Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome Model

Essay on Hans Selye´s General Adaptation Syndrome Model
Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome Model was created by Hans Selye in 1936. The Hans
Selye's General Adaptation Model states that when a stressful event occurs, it acts as a stressor
causing one's body to react to it through three stages if it is not removed. The three stages are alarm
stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage.
One stressful event that I personally encountered which I will use to apply to the model is the time
when I was representing my school at the National Track and Field Championships for the 800m
event.
In the alarm stage, the body encounters a stressor. The stressor will cause the body to react with the
fight or flight response.Next, the nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis will be ...
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The spleen in my body discharge more white and red blood cells to allow my blood cells to transport
more oxygen.
As I feel the competitor getting closer to me, the fluids from my body are diverted from nonessential
locations, including the mouth which results in dryness in my throat and difficulty in trying to talk.
The stress can also cause spasms of the throat muscles, making it difficult for me to swallow my
saliva. The stress causes blood in my skin to divert away from my skin to aid my muscle tissues and
heart. The physical effects that I feel is a sweat , clammy, and cool skin.
Now, is the final stage, which is the exhaustion stage. In an instant, my body has reacted and was
prepared to quicken my pace, build up my strides run even faster. I speed up and dash for the
finishing line. The moment I pass the finishing line, I was relieved that my competitor did not
manage to overtake me. My response starts to restore my homeostasis. The initial stress response
burns out. At this stage, my energy has been drained out due to ongoing stress. There are differences
in how a female and a male responds to stress. For females, it is usually a tend and befriend way of
responding. For a male, it is usually a fight or flight respond. Firstly, i will talk about how men and
women respond to stress. One example will be when confronted with a dangerous situation such as a
robber, a man will either fight with the robber or flee the scene. For a
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Three Parts Of The Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passages. The system functions to bring in air
and extract oxygen and remove carbon dioxide*. The body can hold 4 to 6 minutes worth of oxygen
so the respiratory system must work at all times to prevent death. There are multiple parts to the
respiratory system for example, the nose has nostrils or nares. It contains a nasal septum which
divides the nose into hollow spaces called nasal cavities. The nose filters the air with the mucus
produced. Also located in the nose are the olfactory receptors, and nasolacrimal ducts. The sinuses
which are resonating chambers of cavities located in the skull. A larger part of the respiratory system
is the pharynx also known as the throat. It is located directly behind the nasal area, divided into three
parts; nasopharynx(upper portion), Oropharynx(middle portion), Laryngopharynx (lower portion).
The larynx also known as the "voice box" located between the trachea and pharynx. Trachea also
known as the windpipe extends from the larynx to the center of the chest; its functions to carry air
between the pharynx and bronchi. The bronchi function to carry air to the lungs. The right bronchus
is more vertical, shorter, and wider compared to the left.Bronchi continue to branch off into smaller
bronchioles, the smallest is called terminal bronchioles which deliver air to the alveoli. 500 million
alveoli, which have a rich network of capillaries needed for exchange of oxygen and CO2( taken
place

Senior Speech Research Paper
Lucas Allara
DeHart
Ms. Jones
9 September 2016
Senior Speech
On April 9, 1982 in Anthony Vincent Cavallo II, a teenager at that time, has jacked up his 1964
Chevy Impala in the driveway to work on its suspension in Lawrenceville, Georgia. After he
removed the rear suspension spring, the jack slipped away leaving Anthony clamped between the
top of the rear wheel and the top of the fender of a 3,340 – 3,895 pound car. His 50 year old mother
Angela, who was 5–foot–8 and just barely over 120 lbs rushed to his aid. In this moment she
experienced the "fight or flight" situation and the adrenaline set in. She was able to lift the car that
weighed 30 times more than she did, nearly six inches off the ground for five minutes, allowing her
son to fight his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It is commonly used as a
medicine in a number of conditions such as cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, and superficial bleeding. It
plays an important role in the fight–or–flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output
of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. The fight–or–flight response is a physiological reaction
that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. In a stressful
situation you feel your heart start racing and your hands start to sweat. This triggers the fight–or–
flight response which opens up the adrenal medulla gland in response to your nervous system.
Epinephrine is then released into your system to prepare you for danger. It triggers the blood vessels
to contract to re–direct blood toward major muscle groups, including the heart and lungs. While this
process occurs the ability for ones' body to feel pain decreases and strength and performance
increases. Which is why some people are able to keep running or moving even after they have been
injured. After the situation has been dealt with the adrenaline will last up to an

The Death Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe
Prince Prospero in Masque of the Red Death written by Edgar Allan Poe is a Prince of his kingdom
who escapes and eludes the Red Death sweeping throughout his kingdom killing all it comes into
contact with. Prospero 's fight or flight reaction, a built in mechanism inside all humans and his
reaction to fear of his own death ultimately lead to his downfall and instead of keeping him alive
prove unable to beat the elutable and all mighty red death. Picture a scenario where you are put to
the test to see your own flight or fight reaction, you and a few friends are on the train chatting about
everyone's most embarrassing moments. All of a sudden, someone comes from the other train car
and yells, "Someone has a gun on the train!" This scenario ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In Prospero 's case in Masque of the Red Death Prince Prospero, was faced with the threat of
survival, surviving the Red Death, a plague sweeping his kingdom killing all it comes into contact
with. To produce the fight–or–flight response, the hypothalamus activates two systems: the
sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal–cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system uses
nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the body, and the adrenal–cortical system uses the
bloodstream. The combined effects of these two systems are the fight–or–flight response.When the
hypothalamus tells the sympathetic nervous system to kick into gear, the overall effect is that the
body speeds up, tenses up and becomes generally very alert. If there 's a burglar at the door, you 're
going to have to take action fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and
smooth muscles and tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the
bloodstream. These "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in
heart rate and blood pressure.At the same time, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin–releasing
factor into the pituitary gland, activating the adrenal–cortical system. The pituitary gland secretes
the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH moves through the bloodstream and
ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it activates the release of approximately thirty
different

Autonomic Nervous System Analysis
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a branch of the central nervous system (CNS) that divides
into two divisions. The sympathetic (SNS), fight or flight division, and the parasympathetic (PNS),
rest and digest division both seek to regulate involuntary visceral motor control by transmitting their
signals from the CNS to cardiac muscles, the heart and blood vessels; smooth muscles, the stomach
and intestines; and glands, sweat and salivary. The SNS increases heart rate by transmitting its
impulses onto short, myelinated preganglionic neurons that trigger the release of acetylcholine
(ACh) onto nicotinic cholinergic receptors found on the postganglionic cell. The impulse then
travels along long, unmyelinated adrenergic postganglionic neurons, ... Show more content on
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Baroreflex failure syndrome is a rear cardiovascular disease that prevents afferent baroreceptor
nerve cells from monitoring and regulation blood pressure. Baroreceptors respond to high blood
pressure by increasing their firing rate, decreasing sympathetic outflow, heart rate, and contractility.
This causes an increase in parasympathetic outflow from the vagus nerve, which causes
vasodilation, a decrease in mean arterial pressure, and lowers blood pressure. Baroreceptors that are
found within the carotid sinus and aortic arch, and travel along the glossopharyngeal and vagus
nerves. They send their sensory input about blood pressure to the cardio–regulatory center of the
medulla oblongata, and a sympathetic response leads norepinephrine (NE) to bind to beta–
adrenergic receptors on autorhythmic cells to increase Na+ permeability through funny channels,
and Ca2+ permeability through T–type channels. This triggers a faster drift, a less negative
membrane potential, and increases the rate of sinoatrial (SA) node firing, and signal conductance.
The exact mechanism for initiation of the disease is still unknown, but recent studies have
hypothesized that the syndrome degrades neurons on both sides of the solitary tract located in the
medulla, and triggers cell necrosis of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. This cranial nerve
damage impairs the

Material And Methods . Chemicals: . Chemicals Were Bought
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Chemicals:
Chemicals were bought as follows: Acetylthiocholine iodide was gotten from BDH chemicals, Ltd,
Poole, England. Dithiobis–nitrobenzoic corrosive was obtained from Aldrich synthetic Co. Ltd.
Britain. 5,6 dihydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate (DHT) [contains 43.5% of 5HT (serotonin)]
from Sigma (Deisonhofen Germany).
Animals:
Thirty male albino rats (weighing 100–150 gm) aged 2 months were used in the experiments. The
rats were supplied by the Medical Research Institute animal house, Alexandria University(Egypt).
Rats were housed in group cages (5 in each cage) and allowed free access to food and tap water. The
rats were deeply anaesthetized and killed by decapitation after having been ... Show more content on
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The exploratory outline and translation of the outcomes depended on the accompanying
equation(12): ,where [I] is the inhibitor concentration, and (△ t/2.3 △ log v) is the first order rate
constant at constant [I].
For the determination of the kind of inhibition and the enzyme–inhibitor dissociation constant (Ki),
the substrate concentration was varied: 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 mmol/L while the inhibitor (5, 6
DHT) was kept at constant concentration for each experiment: 140, 280, 420 or 560 µmol/L.
RESULTS
The AChE content in whole and five different parts of rat brain, namely; basal ganglia, frontal
cortex, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and pons was measured at a constant substrate concentration
of 0.5 mmol/L AThChI.
The results showed that the basal ganglia contained the highest amount of AChE (22.5 µmol/min/g
wet wt), while the cerebellum contained the lowest amount of AChE (7.6 µmol/min/gwet wt). In the
basal ganglia the total amount of AChE content was found in the grey matter, while the total amount
of AChE of pons and medulla oblongata were found in the white matter. In the other parts, AChE
contents were found in both gray and white matter. (Table

The Four Parts Of The Brain's Function
The brain accounts for all thought and movement that the body processes. The brain not only allows
for interaction with others, but also allows for communication with others. The brain is divided in
about four major parts. Those parts include: the cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, and brain
stem.
The cerebrum is responsible for most of the brain's functions and is the largest portion of the brain.
The cerebrum is divided into a right and left hemisphere. It is also divided into four sections: the
temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe controls problem
solving, creative thought, judgment, behavior, smell, and personality. The parietal lobe focuses on
how we comprehend. For example, how we comprehend

Cranial Nerves Origin
Cranial nerves
Maram Hussien Alzahrani
20151121089
G1
Cranial nerves:
The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves that arise directly from the brain. The first two
nerves (olfactory and optic) arise from the cerebrum, whereas the remaining ten emerge from the
brain stem.
The names of the cranial nerves relate to their function and they are also numerically identified in
roman numerals (I–XII).
Origin of the Cranial Nerves
There are twelve cranial nerves in total. The olfactory nerve (CN I) and optic nerve (CN II) originate
from the cerebrum.
Cranial nerves III – XII arise from the brain stem (Figure 1). They can arise from a specific part of
the brain stem (midbrain, pons or medulla), or from a junction between two parts:
Midbrain – the trochlear nerve (IV) comes from the posterior side of the midbrain. It has the longest
intracranial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
General visceral sensory (GVS) – general sensation from viscera.
Special somatic sensory (SSS) – senses derived from ectoderm (sight, sound, balance).
Special visceral sensory (SVS) – senses derived from endoderm (taste).
Motor (efferent) Modalities:
General somatic motor (GSM) – skeletal muscles.
General visceral motor (GVM) – smooth muscles of gut and autonomic motor.
Special visceral motor (SVM) – muscles derived from pharyngeal arches.
:Referances:
Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja,
Mohammadali M. "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review". Clinical Anatomy 27 (1):
14–19.
^ Jump up to:a b Mallatt, Elaine N. Marieb, Patricia Brady Wilhelm, Jon (2012). Human anatomy
(6th ed. media update. ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 431–432.

Fitzgerald, M.J. Turlough FitzGerald, Gregory Gruener, Estomih Mtui (2012). Clinical
neuroanatomy and neuroscience (6th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Saunders/Elsevier. p.

Diaphragm Muscle Research Paper
Respiration is the release of energy. All cells in our bodies respire to get energy. This energy can be
used to release heat to keep our bodies at a regular temperature or make ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate).
Figure. 4
The structure of the lungs is made up of several structures:
Larynx
Trachea
Intercostal muscles
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Ribs
Diaphragm muscle Figure. 5
Inspiration:
1. Ribs move upwards and outwards, carried out by the intercostal muscles.
2. Volume increases, pressure

Walter Cannons: The Fight Or Flight Response
Have you ever been in a situation when you thought you were going to be attacked or where you
thought your life was in danger? You likely either ran away from the threat or fought the threat off.
If you have been in this type of situation, you have possibly experienced the fight or flight response.
The fight or flight response discovered in the early 1900s, triggers bodily changes and can be very
beneficial to your survival, but in today's world, it can also be very harmful to you if you do not
know how to manage stress. The fight or flight response was discovered by Walter Cannon. He was
an American psychologist, professor, and chairman of the Department of Physiology at Harvard
Medical School. According to the article, Walter Cannon's Fight or Flight Response, it states that "in
1915, he coined the term fight or flight... The flight–or–flight response (also called the fight, flight,
freeze, or fawn response [in PTSD], hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological
reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival" (Walter).
Walter Cannon discovered what your body does when under high amounts of stress. The fight or
flight response occurs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article, The Fight or Flight Response, it states, "the natural conclusion of fight or flight is
vigorous physical activity. When we exercise, we metabolize excessive stress hormones, restoring
our body and mind to a calmer, more relaxed state" (Fight). You do not need to exercise for an hour
each day. Any form of activity where you begin to sweat will help prevent the excessive buildup of
stress hormones. Even just doing simple activities like 30–70 push ups, 30–70 sit ups, or 40–80
jumping jacks. The more exercise you do, the less stressed you will feel. If you cannot or do not
want to exercise, then you could also just relax. If you are feeling stressed, take a deep breath and

Nervous Systems : The Nervous System Essay
So, the sympathetic nervous system sets off a reaction and it "causes your adrenal glands to release
large amounts of adrenaline" (ibid.). You may feel the sudden jolt with an accompanying "feeling of
dread and terror." It is not in your imagination! A lower level stress does this in the body too. Let's
continue.
"Within seconds, the excess adrenaline can cause:
1) your heart to race,
2) your respiration to become rapid and shallow,
3) profuse sweating,
4) trembling and shaking, and
5) cold hands and feet." (ibid.).
Your sympathetic nervous system also produces muscle contractions. This is the freeze part of fight
and flight. It can lead you to experience strong contractions in your chest or throat and feeling like
you can 't breathe.
"Other reactions caused by the sympathetic nervous system include excess release of stomach acid,
inhibition of digestion, release of red blood cells by the spleen, release of stored–up sugar by the
liver, increase in metabolic rate, and dilation of the pupils." (ibid.).
When I first read this years ago, I instantly thought migraine attack. So, you might experience an
extreme flush of adrenaline and you might not. But don't be fooled, the body prepares for each
attack and this places stress on the body.
On a smaller level the hypothalamic − pituitary − adrenal gland also known as the HPA axis controls
the stress response. The hypothalamus, in the brain, regulates basic bodily functions like: stress,
body temperature, hunger, sleep and

Fetal Tissues And Its Effects
Fetal tissues are advantageous in medical therapy for a myriad of ways. Most commonly, the fetal
tissue cells would be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's
disease, and Alzheimer's disease. More recent breakthroughs show possibilities of the use of fetal
tissues for diabetes and an assortment of blood and immune disorders. (Bachoud, 2000) Fetal tissues
divide more rapidly than matured tissues, making them better candidates for the experimental
medical therapy. (Fackleman,1995) In addition, by using fetal tissues in the transplant, the
possibility of the host rejecting the transplant is significantly lower than that of the use of matured
tissues. (McCloskey) The objective behind the transplant is to restore the lost functions in a person
ridden with a neurodegenerative and otherwise incurable disease. (Bensoussan, 2002) There are
billions of nerve cells in a human brain. Neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's and
Huntington's disease cause the selective loss of approximately 500,000 cells in the brain which once
performed critical functions. (Bachoud–Levi, 2000) The loss of these cells results in result in
devastating, oftentimes fatal symptoms. The course of these disease is often gradual and occurs over
many years, producing an overall deterioration of motor skills and brain function. While the cause of
neurodegenerative diseases has been theorized, the specifics of the causes are unknown. (Ezzell,
1992) Less than five percent

Psychological Disorders: A Case Study
How does the structure of the brain differ between those with or without psychological disorders and
what are the causes of these differences?
The brain is divided into three main areas: the hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain. which has
different sections they cover. The hindbrain is composed of the pons, the cerebellum and the
medulla oblongata. The pons and cerebellum assist in maintaining balance and equilibrium, as well
as movement, coordination and, the conduction of sensory information. The medulla oblongata
controls automatic functions like breathing, heart rate and, digestion. The midbrain connects the
hindbrain and forebrain together. The midbrain is involved in the functions of auditory and visual
responses and motor. The forebrain is the largest part of the brain because it is mostly made up of
the cerebral cortex. The forebrain consists of six parts: The Thalamus, The Hypothalamus, Pivitary,
the Limbic System, Olfactory Bulb and, the Cerebral Cortex. The forebrain is responsible for
receiving and processing information, as well as thinking, producing and understanding language
and, controlling motor function. The thalamus is the main relay center between the medulla
oblongata and the cerebrum. (Britannica, 2015) The hypothalamus is the important control center for
sex drive, pleasure, pain, hunger, thirst, blood pressure, body temperature and other visceral
functions. (Britannica, 2015) The pitvitary is the production of hormones as part of the endocrine ...
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With damages to the cerebral cortex one cannot participate in activities that one normally does
throughout the day. One can experience paralysis, loss of spontaneity in interacting with others,
changes in social behaviour as well as the ability to multitask. (Lehr, n.d.) These damages to this
area of the brain also pertains to not only physical attributes but also mental ones. Mental health
issues/ disorders effect everyone and not just the person it's occurring in. Mental disorders happen in
everyone from adolescents to adults. One in 10 adolescents aged 16 to 17 have had a major
depressive episode in the past year. (Lushniak, 2014) Mental issues are present in the generation that
is supposed to be in charge of the world

Effect Of Different Doses Of Sevin On The Activities Of...
Table (I): The effect of different doses of sevin on the activities of cholinesterase (ChE) and nitric
oxide synthase (NOS) obtained from whole and different parts of rat brain.
Part of brain Dose of infused sevin in mg / KgBw % Inhibition 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Whole brain ChE
NOS
nos 18.0
31.50
13.2
27.0
11.1
22.5
9.7
18.7
7.3
16.4 60.0
48.0
Basal ganglia ChE
NOS
27.0
28.0
19.0
25.50 15.9
22.00 12.6
16.00 9.4
15.50 65.0
44.6
Frontal cortex ChE
NOS
12.4
24.0
7.0
23.00 5.1
18.50 4.6

12.50 3.5
13.00 72.0
45.8
Medulla ChE
Oblongata NOS
NOS
13.5
27.0
7.9
21.50 6.2
16.00 4.7
13.50 2.9
11.60 78.0
57.0
Pons ChE
NOS
12.6
26.0
5.9
22.50 3.8
16.80 3.2
14.00 2.4
11.70 81.0
55.0 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effect of constant dose of sevin (3.0mg / KgBW) on whole and five different parts of rat brain
AChE (2a) and NOS (2b) at various time post injection
DISCUSSION
The analyses demonstrated extensive contrast in ChE and NOS activities in the different parts of rat
brain. The most astounding action was distinguished in the brain stem and cerebellum, bring down
in basal ganglia and the least in the frontal cortex. The high NOS activity in the cerebellum is in
concurrence with the outcomes portrayed by other authors.(13,14,15,16) In the present work, the i.p
infusion of various dosages of the carbamate sevin brought about the inhibition of both ChE and
NOS. Moreover past reviews demonstrated that the organochlorine and organophosphorus mixes
attributable to their lipophilic nature, tie to the hydrophobic area of CaM and in this way impede
CaM subordinate NOS activities like Ca2+ATPase phosphodiestrase.(16)
The present work demonstrated that the restraint of ChE and NOS activities expanded with
expanding the concentrations of sevin i.e. dosage reliance. The

Sheep Brain Dissection Lab Report
The purpose of the sheep brain dissection is to appreciate the complex structure of the brain in three
dimensions. Also list, identify, and describe the important structures of the sheep brain and compare
with those of the human brain.
Materials:
Preserved sheep brain
Dissection tray
Scalpel
Scissors
Pins
Tweezers
Gloves
Safety glasses
Procedure:
Obtain a preserved sheep brain from the bucket and place this on a dissection tray.
Examine the outer surface of the brain and locate the dura matter (the outer toughest layer of the
brain).
Remove the dura matter.
Place the brain on dissecting tray and position its ventral surface upward. Identify olfactory nerve,
optic nerves, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord.
Position the brain with its ventral surface down and identify cerebral hemispheres, cerebral lobes
(frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), cerebellum, longitudinal fissure, and transverse fissure.
In same position (with the ventral surface downward), make a longitudinal cut along the
longitudinal fissure using a scalpel all the way down, and separate the cerebral hemispheres.
Identify the corpus callosum, white and gray matters of the brain, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral
ventricle, and pineal gland.
After finishing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, I saw how the different areas of the brain including cerebral hemispheres, brain stem,
pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum are connected with each other and perform their functions.
Also, by comparing the size and shape of a human's brain with sheep's brain, I learned and realized
that the human brain is much larger to the sheep brain, especially the large frontal lobe on a human
brain that gives the personality and decision making ability to human beings. Additionally, the sheep
brain is oriented anterior to posterior whereas the human brain is superior to

Effect of Inhaling Various Concentrations of CO2 on...
Effect of Inhaling Various Concentrations of CO2 on Electrical Activity of the Heart The human
body functions best in a relatively stable environment. Deviations out of the acceptable ranges of
tolerance have unpleasant consequences. In such a way, drastic changes in the air humans breathe
have calamitous effects of body. Respiration is the basis for gas exchange, as oxygen is inhaled and
carbon dioxide is exhaled. In some settings such as in small, enclosed rooms, when oxygen
consumption exceeds production, or with diseases such COPD, humans breathe in dangerously high
concentrations of CO2. For this reason, it is important to analyze the properties of carbon dioxide,
its role in the body, and the effects on cardiac activity under ... Show more content on
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The Dorsal Respiratory Group in the brainstem consists of inspiratory neurons, which in
coordination with inspiratory neurons of the Ventral Respiratory Group, receive signals by the
afferent pathway from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors and signal for inspiration. The phrenic
motor neurons receive the efferent signal via the medulla oblongata to cause the diaphragm to
contract down and external intercostal muscles to contract up and o, and the negative pressure
causes air to enter lungs from the atmosphere. The oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon
dioxide diffuses into lungs. Most oxygen molecules then bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The
expiratory neurons of VRG send impulses to expiratory muscles of rectus abdominus and internal
intercostals contract down while the diaphragm relaxes, and this causes air to leave the lugs and out
the mouth or nostrils. The exhaled air contains about 5.6 percent CO2 (Dakota Gasification, n.d.).
During eupnea, quiet normal breathing, inspiration takes about 1–2 seconds and expiration takes 2–3
seconds (Mateika, 2007). Humans normally breathe at 12 –15 breathes per minute. The total lung
capacity is slightly below 6 liters (Tamarkin, 2011). The tidal volume, amount of air breathed in at
rest, is about 500 milliliters. Humans can breathe in around 3 liters and out 5 liters, termed as vital
capacity. The residual volume, the amount of air

Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves Exercise 19...
Exercise 19: Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves
HUMAN BRAIN– RIGHT LATERAL VIEW –(A – E)
A = POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
B = PARIETAL LOBE
C = PARIETO–OCCIPITAL SULCUS
D = OCCIPITAL LOBE
E = CEREBELLUM
HUMAN BRAIN– RIGHT LATERAL VIEW –(F – L)
F = PRECENTRAL GYRUS
G = CENTRAL SULCUS
H = FRONTAL LOBE
I = LATERAL SULCUS
J = TEMPORAL LOBE
K = PONS
L = MEDULLA
IN WHICH OF THE CEREBRAL LOBES ARE THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONAL AREAS
FOUND?
AUDITORY CORTEX
TEMPORAL LOBE
FOUND?
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
FRONTAL LOBE
FOUND?
PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
PARIETAL LOBE
IN WHICH OF THE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FIRST, NAME THE COMMISSURE.
CORPUS CALLOSUM

DESCRIBE WHAT RESULTS (IN TERMS OF BEHAVIOR) CAN BE ANTICIPATED IN SUCH
EXPERIMENTS. "SPLIT BRAIN"
PERSON WILL BE UNABLE TO VOCALLY NAME WHAT THEY ARE/HAVE SEEN. A
PERSON'S MEMORY IS GENERALLY LOWER THEN NORMAL. CONTROL AND MEMORY
CAN BE AFFECTED BY THE SPLIT BRAIN EXAMPLES: MATHEMATICS AND SPEECH
CAN BE AFFECTED, LOSS OF DREAMS, CAN BECOME MUTE, AND CANT CONTROL
LEFT SIDE OF BODY.
OUTERMOST MENINX COVERING THE BRAIN; COMPOSED OF TOUGH FIBEROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DURA MATER
INNERMOST MENINX COVERING THE BRAIN; DELICATE AND HIGHLY VASCULAR
PIA MATER
STRUCTURES INSTRUMENTAL IN RETURNING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TO THE
VENOUS BLOOD IN THE DURAL SINUSES
ARACHNOID VILLI
STRUCTURE THAT FORMS THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
CHOROID PLEXUS
MIDDLE MENINX; LIKE A COBWEB IN STRUCTURE
ARACHNOID MATER
ITS OUTER LAYER FORMS THE PERIOSTEUM OF THE SKULL
DURA MATER
A DURAL FOLD THAT ATTACHES THE CEREBRUM TO THE CRISTA GALLI OF THE
SKULL
FALX CEREBRI
LABEL THE STRUCTURES INVOLVED WITH CIRCULATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
ON THE ACCOMPANYING DIAGRAM.
A DURAL FOLD SEPARATING THE CEREBRUM FROM THE CEREBELLUM
TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
CORRECTLY IDENTIFY ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY LEADER LINES ON THE
DIAGRAM
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FLOWS FROM THE FOURTH VENTRICLE INTO THE CENTRAL
CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD AND THE ____1____ SPACE SURROUNDING THE BRAIN
AND SPINAL CORD. FROM THIS SPACE IT DRAINS THROUGH THE ___2___ INTO

Gabriela After Exercise
In this lab, we observed the heart and breathing rate at rest, after meditation and after exercise. The
average resting heart rate for everyone in our group was around 70 beats per minute, and the average
resting breathing rate was around 16 breaths per minute. Strangely, after meditation, the heart rate
was much higher than the resting heart rate. This could have been because we took these tests at
different times in the day and in different weeks. Digesting food might have changed the heart rate.
The breathing rate after meditating for Anya was 15, for Gabriella it was 23, and my breathing rate
was 10. After exercise, the heart and breathing rate both went up for everyone. Gabriella's heart and
breathing rates were around 95 and 31 respectively. My heart rate was 103, and my breathing rate
was 25. For Anya, her breathing rate was 31 breaths per minute, and her heart rate was around 100
beats per minute. Mainly, after exercise the heart and breathing rate was much higher than it was at
rest and after meditation. This could be because our hearts and lungs would be working much harder
to pump oxygen into our blood so that the pH of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At rest, it took around one to two minutes to change from blue to yellow. After meditating, it took
much less time to make the liquid yellow, from 22 seconds to 1 minute and a half. After exercise, it
took Gabriella the least amount of time to turn the liquid yellow: 20 seconds. I took the longest time
with 48 seconds. This is what we expected because we assumed that we were not dispelling all of
the CO2 our lungs had since we were not taking deep enough breaths while we were exercising.
Since the rate of breathing speeds up while exercising to absorb more O2, more CO2 is taken from
the blood. During exercise, your tissues and cells will take more O2 to mix with glucose to make
more ATP, which leads to making more

Essay about Five Major Structures of the Brain
The Five Major Structures of the Brain The brain is an amazing structure. It is the most complex and
interesting part of the human body. It is like a huge computer that runs every function of the body.
The brain is made up of the five major structures that include: the myelencephalon, metencephalon,
mesencephalon, deicephalon, and the telencephalon. Each of these structures also has substructures
involved within them. You start learning how to do things when you are born and keep learning as
you grow old. Without the brain you would not have any memories, would not be able to move,
would not have any of your senses, you would not be alive. When you are born the brain weighs on
average 350 – 400 grams and as an adult it weighs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mesencephalon is part of the midbrain. The mesencephalon contains the tectum and the
tegmentum (Bailey, R., 2012). The tectum is the roof and the tegmentum is the covering (Bailey, R.,
2012). This is that portion of the brain that controls everything to do with the sight, body movement,
and hearing (Bailey, R., 2012). The diencephalon is part of the forebrain. The diencephalon contains
the thalamus and the hypothalamus (Bailey, R., 2012). The thalamus works with the cerebellum and
the basil cortex that is located in the telecephalon with movement and coordination
(genericlook.com, 2012). The hypothalamus releases hormones to help regulate behavior. The
hypothalamus also controls your temperature, autonomic functions, appetite, and diurnal rhythms
(genericlook.com, 2012). This part of the brain also includes the methathalamus, epithalamus, and
the prethalamus (genericlook.com, 2012). This is the portion of the brain that takes care of motor
control, relaying and operating sensory information, controlling autonomic functions, and chewing
(Bailey, R., 2012). The telencephalon is also found in the forebrain and is the largest section of the
brain. The telencephalon contains four parts; those parts are the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia,
hippocampus, and amygdaloid nucleus (Rice University, 2000). The cerebral cortex that is located in
the telencephalon is the portion of the

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay examples
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is
"capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information,
and analyzing the information."
The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Cranial
nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves with both motor and sensory
functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to breathing and the heating of
your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made possible by cranial nerves.
Solving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because virtually no glucose is stored in the brain, the supply of glucose also must be continuous. If
the blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions,
and loss of consciousness may occur.
The blood brain barrier protects brain cells from harmful substances, as well as, pathogens, by
preventing passage of many substances from blood into brain tissue.
Tight junctions seal together the enclothelial cells of brain capillaries, which also are surrounded by
a thick basement membrain. The process of many astrocyties pressing up against the capillaries is
known as the Astrocyties Process. This process selectively passes some substances from the blood to
the neurons, at the same time, inhibiting the passage of others.
A few water soluble substances, like glucose, cross the brain blood barrier by active transport. Other
substances like creatinine, vrea, and most ions, cross very slowly. Other substances and protions,
including most antibiotic drugs, do not pass at all from the blood into brain tissue. Trauma, certain
toxins, and inflammation, can all cause a breakdown of the Brain blood barrier.
The cranium and the Cranial Meniges surround and protect the brain. The Cranial meninges are
continuous with the Spical meninges. Both have the same basic

Medulla Oblongata Essay
1) The medulla oblongata is arguably the most important part of the brain since it controls critical
involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure via critical nuclei within the
medulla's reticular formation known as the medullary respiratory center, the cardiac center, the
vasomotor center, in addition to reflexes for vomiting(in the area postrema), sneezing, and coughing.
At the location of the foramen magnum, the medulla sits directly adjacent to and is continuous with
the spinal cord and is the most caudal and inferior segment of the brainstem. The pons lies
superiorly to the medulla. The medulla is approximately an inch in length and the superior portion is
formed where the dorsal surface of the medulla meets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It descends posteriorly to the brachial artery and continues following distally to the insertion of the
latissimus dorsi on the anterior and proximal aspect of the humerus (the medial lip of the inter–
tubercular groove). It then sharply turns posterior to the humerus to enter what is known as the
'radial groove' which courses inferiorly and laterally along the posterior surface of the bone. While
in the groove, the nerve is covered superficially by the lateral head of the triceps brachii towards
which it is sending branches for innervation. The nerve continues along the groove on route to the
epicondyle of the lateral elbow where it divides into a superficial branch which follows the lateral
edge of the radius terminating in the dorsolateral skin of the hand, and a deep branch running
posteriorly to innervate the forearm's extensor muscles at its termination. Injury to the radial nerve
may result in trouble extending the arm, trouble extending the wrist, also called "wrist drop", and
weakness in hand

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Heart Rate
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Heart Rate
Introduction: Our bodies need to be in balance in order to function properly, and there are many
ways the body maintains balance, or homeostasis. Homeostasis is the maintenance of nearly
constant conditions in the internal environment. Our normal heart rate is an example of our body in
homeostasis and any sort of change, or stimulus, can alter it. Exercise, adrenaline in the blood, and a
low blood pH are all stimuli that increase the heart rate. Exercise, for example, stimulates stretch
receptors in the muscles. These receptors then send a signal to a part of the brain called the medulla
oblongata that receives the sensory input. It then in turn sends nerve impulses to the sinoatrial node
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We could even hold a serious/heated discussion and see if heart rate is affected in an intense
conversation. There are many different things you could do to test heart rate, as exercise is just one
example.
Data: Each subject and their heart rate at certain time interval:
Subject Before exercise 0 minutes rest 1 min. rest 2 min. rest 3 min. rest 4 min. rest
1 100 BPM 120 BPM 104 BPM 104 BPM 104 BPM 104 BPM
2 120 160 156 156 152 148
3 72 100 76 80 76 72
4 72 120 80 72 72 72
5 96 136 124 120 100 100
6 68 120 72 72 76 80
7 60 116 64 64 64 64
8 68 160 84 88 80 84
Summary statement: Heart rate increases during and after exercise and begins to drop back down
close to the basal rate after rest.
Citations
Heart Rate Regulation in Humans. (2010, January 23). The Student Room. Retrieved August 24,
2013, from

The Human Brain : The Nervous System Of The Human Body
There are eleven systems in the human body which one of them is known as the nervous system.
Like most systems in the human body, the nervous system is composed of organs such as the brain,
spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. The nervous system has been known to be the bodys primary
communication and control system.
The brain which is principally the main organ of the nervous system, is the center of all mental
activity. These activities include thought, learning, and memory. It is also the most complex and
delicate organ within the body. Within the brain are four major regions which are the brainstem,
cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
In an article about Human Brain: Facts, Functions and Anatomy it quotes that "The largest part of
the human brain is the cerebrum, which is divided into two hemispheres. Underneath lies the
brainstem, and behind that sits the cerebellum. The outermost layer of the cerebrum is the cerebral
cortex, which consists of four lobes: the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the
occipital lobe." It's been known that the cerebrum is the most developed part of the human brain.
The cerebrum, also known as the telencephalon, has several functions such as thinking, reasoning,
planning/organization, motor function, understanding language, and so on. The cerebrum obtains
this information and later sends it to a particular part of the cerebrum. This means that the cerebrum
interprets the information and decides what is the next

Essay on Parkinson's Disease and Tissue Transplants
For nearly 100 years neural tissue has been transplanted in animals. Transplantation of neural tissue
into humans, however, began only a few years ago (1). It has been found in animals, that fetal brain
grafts in damaged adult host brains reduce some of the functional deficits caused by brain lesions.
Even though some neurons from the transplanted tissue survive and develop reciprocal connections
with host brain tissue, this is not enough to completely replace damaged fibers and support
behavioral recovery Usually the grafts will not develop a normal morphological appearance, but
some metabolic activity can be found within the transplant. Release and diffusion of trophic
substances from the transplant and the damaged host brain may ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, adrenal medullary transplants have proved to be only minimally effective (4).
Fetal brain transplants have been more successful in animal and human studies, but ethical concerns
have been raised. An alternative method using genetically engineered fibroblasts has been
introduced. Although the fibroblasts may be used as a source of trophic factors or hormones, they
lack neuronal properties that may be important in future development of neural transplants. A new
technique has been devised to overcome these limitations: transplantation with temperature–
sensitive immortalized clonal neural cells (4).
One example of this system was to use primary rat central nervous system cells immortalized with a
temperature–sensitive Rous Sarcoma virus, cloned, and previously analyzed for neural and glial
characteristics. The cells were not permissive for replication of the avian virus, however, expression
of the viral genes did occur. The cells were transformed and immortalized at 34°C but differentiated
at 38°C. Along with differentiation came a halt in cell division, extension of neurites, and the
appearance of developmentally regulated molecules such as neural cell adhesion molecule (N–
CAL1) and the cellular isoform of a prion protein (4).
There would be many theoretical advantages to a temperature– sensitive cell system. There would
be unlimited availability of cells and application to any transmitter system.

Three Major Components Of The Human Brain
The brain is the most complex organ of the human body and it is divided into three major sections:
the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Although each of these separate sections have their
own responsibilities, they still work together to process information and control our bodies.
The forebrain is the largest part of the brain and consists of five areas: the cerebral cortex, the basal
ganglia, the limbic system, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. These areas work together to
control perception, memory, and cognitive functions. The forebrain is basically what makes us
human as it also deals with controlling emotions, motivation, and learning. ("Brain Atlas")
The midbrain has one of the most important jobs, it connects the hindbrain and forebrain therefore
sending information from one to the other; mostly dealing with sight and hearing. The midbrain also
contains many other parts, such as the reticular activating system, which deals with regulating
consciousness, including sleep, waking, heartbeat, and breathing. ("Brain Atlas")
The hindbrain is the lowest area of the bran and contains the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, there is currently no cure and the only way to diagnose CTE is to study the brain
tissue of those who are deceased. There is one thing that has been common of all those who had
been diagnosed during autopsy: the buildup of tau proteins. This buildup is also common in
Alzheimer's patients, which is the reason behind some of the shared symptoms, and also why so
many of those with CTE who are older simply believe they are suffering from onset Alzheimer's
disease. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is still a disease with many unknown factors, but it is
certain that it effects many people and is a disease that continues to be studied. ("Chronic Traumatic

Major Structures Of The Human Brain Essay
The Five Major Structures of the Human Brain
University of Phoenix
PSY 240
October 27, 2012
Olivia Fransis
The human brain is nothing short of incredible. In a way it's the world's most powerful computer
because it can process tasks at lightning speeds and simultaneously be in control of our reflexes and
every other voluntary and involuntary functions. It is the most important and complex organ as well
as our core for learning
At the point of birth, the brain weighs an average of 350 to 400 grams and can weigh from about
1,300 to 1,400 grams as an adult. The brain is composed up of roughly 77 to 78% of water, 10 to
12% lipids, 8% proteins, 1% carbs, 2% soluble organics, and 1% inorganic salt. The brain can
actually grow as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The telencephalon is at the front of the brain and is made up of the basil ganglia, the cerebral cortex,
the olfactory bulb, and the corpus striatum. The functions of the telencephalon include: determining
intelligence, personality, sense of smell, sense of touch, sensory impulse interpretations,
organization and planning.
The diencephalon is located in between the cerebral hemispheres and is greater than the midbrain. It
is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus structures. The thalamus acts as a relay point for
nerve impulses that are inbound from around the body that are then dispatched to the appropriate
area of the brain for processing. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretions produced from the
pituitary gland. These hormones control growth and instinctual behaviors such as eating, drinking,
sex, anger, and reproduction. The hypothalamus also controls when a new mother begins to lactate.
Some of the functions of the diencephalon include: sensing impulses moving throughout the body,
controlling autonomic functions, endocrine functions, motor functions, homeostasis and basic senses
such as hearing, vision, smell, and taste.
The cerebrum is the bigger portion of the brain and it consists of 85% of the overall weight of the
brain. It has a unique outer surface with deep wrinkles, which is the cerebral cortex that consists of
"gray matter". The cerebrum is what makes the human brain as powerful as it is. Unlike

The Nervous And Endocrine Systems
The nervous and endocrine systems are arguably two of the most important systems in any form of
complex organism. They are particularly complex and important in humans. Both systems,
especially in their cooperation, are essential for our bodies to function properly. Any simple fault or
damage to any aspects of these systems that goes untreated could mean at best chronic disease, or at
worst death. This is because both systems together maintain homeostasis in our bodies. Homeostasis
in the meticulous control of bodily processes to maintain a stable internal environment that allows
us to function adequately. This essay will describe and explain how these systems work both
separately and together to maintain homeostasis in the human body.
The nervous system is the first port of call in our body's reception and response to both internal and
external stimuli. Its many components enable us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel the many aspects
of touch, such as pressure and pain, along with many more physical senses such as heat, hunger,
thirst and balance. This system is also wholly responsible for our control of movement.
It is made up of many branches that coordinate different nervous activities in our bodies. The two
main parts are the central nervous system (CNS), which is composed of the brain and spinal chord
(Fig. 1), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which has several more extensions. The PNS
consists of the nerves that radiate from the CNS; this includes the 12

Physiology Test 3 : Hemorrhagic Shock
Majriha Naorin
Physiology Test 3: Hemorrhagic Shock
Introduction
Hypovolemic shock "is an emergency condition in which severe blood and fluid loss make the heart
unable to pump enough blood to the body" ( Heller). Hypovolemic shock can be a result of
numerous things such as dehydration, excessive diarrhea or bleeding (Nall). Excessive bleeding,
both externally and internally, due to injuries is known as Hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock is
a type of hypovolemic shock that is "associated with the sudden and rapid loss of significant
amounts of blood" (Dictionary).
Mechanisms of Hemorrhagic Shock
An average person has about five liters of blood in their body. However, if a person starts to lose a
massive amount of blood due to severe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When there is insufficient amount of blood due to blood loss, organs do not obtain the amount of
blood that is needed. As a result, the organs do not receive enough nutrients and oxygen; hypoxia. A
decrease of blood pressure also decreases in perfusion of the carotid and aortic bodies, "several
clusters of chemoreceptors" (Boron).This decline in perfusion, increases the rate of the
chemoreceptors which increases the firing of the sympathetic vasoconstriction (Boron).
This activation of the sympathetic nerves causes the release of norepinephrine (neurotransmitters)
and epinephrine (hormones) from the adrenal medulla (located on top of the kidney), which then
binds with α1–adrenoceptors (Klabunde). As a result, the smooth muscle activates and vasoconstrict.
This causes the heart rate to increase along with the stroke volume and total peripheral resistance
which prevents blood from escaping. Due to the increase of heart rate, the hemorrhagic patients will
experience tachycardia (Boron).
Though turning on the sympathetic nervous system is body's response to the blood loss so that it can
go back to homeostasis, it can also detrimental to the body. Since there is a severe amount of blood
that is exiting the body, by increasing the heart rate, it will be supplying more blood to the wound,
releasing even more blood out of the body. Although the body does not redistribute blood to organs
due

The Comparison of Nervous Systems in Humans, Cnidarians,...
Biology II
30 March 2012
The Comparison of Nervous Systems in Humans, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Annelids The nervous
system is one of the most important organ systems in the body. It is in charge of all of the things that
happen within the body. Being responsible for receiving sensory input from internal and external
stimuli, integrating and processing information, and generating output, it would be hard to survive
without a nervous system; however, there are different types of nervous systems in various
organisms. Humans, cnidarians, flatworms, and annelids all have very diverse nervous systems.
There are similarities and differences in each of these beings. Of the fours organisms listed, the
nervous systems in humans in the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The brain then will send motor neurons to the correct affecter in muscles and glands (Understanding
the Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body). The nervous system of cnidarians is called
a nerve net. This is the simplest nervous system found in any organism (The Nervous System:
Organization). It is called a nerve net because there is no center point of the system, and the nerve
cells are spread throughout the body in a net like system (The Nervous System: Organization).
Within the nerve net of cnidarians you will find sensory neurons, motor neurons, and intermediate
neurons. The intermediate neurons carry messages from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons,
and some of these could possibly be organized into ganglia. In the body there are two layers of cells:
nerve cells and body cells. The nerve cells help to coordinate the actions of some body cells that are
within the net. For instance, if the body is touched, the whole body will react (Cnidarians).
Flatworms, which have bilateral symmetry, have a nervous system that is arranged like a ladder that
includes two nerve cords and a brain at the head end. The nerve cords, which are a simple peripheral
nervous system, have commissural nerve fibers that make the rungs of the ladder. The brain, which
is the central nervous system, is not truly a brain, but is more a collection of two ganglia that acts
like one. The ganglia integrate signals from the

SIDS
Nursing Care of Families
Article title:
"Metabolomic profiling of brain from infants who died from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome reveals
novel predictive biomarkers"
The cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been poorly understood for years. The
definition of sudden infant death syndrome is "the sudden death of an infant less than one year of
age that cannot be explained following a thorough investigation". To better understand the cause,
and to predict those at risk, researchers are studying the brain tissue of infants that have passed away
from SIDS. Identifying the cause could lead to prevention strategies.
Discussion–
According to the article, most research on SIDS has focused on the brainstem. The medulla
oblongata (which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would, however, mention to a family that research is being conducted to better understand SIDS. I
would recommend this article to colleagues because nurses often assist with research. The nurse
currently teaches families to provide a safe sleeping environment to decrease the incidence of SIDS.
Teaching includes having the infant sleep alone, "back to sleep", keeping the crib free of toys,
pillows, and extra blankets.
Incorporation into practice–
Sudden infant death syndrome is terrifying for any parent. It is comforting to know that these deaths
may not just be "sudden" or random, like a thief in the night. Researchers are working on identifying
why this is happening to infants. I am hopeful that there will be treatment options soon for infants
that are at risk. Nurses may be the professionals administering medications, treatments, providing
education, and obtaining and interpreting lab values associated with SIDS. In conclusion, there is
much left to be understood about sudden infant death syndrome. There is no treatment. So, until
there is, nurses will continue to teach families about the few preventive measures that have been
helpful in decreasing the incidence of SIDS. And nurses will provide support to families grieving the
loss of an infant. Unfortunately, SIDS continues to be a threat to our

Peripheral Nervous System
The organs of the nervous system can be divided into two groups. One group consisting of the brain
and spinal cord, forms the central nervous system. The other, composed of the nerves ( bundles and
axons) that connect the central nervous system to other body parts, is called the peripheral nervous
system. Together, these systems provide three general function: sensory, integrative, and motor. The
sensory function of the nervous system derives from sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral
neurons. These receptors gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body.
Sensory receptors monitor external environmental factors, such as light and sound intensities, and
conditions of the body's internal environment, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second pair of cranial nerves are the optic nerves, they are affiliated with vision, they lead from
the eye to the brain. The third pair of cranial nerves are the oculomotor nerves, they arise from the
midbrain and pass into the orbits of the eye. The fourth pair of cranial nerves are the trochlear
nerves. They are the smallest cranial nerves and they arise from the midbrain. The fifth pair of
cranial nerves are the trigeminal nerves. They are the largest cranial nerves and they arise from the
pons. The sixth pair of cranial nerves are the abducens. They are near the medulla oblongata. The
seventh pair of cranial nerves are the facial nerves. They emerge on the side of the face. The eighth
pair of cranial nerves are the vestibulocochlear nerves. They are the sensory nerves. They arise from
the medulla oblongata. The ninth pair of cranial nerves are the glossopharyngeal nerves. These
nerves are associated with the tongue and the pharynx. The tenth pair of the cranial nerves are the
vagus nerves. they start in the medulla oblongata and extend downward through the neck into the
chest and abdomen. The eleventh pair of cranial nerves are the accessory nerves. They also start in
the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Last but not least the twelfth bone pair of cranial nerves
are the hypoglossal nerves. They arise from the medulla oblongata and pass into the tongue. In

Dimethylsulfoxide Essay
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (CAS:67–68–5) is studied as an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase
(MAO) (EC 1.4.3.4) extracted from whole and five different parts of rat brain ,namely; basal ganglia
, frontal cortex, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and pons in vitro.
The present study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of DMSO on MAO A and B
isoenzymes. The study aimed to determine the type of inhibition and which part is mostly affected.
The results indicated that DMSO inhibited MAO–A of pons and cerebellum and MAO–B of basal
ganglia more than MAO iso–enzymes of other brain parts. The inhibition was of the competitive
type. It was also found that the enzyme inhibitor dissociation constants (Ki) and the affinity
constants (Ki/Km) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.4.3.4 (MAO). The two forms are different in their preferential sensitivity to inhibition by
clorgyline and deprinyl (6). On the other hand, serotonin is the active substrate of MAO–A, while
benzylamine (BA) (7) . is the active substrate of MAO–B. MAO–inhibitors are slow–acting drugs
producing mood elevation and having beneficial effect in parkinsonism (8) .
On the basis of the resemblance of chemical structure between DMSO and the carbamate aldicarb
which inhibited brain MAO A and B (9) .The present study was conducted to investigate the
inhibitory effect of DMSO on MAO A and B isoenzymes, also this study was extended to include
other five parts rat brain, namely; frontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons and medulla
oblongata. Enzyme kinetic studies were done to determine the type of inhibition and enzyme–
inhibitor dissociation constants (Ki) of MAO–A and B by DMSO, and to know which of these parts
was affected by DMSO more than other parts.
2–MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Chemicals: 5–hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulphate (contains 43.5% of 5HT, serotonin) from
May and Baker LH, Dagenham, England. Benzylamine (BA) from Aldrich chemical co. Ltd.
Gillingham, England. dimethylsulfoxide was purchased

What Does The Brain Carry Out Its Functions
The Oxford Dictionary defines the brain as an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of
vertebrates. This part of the body has three important features. These features help the brain carries
out its functions. The three important features are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.
The cerebrum is the large part of the brain and it helps the body performs functions that involve
body movements, emotional reactions, and the senses. The cerebrum is divided into four sections.
Each of these sections allows the cerebrum to do some of its functions. The first section of the
cerebrum is the frontal lobe and its function is to regulate emotions, speech patterns, and body
motions. The second part of the cerebrum is the parietal lobe and this part is responsible for auditory
and tactile interpretation. The third area of the cerebrum is the occipital lobe and it is responsible for
visual interpretation. The fourth region of the cerebrum is the temporal lobe and it aids the body in
remembering information and comprehending the definition of terms. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cerebellum's function is to manage muscular activity. The cerebellum contains many cells and it
can be separated into three sections. Each of the cerebellum's regions executes different parts of the
cerebellum's functions. The first region is the vestibulocerebellum and it helps the body maintains
its balance and controls its visual movement. The second area of the cerebellum is the
spinocerebellum and it manages the activity of the limb and body. The third section of the
cerebellum is neocerebellum and it coordinates body movement and assesses information from the
cerebral cortex and dentate

Fight Or Flight Theory
There are three different theories that are used when talking about how we react to stress through the
physiological aspect or the psychological aspect. The first is part of the physiological aspect of
stress called the Cannon Fight or Flight theory which was proposed in 1914. Fight or Flight
response is a physiological stress response that evolved to help organisms to survive immediate
danger. The theory states that when an organism, human being or animal, faces imminent danger
(acute stressor) the body arouses quickly and is ready to act via two different systems. They are the
sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates
the adrenal medulla which is part of the endocrine system and is the region that produces the
hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow, and
glucose levels to prepare the body for an emergency. This response from the body suggests that the
body knows how to protect itself and reach homeostasis. These two systems work together to either
fight against the danger or flight away from the danger. Lord, King and Pfister in 1976 studied the
Fight or Flight response in animals through a very unethical study. They administered chemicals on
male hooded Wistar rats which inhibited the neurotransmitters from functioning normally. This
made it very difficult for the rats to escape an electric shock. The results of the study suggest that the
Flight or Fight response

The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is
"capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information,
and analyzing the information." The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal
cord and cranial nerves. Cranial nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves
with both motor and sensory functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to
breathing and the heating of your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made
possible by cranial nerves. Solving problems, feeling hungry, laughing. Each of these activities
occurs in a different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Medulla contains white matter that is sensory and motor tracts. These tracts extend between the
spinal cord and other parts of the brain. The Pons lies directly superior to the Medulla. Like the
Medulla, the Pons is a bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another. The midbrain extends
fro the Pons to the Diencephalon. The Midbrain contains both tracts and nuclei. The interior art of
the midbrain contains a pair of tracts called Cerebral Pedunctis. They contain axons of corticospinal
corticopontine and corticobolbar motor neurons. These conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum
to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons. The posterior part of the midbrain is called the tectum. The
Tectum contains four rounded elecations, two superior, and two inferior. The two superior elevations
are known as the superior culliculi. They serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities. The two
inferior elevations, the inferior colliculi, are aprt of the auditory pathway, relaxing impulses from the
receptors for hearing in the ear to the thalamus. The Cerebellum is the second largest part of the
brain. The cerebellum occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity. The
Diencephalon extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum. It includes the thalamus, hypothalmas,
epithalamus, and subthalmus. The twelve cranial nerves are responsible for a variety of things. Some
of these nerves bring information from the sense

Blood Pressure Changes
Our blood pressure changes dependant on our posture. When we are standing up the heart has to
work harder in order to pump blood around the body, this is because blood pools in our legs due to
gravity. This means that our blood pressure is decreased. Less blood will now return to the heart this
is called the venous return, which means that less blood is then pumped out of the heart called the
stroke volume. Our heart rate is increased to ensure that sufficient blood travels around the body.
When we are laying down the heart does not require to work as hard. There is an increase in the
venous return and stroke volume, this decreases the heart rate and increases blood pressure.
These actions are all controlled by receptors within the carotid

Anatomy Of The Brain Essay
The brain is part of the nervous system. This controls all of our body functions and interprets
information. Or brain is the computer of our body, it tells us what we smell, taste, hear, feel, see,
think, and do.
The anatomy of the brain mostly consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem. The
cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It has four parts the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital
lobe, and the temporal lobe. The cerebellum is located behind the top of the brainstem. The
brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata.
The frontal lobe is responsible for thinking, making judgements, decision making, planning, and
emotions. The Parietal lobe is mostly responsible for our body orientation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each hemisphere is dominant for different traits. The right hemisphere is responsible for the creative
thinking in your brain. (Creativity, imagination, music, etc.). Also responsible for our insight and left
hand coordination skills. The left hemisphere is responsible for the logical style of thinking in your
brain. (Math, science, writing, etc). It also controls our reasoning, our language, and our right hand
coordination. The Corpus Callosum is what holds the two hemispheres together and helps them
communicate. The corpus Callosum is mostly white because it is made up of parts of nerve cells that
transmit signals between the parts, also known as white matter.
There are many different diseases and injuries that can happen to your brain. Some as common as a
concussion to sever things like strokes or brain damage. A concussion is a type of TBI caused by a
bump, blow, or jolt to the head. Being hit or bumped in the head can cause the brain to collide
against the skull or twist within the skull, then causing chemical changes in the brain. Concussions
vary in how long they last depending on how many the subject has had, or depending on how much
force was applied when the collision

The On The Processing Of Swallowing
The processing of swallowing, called deglutition, contains three main stages. The first stage is
voluntary, which is the oral stage in the mouth in which we control. The second stage is the
pharyngeal stage, and that is autonomic; controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Lastly, the
third stage is esophageal stage, which entails the food traveling from the pharynx downward to the
stomach through the esophagus. The esophageal stage is also autonomic.
Deglutition is a complicated process involving multiple structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and
esophagus. The first stage is initiated when food enters the mouth. The process starts with chewing,
or mastication. The tongue can control movements of the food within the mouth during mastication.
Saliva also moistens the food as the food is being masticated. While the tongue, teeth, and cheeks
are working together, the process of mastication turns the food into bolus, which is a solid collection
of food. The tongue presses the bolus against the hard palate as swallowing occurs, gathering a
backwards movement. The bolus goes through the oral cavity down to the oropharynx. After this
voluntary stage, everything else becomes autonomic.
The sensory nerves located in the oropharynx, sends messages to the medulla oblongata via cranial
nerves (trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves). The medulla oblongata comprises the swallowing
center, known as the deglutition center. The bolus of food is processed from the oral cavity to the

After Hyperventilation Synthesis Essay
Discussion
The p–value for the hypothesis testing was lower than 0.05, thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and
accepting the alternative hypothesis.
Hypoventilation after hyperventilation has a lower arterial pCO2, pO2 and Hb–O2 saturation than
hypoventilation but longer in the duration of breath holding. As the blood pH is higher because of
pre–clearance of CO2 by hyperventilation in advance, it then takes longer to accumulate CO2 to be
sensed by medulla oblongata, urging to breath (Woischneck et al., 2009), compares to only
hypoventilation, a shorter duration for beginning with a normal range of pCO2. As the supply of
oxygen solely based on the amount pre–breathed in during hypoventilation, the experiment with
hyperventilation has a higher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and de Vries, N. (2012). Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea: Sleep endoscopy determinants of
outcome. The Laryngoscope, 122(11), pp.2587–2591.
Ott, M., Nuding, S., Segers, L., O'Connor, R., Morris, K. and Lindsey, B. (2011). Central
chemoreceptor modulation of breathing via multipath tuning in medullary ventrolateral respiratory
column circuits. Journal of Neurophysiology, 107(2), pp.603–617.
Sakamoto, A., Naito, H. and Chow, C. (2014). Hyperventilation as a Strategy for Improved
Repeated Sprint Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(4), pp.1119–1126.
Schiza, S., Mermigkis, C. and Bouloukaki, I. (2015). Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP)
nasal device therapy: a welcome addition to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome therapy. Sleep and
Breathing, 19(3), pp.775–776.
Skomro, R. and Kryger, M. (1999). Clinical presentations of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 41(5), pp.331–340.
Woischneck, D., Kapapa, T., Heissler, H., Reissberg, S., Skalej, M. and Firsching, R. (2009).
Respiratory function after lesions in medulla oblongata. Neurological Research, 31(10),

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