The Denial Of Service Attack

The Denial Of Service Attack
When discussing the iPremier denial of service attack, there needs to be some background in order
to fully understand the position the company was in at the time. Firstly, a denial of service attack is
an attempt to make a piece of hardware like a machine or network resource unavailable to its
intended users. This attack is performed by sending out a flood of information packets that causes
congestion within the networks resources, deducing them unavailable. Denial of service attacks are
conducted with malicious attempt as displayed by the iPremier case. The iPremier company was
founded in 1990s by two students in Seattle, Washington. The company specialized in selling web–
based commerce, such as luxury products, rare merchandise, and vintage goods over the internet.
iPremier's competitive advantage was their flexible return policies which allowed the customer to
thoroughly check out the product and make a decision to keep the product or return it. The majority
of iPremier customers are high end and credit limits are not a problem, which also adds to the
competitive advantage of utilizing their entire customer base. They were one of the few companies
in the 90s that were successful in this business sector and by the end of the decade the company saw
sales as high as $32 million and a profit of $2.1 million. Sales had increased by 50% during the last
three years of the decade and they were in an upward trend. iPremier's stock nearly tripled after the
company's initial public
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The Security Advantages Of Cloud Based Solutions
Question No 1: List the security advantages of cloud–based solutions? Following are the security
advantages of cloud based solutions. a. Immediate deployment of software patch: Most of the cloud
providers have team to deploy the patch installation so cloud based software may have shorter
vulnerability. b. Extended human–relations reach: Cloud based solution providers able to keep better
employees who will monitor the system software. They can increased the security such as reference
checking, security and background checking and screening like polygraph. c. Hardware and
software redundancy: most of the providers have redundant hardware and software so that they can
deploy quickly in an emergency. d. Timeliness of incident response: cloud based provider have
expert monitoring the system and they could quickly be available and will be responsive e.
Specialists instead of personnel: Because of financial capabilities of cloud based providers, they
offer a specialist, not just a personnel. Question No 2: List the security disadvantages of cloud–
based solutions? Following are the security disadvantages of cloud based solution. a. Country or
Jurisdiction: cloud based data center may reside in remote country or state if any legal issue arises
then there may arise an issue of jurisdiction b. Multitenant Risk: two or more customer may use
same resources and sometime it may cause error in application exposed to another client and
likewise data storage can be

Denial Of Service Attack Essay
Introduction
As the world has come into the 21st century, there is one prominent and constant fact – everyone is
on the internet. Whether willingly or not, information like house addresses, social security numbers,
and credit card numbers can be put out and obtained through the internet. It is unusual for a
business, even an individual person, to not have a website. Knowing the types of threats that are out
there is the first step to implementing protection measures. While there are many types of well–
known threats in existence, there are even more types of common, yet less well–known threats out
there.
Well–known Types of Attacks
The first type of a common attack isn't necessarily technical – it's social engineering and their main
skill is observation and human behavior. A social engineer can use a wide variety of methods to
infiltrate a network or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are Denial–of–service attacks? According to the Homeland Security's website, it is an attack
that prevents the user from accessing information or services, usually by overwhelming the system.
"By targeting your computer and its network connection, or the computers and network of the sites
you are trying to use, an attacker may be able to prevent you from accessing email, websites, online
accounts (banking, etc.), or other services that rely on the affected computer." (McDowell) A
distributed denial–of–service attack uses a main host to infect and overwhelm other computers on
the same network. Of course, there is no way to completely prevent an attack, but there are ways to
reduce the change of getting these attacks. Some good habits are to keep the anti–virus software
updated, install a firewall, and to have strong email spam filters. Additionally, regularly keeping
backups of important files is always a good idea. If a user falls under this attack, they can contact a
DOS Specialist or contact the appropriate Internet Service

Denial-Of-Service Attacks
Denial–of–Service Attacks (Samuel Folledo) How many of us know exactly what Denial–of–
Service attacks is? Aside from how powerful and easy it is to perform these attacks, its
mysteriousness alone illustrates a huge danger in the computer world. A deep understanding of DoS
can save a lot of headaches as these cybercriminals are able to steal from personal informations to
bringing down sites and companies. The first wall of prevention against these attacks is always
awareness. This is why being knowledgeable on Denial–of–Service attacks important. (End of Intro)
(Conclusion) To conclude, Denial–of–Service (DoS) attacks requires one computer and one internet
connection to overload a server's bandwidth and other resources with TCP/UDP packets. ... Show
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Once your computer is among the living dead, it becomes a part of a botnet, or a network of other
zombie computers" (par. 2). Botnets are designed in order to gather personal information including
passwords, credit card details, social security numbers, addresses, and telephone numbers. These
data may then be used for crimes including identity theft, frauds, spamming, and other malware
distribution. Drozhzhin also stated, "Once a computer is a bot, it begins accepting commands from a
centralized command server" (par. 4). As soon as the device become part of a botnet, they can
receive commands to launch attacks on other devices, websites, and networks. This is important to
know because in order to launch an effective Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, a large
number of bots are required. The attack is more effective because the more "zombies" recruited, the
easier and faster it is for the attacker to constantly transmit requests and malwares to other
computers, thus crashing the site. Additionally, multiple bots sending requests from different
locations makes the attack tremendously more difficult for antivirus and antispyware to distinguish a
malicious request from an actual consumer's request. The worst part is, it is almost nearly
impossible to

Denial Of Services Attack Essay
Denial of Service attack (DoS attack) are attacks making the computer unusable and the programs
unavailable as systems flood a user's bandwidth Historically, a computer system is overloaded with
false requests and data, causing the system to go into shock and crash. The multiple attacks from
different IP addresses, sometimes thousands, making it hard for the computer to pinpoint the source.
Used in large and layered networks, using multi–threaded OSI layered attacks and a pre–scanned
reconnaissance usually disguised as legitimate traffic, the malware infiltrates databases and destroys
resources. Causing the unavailability of websites and/or dramatically slow processing. The first
known use of DoS attack was done by Khan Smith in 1997, ... Show more content on
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XXS attacks have been prevalent since the early 90s and have infected social media sites like
Twitter, Facebook, and Myspace.
Session hijacking and man–in–the–middle attacks are ones that go after and try to intercept TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol), 'a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network
conversation via which application programs can exchange data (Rouse).' Once the TCP connection
is intercepted, the attacker inserts itself and modifies the data in the intercepted communication.
Session jacking can be done by taking the id# of a session server or using cross–site scripting to
create a malicious link, giving the attacker access to the current session. Ransomware has become a
tool by cyber criminals to profits from vulnerabilities of cybersecurity. Considered one of the
biggest threats to cyber security by the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). Ransomware using
clone– and spear– phishing techniques to manipulate large networks within Hospitals, school
districts, state and local governments, law enforcement agencies, or large businesses–to inject
malware that encrypts, or locks, valuable digital files and demands a ransom to release them (Fbi
.gov). As hackers have evolved from wanting individual fame for their prolific virus programs, they
have begun to see compensation for the release or disinfection of one's system. Ransomware is a
main factor in the growing

Denial Of Service Attack
Denial of Service Attacks
Denial of service cyberattacks are attacks on websites that make them inaccessible to normal people.
While a lot of cyberattacks are used to steal information, denial of service attacks don't try to.
Instead, they try to make website servers unavailable and in some cases, they are "used as a
smokescreen for other malicious activities," like trying to take down firewalls. A successful denial
of service attack impacts a very large number of people, so hackers and other people like to use this
to send messages to the public. Denial of Service attacks can last for months; this makes them very
dangerous for online businesses. They make companies lose money and customers and
inconvenience everyday users. These reasons are

What Is Denial Of Service Attack
Access Control Threats
Denial of Service(DoS/DDoS)
Overview
A denial–of–service attack (DoS attack)/distributed denial–of–service attack (DDoS attack) is an
attempt of making a computer resource unavailable to its intended users.
The purpose of DoS attacks is to consume all of its resources or force the targeted computer to reset
so that it can no longer provide its intended service.
Spoofing/Masquerading
Overview
To gain an illegitimate advantage, a spoofing attack is a situation in which one person or program
successfully masquerades as another by falsifying data.
Below are the Popular Spoofing Techniques
Man–in–the–middle attack (MITM): A middle man which can read, insert and modify messages
between two parties without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E–mail address spoofing: Hiding the origin of email, a technique commonly used for spam e–mail
and phishing to hide the origin of an e–mail message by changing certain properties of the e–mail,
such as the From, Return–Path and Reply–To fields.
Login spoofing: Gaining the user's password, login spoofing is used. The user is presented with an
ordinary looking login prompt for username and password, which is actually a malicious program,
usually called a Trojan horse under the control of the attacker. When the username and password are
entered, this information is logged or in some way passed along to the attacker, breaching security.
Backdoor/Trapdoor
Overview
To get unauthorized remote access to a compromised system, a backdoor is a malicious computer
program or particular means that provide the attacker with exploiting vulnerabilities of installed
software and bypassing normal authentication.
It works in background and remain hidden from the user. It has very similar to a virus and therefore
is quite difficult to detect and completely disable.
A backdoor is one of the most dangerous parasite types, as it allows a malicious person to perform
any possible actions on a compromised computer. The attacker can use a backdoor to
spy on a user,
manage files,
install additional software or dangerous threats,
control the entire system including any present applications or hardware

The Cloud Of Cloud Computing
Abstract–The cloud computing technology is considered as a very promising internet based
computing platform, resources it provides to create virtual machines are rarely used to achieve
security. Cloud Researchers worked on providing solution, in order to offer new security services
based on Cloud paradigm to manage with threats such as DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service)
attacks, using extensible resources and other cloud's characteristics. Our model is based on the SaaS
(Security as a Service) to manage security using specialized virtual firewalls proposed as a service
by the cloud provider. The main advantage of this approach is to instantiate firewalls when needed
and adapt resources to filter the networks flow avoiding bottleneck and ... Show more content on
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INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is a mixture of distributed system, utility computing and grid
computing. In cloud computing, use combination of all these three in virtualized manner. Cloud
computing converts desktop computing into service based computing using server cluster and huge
databases at data center. Cloud computing gives innovative facility like on demand, pay per use,
dynamically scalable and efficient provisioning of resources. Cloud computing the new developed
technology of distributed computing systems changed the phase of entire business over internet and
set a new trend. The dream of Software as a Service becomes true; Cloud offers Software as a
Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Providing the
basics of Cloud Computing is not part of this paper, for basic knowledge go through. There are more
chance of attacks in cloud computing. As cloud computing mainly provides three types of services
so in each layer have some soft corners which invite attackers to attack. Cloud computing providing
services to its consumers at abstract level and take care of all the internal complex tasks. With cloud
computing consumer life became easy. But "as the nature rule with growth in facility vulnerability
also increases". The same concept applies in cloud computing also, it provides the facility to
consumers in the same way it provides facility to attackers also. There

Cerita
Kod Projek : | BITU 3973 |
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKAFACULTY OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYPROJEK SARJANA MUDA 1PROPOSAL
FORM[Incomplete form will be rejected] | A | TITLE OF PROPOSED PROJECT:Tajuk projek yang
dicadangkan :ANALYSIS ON IPV6 ATTACK (SMURF6) | B | DETAILS OF STUDENT /
MAKLUMAT PELAJAR | B(i) | Name of Student:Nama Pelajar: JAMALUDDIN BIN NAFIS
Identity card no.:No. Kad Pengenalan : 910424–14–6277Student card no.:No. Kad Pelajar :
B031310034 | B(ii) | CorrespondenceAddress :Alamat Surat Menyurat : 66G JLN MELUR 3 SERI
MELUR KG MELAYU AMPANG 68000 SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN. | B(iii) | Program
Pengajian:Study Program:BITS
BITS
BITM
BITM
BITI
BITI
BITC
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BITD
BITD
| B(iv) | Home ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And all the result will be documented. 2. Problem Statements There a many type of cybercrime
attack, with different pattern and behaviour. Smurf6 is one of the attack that are launched the attack
via IPv6, the problem with this issue are: No | Problem Statement | PS1 | No policy to prevent from
smurf6 attack | PS2 | Low knowledge in IPv6 technology | 3. Literature ReviewBroadcast Address
Broadcast address is a reserved address that is for sending message and data packets to all machines
on the network segment. A broadcast address is a MAC destination address of all machines. But, in
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), broadcast are not supported. Generally IPv6 sends a multicast
message to each machines on the network segment. ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol
version 6 (ICMPv6) is an enhancement from ICMP for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). ICMPv6
is a standard internet protocol that is used to send error messages. ICMP is used by network devices
such as routers. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) DDoS is one of the cybercrime attacks that
will flood the victim's traffic and slow down the victim's computer or service. DDoS that used a
broadcast address to get a respond from the entire machine on the network segment. (Abhishek
Singh, 2205), a

Application Layer Dos / Ddos Attacks On E Commerce Sites
APPLICATION–LAYER DoS/DDoS ATTACKS ON E–COMMERCE SITES ABSTRACT A recent
increase of application layer Denial of Service attacks (DoS) on the Internet has swiftly shifted the
focus of the research community from traditional network–based denial of service. Denial of Service
(DoS) and the associated Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) are simply an attempt by cyber–
attackers to exhaust the resources available to a network, application or service so that genuine users
cannot gain access. Cyber–attackers find application–layer most vulnerable and are able to device
more creative methods of attack, are able to recruit other zombie systems referred to as botnets to
amplify their attacks and the apparent difficulty of detecting and mitigating the attacks, all of these
with little known solution. Application–layer DoS/DDoS attacks emulate the same request syntax
and network level traffic characteristics as those of legitimate clients, thereby making the attacks
much harder to be detected and countered. Moreover, such attacks usually target bottleneck
resources such as disk bandwidth, database bandwidth, and CPU resources. This paper overviews
DoS/DDoS concepts, the various types of denial of service attacks, application layer DoS/DDoS and
mitigation techniques to curb the growing trend. Keywords: DoS/DDoS, Botnets, Application–layer
INTRODUCTION/BASIC CONCEPTS OF DoS/DDoS In the past, Denial of Service attacks were
mainly concentrated on exploiting vulnerabilities

An Essay on Denial of Service Attack
DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK: SIMPLE BUT DESTRUCTIVE In last several years, Daniel of
Service attack (DoS)/ Distributed Daniel of Service attack (DDoS) has become one of the most
critical threats for internet security, though it's easily accomplished by the intruders. Even, proven
and practicable attacking software are also available on the Internet. To get rid of this attack, first of
all we have to know its consequences. Typically, an internet connection is established using a
methodology named 'THREE WAY HANDSHAKING'. Following this protocol, at first client pc
sends request (SYN) for connection establishment and then receiving this request server pc response
to it sending an acknowledgement of approval (SYN_ACK) message to the client pc. ... Show more
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Access list controls addresses who are allowed to connect with the network and who aren't. These
lists are orthodox in preventing IP spoofing, Smurf attacks, DoS TCP/IP floods, DoS ICMP floods
or any kind of traceroute filtering. To restrict Smurf or Fraggle attack, configure the router to block
broadcast packets emerging outside of the network. There are slight variations in the router
configuration commands. Though, by default, all most every latest router inhibits these broadcasts.
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) is a methodology which can drop IP packets containing
fake source address. It can work in either strict or loose mode. Though, level of its rigidity varies
from router to router. Also, don't forget to configure the ACLs, so that, if uRPF fails, ACL can
handle it. There are other monitoring techniques like: customer/peer notification, Sinkhole, Rate
limiting, Backscatter technique, Blackhole filtering, net flow monitoring, Advance BGP Filtering
etc. Your task is easy. Only make sure you are not the

Denial Of Service Attacks
A Denial–of–Service (DoS) attack is a general name for any kind of attack against data availability.
In the Web application world, a DoS attack aims to "take down" the site in order to make it
inaccessible to its users. This may cause some serious financial damage to the site, both directly and
indirectly by damaging its reputation.
Denial of service attacks are an attempt to make a network resource or a machine unavailable to its
legit users by continuous efforts of disrupt the services of a host connected to the Internet.
A distributed denial of service attack is a denial of service attack which is carried out by two or
more people that simultaneously attack the target, usually by sending more packets than the target
can handle.
A way to

The Technological Advances And Development
Abstract Trends in network security changes constantly and attacks are becoming more
sophisticated. Properly securing IT systems seems like to be an impossible and daunting task. The
development of new defense tools to counter network attacks are being countered by hackers with
new countermeasure to bypass the newly created defense tools. What this means is that hackers are
very persistent and will continue to work to find ways to bypass networks and computer systems.
With the constant development of new technology, new forms of attacks are also being created.
Hackers are locating the vulnerabilities and developing a variety of attack types for a variety of
industries to make their life easier and make life more difficult for ... Show more content on
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As more and more devices are being connected to Internet, more and more opportunities are
available for hackers to steal and leverage personal and confidential data. "Research company
Gartner predicts there will be 6.8 billion connected devices in use in 2016, a 30 percent increase
over 2015. By 2020, that number will jump to more than 20 billion connected devices, predicts
Gartner. Put another way, for every human being on the planet, there will be between two and three
connected devices." (Taylor, 2015) Below are few examples of the attack methods and tactics that
are being used by attacker to penetrate networks and access computer systems. Denial of Service
Attack "The Denial of Service (DoS) attack was the most common attack by the middle of 2015."
(Calyptix, 2015). In a denial of service attack, the attacker "floods" a network with illegitimate
requests for service. When a user enters a URL on their browser to visit a particular website, the
user's computer sends a request to the website's server to view their page. The website's server
processes the request and allows the user to view the content of their website. In a DoS attack, the
server is receiving so many requests, that it prevents normal use from legitimate and valid users. It is
preventing users from browsing to their favorite websites, accessing their emails, and most

Business Intelligence Plan
Introduction
The objective of this Business Intelligence (BI) plan is to encourage outsourcing and offshoring
information security (IS) pursuits. The plan provides guidelines for successful implementation of IS
systems intended to diminish security risks. The anticipated audiences of this BI plan are chief
information officers (CIO) and chief information security officers (CISO). Senior management has
an obligation to streamline information technology (IT) budgets, defend spending, and augment
service delivery and efficiency (NASCIO, 2008). BI plans are usually comprised of (a) software,
hardware, network, and associated infrastructure; (b) data analyses applications; and, (c) a portal or
dashboard with which users interact (Hennen, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, several companies elect to relocate their operations to offshore locations but
maintain control over their infrastructure, staff and processes (Thompson, 2013). Nevertheless,
companies must manage the risks associated with protecting their assets and their data while abiding
by the innumerable regulations and laws that regulate their business. This BI plan centers on
stratagem for updating technical hardware, software, service, and expertise employed in the
decreasing of IS risks. The security services may necessitate added hardware resources. Therefore,
vigilantly appraise hardware requisites and ascertain that ample computing resources are accessible
subsequent to project commencement (Bass, 2013). Furthermore, incorporate capital expenses for
any hardware or software purchases for factoring into the concluding determination (Bass, 2013).
Outsourcing and Offshoring
As reported by SupportWorld, "among organizations that outsource IT work, the percentage of their
total IT budget going to service providers rose at the median from 6.1 percent in 2009 to 7.1 percent
in 2010 and then jumped to 8.6 percent in 2012" (Thompson, 2013). These figures articulate to a
rising trend in IT outsourcing where increased offshoring and/or outsourcing of services operations
has altered the IT service customs from internal command and control of IT assets to IT service as a
utility (Thompson, 2013).

Title: Overview Of Attacks Of Cloud Computing. Name: Bipasha,
Title: Overview of Attacks of Cloud Computing Name: Bipasha, Tahmina Akter Id: 13–23131–1
Email: tahpasha@gmail.com Introduction: Cloud computing as a new illustration of information
technology that offers remarkable advantages in an economic perspective, such as reduced time to
market, flexible computing capabilities and limitless computing power. By using the full potential of
cloud computing, data are transferred, processed and stored by external cloud providers. The NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology: is the federative technology agency that works
with industry to develop and apply technology, measurements, and standard) definition of cloud
computing "Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on–demand ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review: According to [3], there are so many security risks of the user of the cloud
computing services, for handling these hazards the possible types of attacks must be categorized so
that the solution of that can be found [4]. The author has proposed the idea of attacks possible in the
cloud computing. The organizations are providing cloud services according to the cloud computing
categorization. The cloud computing is still not matured in terms of security, and most of the
researchers in published literature focused on security and new categorization of the attack surface.
The paper focused on the initial attacks and hacking efforts linked to cloud computing organizations
and their systems. In the cloud computing, there are three different contributor classes as a user, the
cloud, and service. In cloud computing, two contributors must involve in the communication. The
attacks can be launched on any of these three contributors during communication. The contributor
classes must be secured with a security interface or a channel between the communicating parties,
which depends on the service model that the cloud have like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Denial of Service
(DOS) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) is one of the biggest security risks in cloud
computing as well as any other internet based services. DOS or DDOS generally functions by the
attacker sending large amounts of data packets, such as simple TCP/UDP or really any other

Network Security And The Internet
The world is more connected now than ever since the birth of the Internet and with the new
networking technology coming out. There is a large amount of personal, business, and government
information on the internet and network infrastructures. Network security is becoming of great
importance because of the attacker 's ability to steal this information that can be easily acquired
through different means of attacks. The internet itself along with network infrastructures has many
security risks in it. Knowing what attack methods are out there allows users a chance to defend
against them. Learning about the history of the Internet along with network attack and defense
allows users and anyone operating within the digital realm a chance to not let history repeat itself.
The entire field of network security is vast and in an evolutionary stage, and is evolving on a day to
day basis. That is why security is emphasized in data networks, such as the internet, and other
networks that link to the internet. When considering network security, it must be emphasized that the
whole network is secure. Network security does not only concern the security in the computers, but
also the security of the information leaving the computers, in route to a destination, and the next
system it arrives at. Securing the network is just as important as securing the computers and
encrypting the message. The internet architecture itself leads to vulnerabilities in the network.
Understanding the security

Denial Of Service ( Dos ) Attacks Essay
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are becoming increasingly common and serious issues when it
comes to Cyber Security across many industries especially with ecommerce business. Therefore,
companies need to have a recovery plan in first place to cover emergency communication, as well as
mitigate and identify any attacks, in order to improve recovery time and limit downtime.
（OpsCentre. 2013）
There are couple of risks elements that iPremier should consider when developing a disease
recovery strategy, in addition, the risk factors mainly could be classified into two categories, one is
inadequate resources, and the other is non–technical threat motivators.
The first contributing risk factor, which is inadequate resources, requires large amount of attention if
the internal system was not designed to meet specific traffic demand overflows, therefore, this risk
reduces the difficulty of successfully executing a DoS attack, if management left it without any
control, it could result in Dos actual attack and symptoms absent.（Guidance–consulting.com，
2016）
The second scenario, and even the largest risk factor is not technical and is in the domain of strategic
communications or public relations. companies should prevent taking action that can make them a
target of a DoS attack unless the benefits of doing so outweigh the potential costs or mitigating
controls are in first plan.
Formulating a detailed recovery plan is the main objective of the entire IT disaster recovery strategy

Top Threat : Denial Of Service
5.0 Top Threat: Denial of Service
Simply put, denial–of–service attacks are attacks meant to prevent users of a cloud service from
being able to access their data or their applications. By forcing the victim cloud service to consume
inordinate amounts of finite system resources such as processor power, memory, disk space or
network bandwidth, the attacker (or attackers, as is the case in distributed denial–of– service
(DDoS) attacks) causes an intolerable system slowdown and leaves all of the legitimate service
users confused and angry as to why the service isn't responding.
While DDoS attacks tend to generate a lot of fear and media attention (especially when the
perpetrators are acting out of a sense of political "hactivism"), they are by no means the only form of
DoS attack. Asymmetric application–level DoS attacks take advantage of vulnerabilities in web
servers, databases, or other cloud resources, allowing a malicious individual to take out an
application using a single extremely small attack payload – in some cases less than 100 bytes long.
5.1 Implications
Experiencing a denial–of–service attack is like being caught in rush–hour traffic gridlock: there's no
way to get to your destination, and nothing you can do about it except sit and wait. As a consumer,
service outages not only frustrate you, but also force you to reconsider whether moving your critical
data to the cloud to reduce infrastructure costs was really worthwhile after all. Even worse, since
cloud

What Is The Distributed Denial Of Service ( Ddos Attack?
In September 1996 New York City's original Internet Service Provider, Panix, was hit by a SYN
flood denial of service attack that took the company offline for several days. At a time when only 20
million Americans were online this was one of the first high profile examples of how fragile internet
infrastructure could be.
Fast forward 20 years and businesses and individuals are now hugely dependent on the Internet
services they both offer and use, and the primary threat to the availability of those Internet is the
distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. DDoS attacks have evolved consistently over the last 20
years and have moved from being a curiosity, to a nuisance, and, now, to a serious business
continuity risk.
Easy–to–use tools ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And, they show very clearly that DDoS attacks are being used to echo real word political and
ideological conflicts.
DDoS Attacks Have Grown in Three Key Areas
1. Size: Attacks that targeted ISPs in the late 1990s were minuscule compared to the massive attacks
today. Techniques such as reflection amplification, and now the use of IoT botnets, have rapidly
pushed up the size of DDoS attacks. A common response to stories about peak attacks is that these
are black swan events; this is no longer true. Last year Arbor's ATLAS system, which monitors data
from around 350 Arbor service provider customers giving unique visibility into around a third of all
Internet traffic, tracked 223 attacks over 100Gbps, by November this year we had already seen 488.
Very large attacks are no longer unusual.
2. Frequency: DDoS weaponization, via the proliferation of attacks tools and services, has made
even large, sophisticated DDoS attacks available to anyone. The frequencies of large attacks have
grown hugely, and overall attack frequencies are also on the up. Early data from this year's World–
Wide Infrastructure Security Survey shows another big jump in the frequency with which
enterprises around the world are being targeted this year.
3. Complexity: DDoS attacks are no longer simple SYN floods but highly complex, multi–vector
attacks that target connection

The University Of Arizon Electrical And Computer Engineering
The University of Arizona Electrical and Computer Engineering E.C.E 509 Name: Alain CIZUNGU
BAZIBUHE Homework No 1. Question I: list of attacks: Rogue Wi–Fi, Homograph, Tabnabing,
Evil Twins, Smurf, Ping Flood, SYN Flood, Teardrop, Peer–to–Peer Attack, Banana Attack, NUKE
Attack, R–U–Dead–Yet attack, Slammer Worm, MyDoom, DRDOS Attack, Advanced Persistent
DoS (APDoS), Stuxnet, Crypto Locker, SQL Injection, Persistent XSS attacks, DOM–based XSS. a.
Describe briefly the attack and how it works. b. Apply the two attack classification techniques
discussed in the class for each attack in the list. I.1 Rogue WIFI attack Airtight Network blogs
describe the rogue AP as an unmanaged AP plugged into wired enterprise network by unwilling or ...
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Their incorrect usage is a possibility for security attacks I.3. Tabnabing According to Wikipedia
notes, Aza Raskin is a security researcher and design expert who coined the Tabnabing attack earlier
in 2010. This computer exploit and phishing attack, persuades users to submit their login details and
passwords to popular websites by impersonating those sites and convincing the user that the site is
genuine. The attack takes advantage on users trust and inattention to detail in regard to tabs and
ability of modern web pages to rewrite tabs and their contents a long time after the page is loaded.
The other phishing attacks will ask you to click on an obfuscated link but the tabnabing work
differently because it will just load a fake page in one of the most opened page in your browser. I.4.
Evil twin Wikipedia describes an evil twin as a type of Wi–Fi attack, similar in nature to Web site
spoofing and e–mail phishing attacks. Here 's how an evil twin attack works: A hacker sets its
service identifier (SID) to be the same as an access point at the local hotspot or corporate wireless
network. The hacker disrupts or disables the legitimate AP by disconnecting it, directing a denial of
service against it, or creating RF interference around it. Users lose their connections to

Web Server Application Attacks Essay
Running Head: Web Server Application Attacks
Web Server Application Attacks
Assignment # 1
Mariz Cebron
Common web application vulnerabilities and attacks, and recommend mitigation strategies The
World Wide Web has evolved into a critical delivery pipeline for institutions to interact with
customers, partners and employees. Via browsers, people use web sites to send and receive
information via Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) messages to web applications housed on web
servers. This information, expected as legitimate messages, can be used illegitimately in
unauthorized ways to compromise security vulnerabilities a.) Authentication – one of the biggest ...
These attacks usually put a heavy load on the target by making regular requests very rapidly. It is
hard to distinguish if a web server is stormed by thousands of clients, or if there is a DoS attack in
progress. A simple way to force the problem of heavy load is to use a server farm together with a
load balancer. This will help against small attacks, but not against a DDoS started from several
hundred hosts. Furthermore, increasing the number of servers is rather expensive.
Attack on the Justice Department's Web site
An apparent denial of service attack, which overloads a site's servers with requests for access,
crippled portions of www.Justice.gov[–>0]. Its site was experiencing "a significant increase in
activity, resulting in degradation in service," and officials said they would treat the situation "as a
malicious act until we can fully identify the root cause of the disruption." A loosely affiliated group
of hackers known as Anonymous said the attack was in response to DOJ's decision to shut down
Megaupload.com[–>1] on charges that the popular Web site illegally shared movies, television
shows and e–books. Members of the Anonymous faction release the following video regarding the
attack, along with a brief statement, neither of which details the motivation for this latest attack on
the DoJ or the contents of the data the attack exposed. Anonymous members launched a

Distributed Denial Of Service Attack With Botnets
Distributed Denial–of–Service Attack with Botnets Through the advancement in our technology,
software has called for a change in our security systems. Many people around the world use the
Internet as a source of communication, business, or entertainment. People browse their favorite sites
with no concerns. In a blink of an eye, a company server can be taken over or worse a botnet can
control all networks. A compromised server can be taken over by different hackers within seconds.
This can happen stateside or overseas. Once the attackers are in, they will not leave until they get
what they want. The scary knowledge of this attack is that it is happening to our most known
companies, banks, or even the Government. The attack is known as ... Show more content on
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Botnets can happen globally, the bots can locate and attack any source that the hackers want to
overwhelm with hundreds and thousands of interference messages. The interference can come from
different ways, including SPAM, Smurfs, Teardrops, or the Ping of Death. The botnet is generating
an overflow of traffic or an automated flooding of a target that a hacker handpicked. Botnets have
some ways they can do this. The flooding can happen when someone generates a request that sends
to the server that it cannot handle. Also, the hackers can have multiple or thousands of computers
that send random amounts of data to the target. Both of these ways will disable your connection.
This is using up all of the servers' bandwidth, which is making the computer vulnerable for
notifications. These are the main ways that the attacks are happening. DDoS attacks are so
successful it can max out a country's international cable capacity (Digital Attack Map). The security
reasons on how easy and efficient DDoS attacks are fairly simple. When a user "Smurfs" you, the
hacker has begun to flood your router. The flooding of the router is forced by an Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP); the flooding is coming from a volume of different packet sizes
(Ashwini). The packets destination IP address is the broadcast address; this is causing the router to
broadcast your ICMP packet's

Distributed Denial Of Service ( Ddos )
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDoS) Prachi Shah School of Informatics and Computing
Indiana University Bloomington Email: pracshah@indiana.edu Abstract––– Distributed Denial of
Service attacks are executed by an attacker that uses numerous zombie machines to launch an attack
against the victim system. The purpose is to exhaust the connection bandwidth thereby, making a
network resource or a service temporarily or indefinitely unavailable to its intended users. Keywords
DoS, DDoS, bandwidth, networks, zombie, botnet 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Computer Security and
Privacy One of the most challenging and important issues faced in the computer networks domain
since a very long time now are network security and privacy issues. These issues ... Show more
Previously, routers would implement FIFO method for storing SYN packets. Once new (bogus)
SYN packets enter the system, old (legitimate) packets are dropped off. Thus, the server memory
gets overwhelmed by storing illegitimate packets and cannot accept new (legitimate) SYN requests
from its intended users thereby, denying services to its intended users. Over the time, routers became
smarter. They use rate–based filtering. After a certain limit of packets are accepted, routers don't
further accept packets. Also, routers don't implement FIFO methods anymore. They only accept and
store packets from computers that send an ACK as response to their SYN–ACK and complete the 3–
way handshake. Incoming packets from a computer system that do not complete a 3–way handshake
are dropped. 1.3 2 nd generation DoS attacks As the routers got smarter, attackers felt the need to
improve their techniques. The 2 generation DoS attack called Distributed Denial of Service attack is
much more sophisticated than the traditional DoS attack. The attacker uses one or more controller
systems and targets a few thousand computer system to convert them into zombies. Zombies are
computer systems that have been infected by an external entity like a hacker, trojan horse or a
computer virus and possess a security hazard. The owners of the zombie machines are not aware of
their system being compromised. A simple spam

Information Security Policy Of City Of New York
Information security policy of City of New York. Mission : City of New York, which has the
mission of providing a protection for the public in safeguarding the personally information that are
collected from public. All employees and contractors with access to City 's information systems are
required to read and acknowledge the User Responsibilities policy prior to accessing any City
information systems. Security Policies: CityNet is a Department of Information Technology and
Telecommunications in city of New York . It utilizes policies, processes, and technology to protect
network, its applications, its hosts, and the data processed therein. The security policy is managed by
The Citywide Chief Information Security Officer and he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
DMZ DMZ is a group of logical networks with direct access to the Internet as well as internal
networks. It serves as a buffer between the untrusted Internet and trusted internal networks, which
allows to select services that can be exposed to the Internet while not doing process. The various
advancements need to made in the policy for the internet networks as the frequency of the members
using is increasing higher day by day and the technology which associate with internet for them to
work effectively from bank to booking ticket all are in a application now a days for the use of the
public The Citywide Chief Information Security Officer has to audit the policies and the security
check has to be made to prevent the data and policy to keep away from threats caused by attackers
Awareness has to be taught to the visitors as mostly they are main prey for the attackers to take
easily the valuable data from the innocent visitors. E–commerce: Electronic Commerce in short
known as E–commerce. E–commerce is the business or commercial transaction which transforms
information in internet. E–commerce which is buying or selling any products or services in Online
using internet. It is Electronic mediator between the customer and the organization. The main aim of
E–commerce is to provide secure transactions for the customer Denial Of Service attack : Denial of
Service is a malicious activity which is done by attacker to minimize the normal performance of the

Using The Command, Arp -s
we can add entries to this list by using the command , arp –s . In cases , where your network
configuration does not change often, it is entirely feasible to make a listing of static ARP entries &
deploy them to clients via an automated script. This will ensure that devices will always rely on their
local ARP cache rather than , relying on ARP requests & replies . Monitoring ARP Traffic with a
Third Party Program :– The last option for defending against ARP cache poisoning , is a reactive
approach that involves monitoring the network traffic of hosts. This can be done with a few different
intrusion detection systems [such as Snort] or through downloadable utilities designed specifically
for this purpose [such as xARP]. This may be feasible when you are only concerned about a single
host but can be a bit cumbersome to deal with when concerned with entire network segments. Wrap
Up :– ARP Cache Poisoning is a great introduction into the world of passive man in the middle
attacks because it is very simple to execute, is a very real threat on modern networks & is difficult to
detect & defend against . In the next article in this series we will focus on name resolution & the
concept of DNS spoofing. 4. Email Bombing :– Email bombing is a form of denial of service attack
that floods an inbox & mail server with messages . If enough messages are sent , the systems may be
overloaded & they will stop working. Many Internet service providers [ISPs] regard email bombing
as a

Computer Security Breaches Are Caused By Vulnerabilities
The number of significant computer security breaches around the globe is continuously growing.
Typically, at least once a month. a major news story is published about an extensive data breach or a
company being hacked. Many organizations are being compromised by means of software
vulnerabilities, distributed denial of service attacks, and in many cases their own employees. By the
end of 2015 over 4.9 billion devices will be connected to the internet and any one of them could be
susceptible to an unknown number of exploits allowing an attacker access into the device (Gartner,
Inc.). There are several factors contributing to the recent increase in cyber crimes and even though
numerous companies have already fallen victim to them, there are sure to be more.
The leading cause of security breaches are caused by vulnerabilities in software (Verizon
Enterprise). PHP, or Hypertext Preprocessor, is the most common programming language for
creating web applications being used on over 80% of websites. According to W3Techs, over 74.06%
of those installations contain at least one known security vulnerability (Q–Success). A recent data
breach is a great example of how hackers can exploit software in order to collect information
otherwise inaccessible. In 2013, Target's security and payment system was compromised by an
attacker in an attempt to harvest personal information including addresses, telephone numbers, and
credit card information from Target customers. The attacker was able to

An Essay on Denial of Service Attack
DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK: SIMPLE BUT DESTRUCTIVE
In last several years, Daniel of Service attack (DoS)/ Distributed Daniel of Service attack (DDoS)
has become one of the most critical threats for internet security, though it's easily accomplished by
the intruders. Even, proven and practicable attacking software are also available on the Internet. To
get rid of this attack, first of all we have to know its consequences.
Typically, an internet connection is established using a methodology named 'THREE WAY
HANDSHAKING'. Following this protocol, at first client pc sends request (SYN) for connection
establishment and then receiving this request server pc response to it sending an acknowledgement
of approval (SYN_ACK) message to the client ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It just sends UDP echo packet in place of ICMP. This invasion can be very serious because of the
'stateless' property of UDP. This means there is no acknowledgement mechanism in this protocol,
which makes UDP favorable for DoS attack. Attacker swallows up the network by UDP packets.
Because of there is no mechanism, receiver can't identify the fake requests.
Ping of death attack follows the same mechanism but from a new angel. It sends ping request using
over–sized packets. Normally, TCP/IP's Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) i.e. maximum packet
size is 65,536 octets (as per CISCO). As a result of over–sized pings, the routing device keeps
rebooting perpetually or may be freezes up causing a total crash.
'Tribe Flood network'/'Tribe Flood network 2000' (TFN/TFN2K) is more complicated than previous
DoS attacks. Alternately it is named as 'IP Spoofing'. It is capable of initiating synchronized DoS
attacks from multiple sources to multiple target devices. It accomplishes the violation by imitating
itself as an IP address of a network to other IP addresses, which are in the scope of it. In this manner,
it misleads the network system by using an approved or trusted internal/external IP address and does
massive destruction.
Stacheldraht is a Distributed DoS program (DDoS), which is actually an assortment of DoS
methodologies. It integrates TFN irruption processes along with UDP, TCP/IP, ICMP overflow,
Smurf attack. Starting with a huge

E-Warfare Essay
Question
The 21st century has seen warfare adopt many new faces, among those the use of the Internet as a
weapon. Explore an e–warfare incident and discuss its success or failure. In your answer detail how
you as a network manager could protect your organisation against e–warfare.
Abstract
In the following essay I will define 'E–warfare' and outline types of attacks which are associated
with it. I will identify an incident which has taken place and discuss whether the incident was
successful or failed. I will then attempt to give a detailed explanation of how if I was an appointed
network manager, that I would protect an organization against e–warfare. I use examples when
necessary to provide a realistic appreciation of the use of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Governments, businesses and individuals are using the internet for day–to–day activities and any
disruption can have devastating effects. This dependence on electronic information exchange, whilst
having its positive side, also has a big negative with security issues. The ease at which a website or
news portal can be attacked and taken down by almost any person with an internet connection is of
huge concern. The various methods of electronic attacks which can take shape bring forward the
subject of electronic warfare and how it impacts society. Various attacks can take place, although the
distributed denial–of–service attack is the one of focus due to its eafse and its common appearance
on the internet.
A denial of service (DoS) attack is an intentional action designed to prevent legitimate users from
making use of a computer service (Quinn 2006). A DoS attack may involve unauthorized access to
one or more computer systems. The aim of a DoS attack is to disrupt a computer servers ability to
respond to its clients. Interfering with the normal use of computer service's can result in significant
harm. For example a company selling products and services over the internet may lose business or a
military organization may find its communications disrupted. In a distributed denial of service
(DDoS) attack, the attacker gains access to thousands of computers. The

Network Security And The Internet
The world is more connected now than ever since the birth of the Internet and with the new
networking technology coming out, will continue this way. There is a large amount of personal,
business, and government information on the internet and network infrastructures. Network security
is becoming of great importance because of the attacker 's ability to steal this information that can be
easily acquired through different means of attacks. The internet itself along with network
infrastructures has many security risks in it. Knowing what attack methods are out there allows users
a chance to defend against them. Learning about the history of the Internet along with network
attack and defense allows users and anyone operating within the digital ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Knowing this information will help any user or organization build a standing defense from an attack.
Malware dates back to the 1960s. The systems were slow, and computer use was rationed among
different groups of users. Students were often the last ones to be able to use the internet so they
invented tricks such as writing computer games with a Trojan horse inside to check whether the
program was running as root, and if so, created an additional privileged account with a known
password. By the 1970s, large time–sharing systems at universities were the target of pranks
involving Trojans. In 1984, a classic paper by Thompson in which he showed that even if the source
code for a system were carefully inspected, and known to be free of vulnerabilities, a trapdoor could
still be inserted. His trick was to build the trapdoor into the compiler. If this was recognized that it
was compiling the login program, it would insert a trapdoor such as a master password that would
work on any account. So the next step is to see to it that, if the compiler recognizes that it's
compiling itself, it inserts the vulnerability even if it's not present in the source. So even if you can
buy a system with verifiable secure software for the operating system, applications and tools, the
compiler binary can still contain a Trojan. The moral is that you can't trust a

Distributed Denial Of Service Attack And Mitigation
Distributed Denial Of Service Attack And Mitigation
Project Report
[EE281] by (Add roll num and names)
009747192 Priyanka Neelakrishnan
Project Advisor Dr. Chao–Li Tarng
12/2014
ABSTRACT
Simulation of DDoS Attacks:
Demonstration of different types of DDoS attacks in a simulated virtual environment. We have
chosen examples from each type of DDoS attack namely volume based attacks (UDP flood, TCP
flood, ICMP flood), protocol based attacks (SYN flood) and application level attacks (HTTP). We
used network stress testing tools like Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC), Hping3 to simulate these
DDos attacks from multiple virtual machines. In addition, we have portrayed ways to detect these
attacks.
Materials and Methods:
We used VMware to create multiple virtualized (Macintosh) machines to create a zombie network.
We targeted a single host from all these machines using tools like LOIC and Hping3. We primarily
used Wireshark to detect all the attacks.
Table of Contents
Chapter1 Introduction
1.1 Project goals and objectives
1.2 Problem and motivation
1.3 Project application and impact
1.4 Project results and deliverables
Chapter2 BackgroundandRelatedWork
2.1 Background and used technologies
2.2 State–of–the–art
2.2 Literature survey

Chapter3 ProjectRequirements
3.1 Technology and resource requirements
Chapter4 SystemDesign
4.1 Architecture design
Chapter5

Prevention Of Service Attacks And Remedies
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to research denial–of service attacks and remedies that can be used as
defense mechanisms to counter these attacks. A denial–of–service (DoS) attack is characterized by
an explicit attempt by attackers to prevent legitimate users of a service from using that service
(Malliga & Tamilarasi, 2009). The attack demonstrates using both known and potential attack
mechanisms. Along with this classification important features of each attack category that in turn
define the challenges involved in combating these threats will be discussed. The typical defense
system is using only the currently known approaches. A denial–of–service attack deploys multiple
machines to avert attacks. Then the service is denied by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A denial of service attack on a network could take one of three possible forms (Razmov & Juels,
2000). A malicious party (the attacker) could cause the network not to transmit messages it should
be sending in order to offer service to a subset or all of its clients. On the other end of the spectrum,
the network could be caused to send messages, which it should not be sending. By far the most
common form of DoS in today's networks is causing excessive bogus traffic (a.k.a. flooding the
network) in the direction of a particular server, which in the end will prevent legitimate users from
getting the service they could otherwise be receiving from that server. A simple DoS attack can be
implemented by sending a multitude of simultaneous requests to a service which will saturate with
network flows making it impossible for the server to answer the entire request. The attack continues
to plague the internet protocol (IP) networks. DoS can result in significant loss of time and money
got many user and organizations (Perrig & Song, 2001).
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) have gained popularity compared to wired network due to
its low cost and easy layouts. WLAN are used worldwide by users, corporations, and educational
environments. Attackers can use any of several methods to get inside a computer with so many
doors to protect and new hacking techniques constantly being developed, it's difficult to keep
safeguards

Understanding And Learning How Prevent And Minimize...
Research Paper Your name: Kyle S Willard Your Capella email address: Kwillard1@capella.edu The
course number: IT3006 Instructor name: Professor Bob Whale Date submitted: 1.10.2015 Title of
your paper: Understanding and learning how to prevent and minimize Distributed Denial of Service
Introduction Every day in the Information Technology industry there is an attack that can be so
devastating as to completely shut down websites, webservers or even possible someone's ISP or
internet service provider. It is called DDOS or Distributed Denial of Service, it's a simplistic attack
for the most part and just requires moderate resources to accomplish. The attacker hires or creates a
botnet and then targets a specific IP and port and then begins to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
HINT: you may want to also keep a blank template open so you can quickly see the instructions
again. Basic description of DoS & DDoS In this initial section we will be learning the basic
description of DDoS and what it does. "DDOS is short for Distributed Denial of Service. DDOS is a
type of DOS attack where multiple compromised systems –– which are usually infected with a
Trojan –– are used to target a single system causing a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Victims of a
DDoS attack consist of both the end targeted system and all systems maliciously used and controlled
by the hacker in the distributed attack. According to this report on eSecurityPlanet, in a DDoS
attack, the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources – potentially
hundreds of thousands or more. This effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack simply by
blocking a single IP address; plus, it is very difficult to distinguish legitimate user traffic from attack
traffic when spread across so many points of origin." (Beal, No Date Found) This in layman's terms
is a nasty way to shut down most small to middle sized websites within minutes and keep them
down anywhere from 1 minute to an indefinite period depending upon which style of attack is used
and duration of the attack. Very few major websites such as Amazon.com or CNN.com can truly be
affected by these attacks due to the extremely high capacity load that they cater to.

Denial-Of-Service Attacks
Figure 4: How Several Requests Sent to a Access Point Can Disrupt Network Service
A cyber–criminal can create a denial–of–service attack by sending spam emails to a network. The
spam emails can be sent to an email account supplied by an employer or a free email account
offered by Hotmail and Yahoo. With each email account, the user is assigned a specific quota that
specifies the amount of space the account can have at a given time. If the cyber–criminal sends large
amounts of spam messages to a user's email account then the quota will be exceeded and prevent the
user from receiving legitimate messages. When a denial–of–service attack is launched, the cyber–
criminal can also choose to deny authorized users' access or limit their access by creating ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The café latte attack relies on a user's laptop being connected to a Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
protected network and tricks the user into sending thousands of WEP–encrypted ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) requests. An ARP is a network protocol that maps together a network layer
address and a data link layer hardware address. For example, an ARP is used to resolve IP addresses
to their corresponding Ethernet address (Leyden, 2007). For a café latte attack to be successful, the
cyber–criminal does not have to be in the same area as the user but can also be in a remote location
to intercept the WEP key. A cyber–criminal can take advantage of the message modification flaws in
the 802.1WEP architecture and the shared key authentication by flooding a network with encrypted
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests. A café latte attack functions by using a bit–flipping
technique that modifies the Media Access Control (MAC) address and Internet Protocol address (IP
address) of a user's computer which is collected when gratuitous ARP requests are sent from the
cyber–criminal. When the user responds to the gratuitous ARP requests, the cyber–criminal can
quickly crack the WEP key from the user's traffic. With a café latte attack, a cyber–criminal can
obtain the WEP key in less

Denial Of Service Attack Essay
The denial of service attack has become prominent against banks. The sinister attack claimed two
victims and they were banks. According to Wells Fargo bank and PNC bank customers slow internet
traffic when trying to access their online accounts. This was due mainly to an unusual high amount
of traffic causing slow internet access to the banks website. Wells Fargo and PNC both launched an
investigation into the incident that was annoyance for the most part to customers trying to conduct
business online. Their findings were that a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack against both
banks causing a disruption in service to customer. According to Koga, Okazaki, Watanabe, and Park
(2011) denial of service poses security problems on the internet. They recommend that
countermeasure should take place to trace the attackers and stop the attacks (p. 29). ... Show more
The DDoS has become the attacker's method for finding vulnerabilities in a banks network system.
A DDoS attack is when an attacker uses a botnet execution, remotely controlling multiple computers
to attack the traffic of a banking system network and the attack leads to capturing the resource
records of a domain name system (DNS). By using a DDoS attack some of the major components of
the DNS are disrupted mainly the distributed database name server. It slows the servicing of client
queries and if a disruption takes place clients will not be able to service any internet demands. The
DNS uses a messaging protocol handler that runs on UDP for handling client queries and name
server responses. When a malicious action such as DDoS attacks are launched the DNS messaging
protocol is vulnerable to criminals who can attach other hidden software within the DDoS

Security Metrics Essay
Novel Security Metrics for Evaluation of Denial of Service Attacks V. Divyakala, B.Tech (ECE), 3rd
Year, IIITDM, Jabalpur, MP ( divyakalav@gmail.com, vdivyakala@iiitdmj.ac.in) B. M. Mehtre,
Associate Professor, IDRBT, Road No.1, Castle Hills, Masab Tank, Hyderabad 500057,
(Mehtre@idrbt.ac.in ) Abstract: Denial of Service (DoS) is a major threat in every type of Computer
Network, including Internet, Cloud Services and Sensor Networks. In this paper we propose novel
Security Metrics to compute the severity and impact of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, which
helps to accurately and precisely estimate the monetary loss incurred by an organization. These
metrics are quantitative in nature and map Quality of Service (QoS) requirements into measurable
and acceptable threshold parameters. The test results of the application of these metrics using
Network Simulator are presented. The work for implementation of these metrics in Network
Management Systems (NMS) and Visualization tools is in progress. Key Words: Security Metrics,
Denial of Service, Network Attack 1. INTRODUCTION Metrics are scales of measurement used for
improvement and scientific decision making. Security metrics are useful for quantitatively
measuring an organization's security level or of security vulnerabilities of an entity. For
comprehensive network security and Cyber Situational Awareness Management, security metrics
play significant role as proactive protection measures rather than reactive analysis

Title: Overview Of Attacks On Cloud Computing. Name:...
Title: Overview of Attacks on Cloud Computing Name: Bipasha,Tahmina Akter Id:13–23131–1
Email:tahpasha@gmail.com Introduction: Cloud computing as a new paradigm of information
technology that offers tremendous advantages in economic aspects such as reduced time to market,
flexible computing capabilities and limitless computing power. To use the full potential of cloud
computing, data are transferred, processed and stored by external cloud providers. The NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology: is the federal technology agency that works with
industry to develop and apply technology, measurements, and standards) definition of cloud
computing : "Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on–demand network access to ...
Literature Review: According to [4], there are so many security risks for user of the cloud
computing services, for handling these hazards the possible types of attacks must be categorized so
that solution of that can be found[5]. The author has proposed the idea of attacks possible in the
cloud computing. The organizations are providing cloud services according to the cloud computing
categorization. The cloud computing is still not matured in terms of security, and most of the
researchers in published literature focused on security and new categorization of attack surface. The
paper focused on the initial attacks and hacking efforts linked to cloud computing organizations and
their systems. In the cloud computing there are three different contributor classes as user, cloud and
service. In cloud computing, two contributors must involve in the communication. The attacks can
be launched on any of these three contributors during communication. The contributor classes must
be secured with a security interface or channel between the communicating parties, which depends
on the service model that cloud have like IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. Denial of Service (DoS) or
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is one of the biggest security risks in cloud computing as well
as any other internet based service. DoS or DDoS generally functions by the attacker sending large
amounts of data packets, such as simple TCP/UDP or really any other type

Fundamentals Of Network Security
ICTN 6865: Fundamentals of Network Security Final Term Paper Professor's Name: Dr. Phil
Lunsford Student's Name: Rahul Ravella Date: 10/25/14 Abstract Denial of Service also known as
DoS is an attack that has been a part of cyber–attacks and cyber–terrorism for a long time. With the
increase in the number of attacks on networks and websites, the need has come to implement better
prevention systems to limit the number of attacks on the network. There are quite a few methods of
countering these attacks that are already present but not a lot of networks have implemented them
yet. This paper will talk about the different types of DoS attacks and their countermeasures. The
paper will also talk about the advantages and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This causes the server to respond either really slowly or not at all, which causes the website to
become unavailable or the service to not perform as it is supposed to. (Auburn University, 2009)
The different type of Denial of Service attacks: Denial of Service attacks are characterized as an
explicit attempt by a hacker so as to prevent a user from getting or using the desired resources.
Examples of such an attack are: The prevention of legitimate network traffic by attempting to flood
the network. Preventing access to a service by disrupting connections between the two machines.
The prevention of accessing a service for a individual. The attempt to disrupt the services to a
specific person or a system. (Lau, Simon Fraser Univ., Rubin, Smith, & Trajkovic, 2000) Some of
these attacks are as follows: ICMP Flood: There are many different types of these ICMP flood
attacks. One of these attacks is called the Smurf attack. This attack creates a large amount of
computer network traffic in the target's network. It involves the sending of Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) or ping requests to the many broadcast addresses of the internet protocol (IP).
These messages contain spoofed broadcast ping messages. When the host receives the ICMP echo
request, they send an immediate reply to the source address upon acceptance. So therefore when
there are multiple broadcast networks, there can be

What Is The Distributed Denial Of Service Attack?
The most popular and dangerous type of attack that happens mostly these days, within the
contemporary electronic society, is the distributed denial of service attack (Nemati 2009, 45). This
technique is usually defined as specific attacks from multiple wireless sensor networks ends,
towards a set of authentic nodes (Malin et al. 2015, 76). Its main intention is exhausting their entire
resources. Denial and deception techniques take various forms, most of which depends on the
attacker's objectives and the target system. However, they all have a similar objective, which is
attacking the enemy. These assaults tend to influence the system's execution fundamentally
consequently bringing about an entire system operation loss of motion (Johnson ... Show more
This data redundancy is mostly caused to the correlation between mining and the sensor observation
that inspires in–network data aggregation techniques (Karl, Holger, and Willig 2005, 132). Here,
aggregation mostly reduces the network traffic amounts that eventually helps capture or grasp
information from the nearby environment. Network nodes can have logical or actual communication
with all devices,this communication mostly defines the type of network topology, depending on the
application. Sensors are able to be pair with all the topologies types but, in some cases, the sensors
may not be appropriate for all the networks. Most logical network topology tends to be defined
depending on their logical roles. Centralized configuration techniques are always appropriate for
networks whereby the processing power capacity specifically depends on a specific but unique
device. The device is responsible for coordination, processing, and management of any information
activities that is sensed within the environment. From here, it forwards the grasped information to a
sink node. This, therefore, means that the sensors are quite reliable in grasping information (Karl,
Holger, and Willig 2005, 105). The advantage of this network arrangement is the centralized
configuration allows more energy management and roaming is usually allowed inside the network to
facilitate

The Denial Of Service Attack

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The Denial Of Service Attack