenosis. The murmur is located left of the
sternal border and in the upper portion. This is the pulmonic valve region, which would make this a pulmonic valve
stenosis (Rao, 2014). According to Rao (2014), the murmur is due to the leaflets of the pulmonic valve not completely
opening. This causes a resistance of the blood flowing foward through the valve, which happens during systole of the
ventricles. This further causes a turbulence of the blood and makes the sound of the murmur. Pulmonic valve stenosis
can then lead to ventricular hypertrophy of the right ventricle, which is proportional to how obstructed the valve
becomes (Rao, 2014).
2. What is causing her "S3" heart

Attributes Of An Ideal Image Target Related Work
TABLE 3: Attributes of an Ideal image target Related Work
Sl. No. Attribute Example
1. Rich in detail PCG scene, group of features, Mixtures of hidden acoustic signals and murmurs
2. Good contrast Bright and dark regions, and well–lit
3. No repetitive patterns Abnormalities may be multiple and random.
4. Format Must be 8– or 24–bit PNG and JPG formats; less than 2 MB in size; JPGs must be RGB or greyscale (no
CMYK)
C. Applications
1. Text recognition from a vocabulary of words.
2. Object recognition from scanning: This application is utilized in this work for PCG wave image and the classification
is done. With this method, apps that recognize and track intricate rigid scans can be achieved. This includes wrapped
target images (cylinder Targets)
3. Content interaction: This is used in this work, with the PCG wave content (without the need for feature extraction)
interacting with the background classification algorithm.
D. Advantages
1. Standalone 'app' has the advantage that Query times for device databases are faster than for cloud databases.
2. Data in Standalone 'app' support tracking of multiple targets simultaneously, while cloud databases support tracking
of only one target at a time.
3. Large Device Databases can take up to a few seconds to load, while the Cloud Databases can be queried as soon as
your app starts up.
Hamming distance method
This method is adopted to detect the heart abnormalities by making use of the hamming distance between two images.
Hamming

Cardiovascular Alterations: A Case Study
Cardiovascular Alterations In reviewing this unornate scenario, I would diagnose this 16 year old teen with
Hypertrophic obstruction cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has to categories: Hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy and hypertensive or valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Huether & McCance, 2012). Hypertrophic
obstructive cardiomyopathy is the most commonly inherited cardiac disorder. It is characterized by thickening of the
septal wall, which may cause outflow obstruction to the left ventricle outflow tract ( Huether & McCance, 2012).
According to Huether & McCance, 2012, pg. 612, 33% of sudden deaths and dysrhythmias in younger athletes have
been linked to this disorder. With above the teenager, he was an athlete and died suddenly on the field. Some of the
signs and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If he would have been diagnosed with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy or referred to a specialist at the time of
the visit his condition may have been treated which would have prevented his death. Sometimes it is hard to tell a teen
that that he or she needs to take medication, or stop something that they love all together. This disorder may be treated
by lifestyle modifications such as avoiding strenuous weight lifting, and avoid competitive athletics. Patient should
remain hydrated to prevent the left ventricles from obstructing. Beta blockers are a medication that is used as well to
the decrease the outflow gradient and decrease oxygen demand. It is important that the family be educated so they are
able to regulate, and make sure the teen is taking his medication.
Risk Factor Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease that causes the heart muscle to become thickened
(Maron, 2015). According to the Mayo Clinic (n.d.), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder; however,
environmental or lifestyle factors may influence how and when the disease appears in individuals.

Heart Murmurs
Definition
A heart murmur is an abnormal, extra sound during the heartbeat cycle made by blood moving through the heart and its
valves. It is detected by the physician's examination using a stethoscope.
Description
A heart which is beating normal makes two sounds, "lubb" when the valves between the atria and ventricles close, and
"dupp" when the valves between the ventricles and the major arteries close. A heart murmur is a series of vibratory
sounds made by turbulent blood flow. The sounds are longer than normal heart sounds and can be heard between the
normal sounds of the heart.
Heart murmurs are common in children and can also result from heart or valve defects. Nearly two thirds of heart
murmurs in children are produced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Innocent heart murmurs and those which do not impair the function of the heart have no symptoms. Murmurs that are
due to severe abnormalities of a heart valve may cause shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pains, palpitations, and lung
congestion.
Diagnosis
Heart murmurs can be heard when a physician listens to the heart through a stethoscope during a regular check–up.
Very loud heart murmurs and those with clicks or extra heart sounds should be evaluated further. Infants with heart
murmurs who do not thrive, eat, or breath properly and older children who lose consciousness suddenly or are
intolerant to exercise should also be evaluated. If the murmur sounds suspicious, the physician may order a chest x ray,
an electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows the heart's activity and may reveal muscle thickening, damage, or a lack of oxygen.
Electrodes covered with conducting jelly are placed on the patient's chest, arms, and legs. They send impulses of the
heart's activity through a monitor (oscilloscope) to a recorder which traces them on paper. The test takes about 10
minutes and is commonly performed in a physician's office. An exercise ECG can reveal additional

Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venus Return
Jacie Fields
English Comp 1
Research Essay
P.A.P.V.R
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venus Return also known as (PAPVR) is when the four pulmonary veins return oxygen–
rich blood from the lungs back to the right atrium. PAPVR is more commonly diagnosed among children. This
condition causes oxygen–rich blood to flow back into the lungs instead of forward to the rest of the body. PAPVR is a
rare congenital heart defect that can either be total (TAPVR) or partial (PAPVR). If it is not diagnosed and treated early
in life it can create extreme difficulties in their life and eventually might need to have a total heart transplant. PAPVR
can affect people in many ways; however, it can become life threatening if not treated.
To begin with, PAPVR can be diagnosed during pregnancy but, more often isn 't diagnosed until after the baby is born.
It is usually diagnosed during pregnancy with an ultrasound test that checks for birth defects and other conditions the
baby might have. If the health care provider notices anything then they can request a fetal electrocardiogram to confirm
the diagnosis. If the baby is born with no defects detected some symptoms can occur at birth or soon afterwards.
Additionally, using a stethoscope, a doctor will often hear a heart murmur caused by the blood blowing through the
atrial septal defect. It is not uncommon for a murmur to not be detected right at birth. PAPVR isn 't hereditary but is a
result of when the veins don 't come together and grow properly

Analysis Of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart defect which occurs in newborns and preemies. It is
when abnormal blood flows between the two main arteries connected by a blood vessel to the heart called the ductus
arteriosus: this vessel is part of the fetal blood circulation. Within a few days after birth, this vessel is supposed to close,
but instead it remains open. Therefore, this allows the oxygen–rich and oxygen–poor blood to mix, which can cause a
blood pressure increase in the lung arteries. Usually, it will shrink and go away, but some PDA stays open and will need
to be treated with medications or surgery to shrink the PDA. Patent ductus arteriosus is more common in preemie
babies due to respiratory issues and prematurity

What Tetralogy Of Fallot Live A Long Healthy Life?
Have you ever heard of a blue baby? The author's mother, Marilyn, was born a blue baby and after many tests the
doctors diagnosed her with tetralogy of Fallot. She was given a life expectancy of three years without surgery and only
to her teens with surgery. What happens to children born with tetralogy of Fallot, like Marilyn, when they grow up?
How can patients with tetralogy of Fallot live a long healthy life?
What tetralogy of Fallot Is
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a rare, complex congenital heart defect. It occurs in about five out of every 10,000 babies.
When babies are born with ToF, they have four different heart problems:
1. A large ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between your heart's main pumping chambers.
2. Pulmonary stenosis involves narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In a healthy heart, oxygen–poor blood from the right
ventricle flows through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. Then the blood travels to the lungs to pick
up oxygen. In pulmonary stenosis, the pulmonary valve cannot fully open. Thus, the heart has to work harder to pump
blood through the valve. As a result, not enough blood reaches the lungs.
3. Right ventricular hypertrophy is where the muscle of the right ventricle is thicker than usual and causes the heart to
work harder than normal to move blood through the narrowed pulmonary valve.
4. An overriding aorta is where the major blood vessel is not in place or moved. In tetralogy

The Problem Of Chest Pain
Since most people in our society consider chest pain to be of a cardiac origin, pediatric chest pain can not only be scary
the child, but can also cause anxiety for the parents due to the fear of their child 's condition. Luckily, many causes of
chest pain are usually benign and rarely can be a sign of cardiac disease. With this in mind, providers should complete a
preliminary evaluation for chest pain, decide on differential diagnoses, and than develop an appropriate plan. Providers
should also be aware of the most likely causes of chest pain in children, which include reactive airway disease,
musculoskeletal pain, esophagitis, gastritis, and functional pain (Hay, Levin, Deterding, Abzug, 2014). Will all of those
in mind, by far the most common cause in children is chest pain from a musculoskeletal injury. The initial evaluation
should include a detailed history and physical examination to help guide the provider to the proper workup, and rarely
is there a need for laboratory tests or evaluation by a specialist (Hay, Levin, Deterding, Abzug, 2014). First finding out
when the pain started, last month, last year, and so forth, will be of high importance, then once a time frame is establish,
details about the most recent episode should be obtained. The provider should ask how long the pain lasted, what made
it better,made it worse, and then move on to what brought on the pain, with arm movement, breathing, dizziness,
particular activity and so forth. Once the cause

Lub-Dub Sound Research Paper
Have you ever listened to the sound of your heart through a stethoscope and wonder why it makes a lub–dub sound?
While many say that the sound is caused by valves themselves, meanwhile it's caused by the turbulence of the blood
when the valves close. The lubb corresponds to the turbulence on the AV valves, and the dubb corresponds to the
turbulence created when the pulmonary and aortic valves close. The pause between heart sounds corresponds to the rest
between heartbeats. Arteries are large blood vessels which carry blood from the heart to all of the organs and muscles
throughout the body, to give them oxygen and you didn't need to function. Arteries are large blood vessels which carry
blood from the heart to all of the organs and muscles

A heart murmur are harmless, healthy and don't need a treatment. During a physical exam, doctors know that every
child has a heart murmur and can hear the whooshing sound. There are some things that can be abnormal when it can be
very damaged by the heart valve which 1/3 of the populations are born with valve problems. This condition is making
the heart go faster than it normally would and it can be forced to have the blood goes faster. The causes are anemia,
high blood pressure, thyroid, and a fever. Those causes can make the blood flow a lot faster, which can be dangerous if
the problems are by the birth defect of the child. The valves open and close by four chambers, two on top and two on
bottom. Stenosis, mitral prolapse, congenital, and

Chest Pain Diagnostic Studies
How would you evaluate and manage a pediatric patient who has a chest pain? Which diagnostic studies would you
recommend for this patient and why? When would you refer the patient to a specialist? Chest pain is a common
presenting symptom among nearly 10% of school–age children seeking health care services. Studies have shown that at
least 80% of pediatric patients seeking medical evaluation for chest pain are not cardiac related, hence, the diagnosis of
non–cardiac chest pain (NCCP). On the other hand, if cardiac cause is a possibility, a prompt referral to a cardiologist is
extremely important. (Lee, J. L., Gilleland, J., Campbell, R. M., Johnson, G. L., Simpson, P., Dooley, K. J., & Blount,
R. L. 2013). A complete health history detailing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2016). The diagnostic testing to be done would depend on the site of injury. A head CT scan, ophthalmologist consult
should be considered for a child less than 2 years of age diagnose with occult skeletal, retinal, or intracranial trauma.
Abdominal CT scan may be ordered if abdominal trauma is suspected. Laboratory testing to include: CBC with
platelets, PT/PTT, LFT's, lipase, amylase, and if any concerns with of bone, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, alkaline
phosphate, and vitamin D levels should be considered (Hornor, G. (2012). A comprehensive physical and psychosocial
examination to identify abnormal bruising, tear, and any traumatic injuries that focuses on the reported explanation.
Essential elements includes: what occurred, when, where, and who was present. It's important to pay close attention to
historical details helps establish a timeline of events, identify any inconsistencies in the care history. Inquire if the child
has certain medications or medications that could have aided in bruising. Frenula injuries in non–ambulatory children
are alarming for abusive injury and should prompt for another diagnostic evaluation (Hornor, G.

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