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Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a recessive genetic disorder
that causes malfunction of cilia. Cilia are found on cells in
almost every organ of the human body, and the malfunction of
cilia is involved in several human disorders. During
embryological development, for example, cilia generate a
leftward flow of fluid that initiates the life-right organization of
the body organs. Some individuals with PCD (see Module 4.18
checkpoint question)
exhibit situs
inversus, in which internal organs such as the heart are on the
wrong side of the body. Discuss why this reversed arrangement
may be a symptom of PCD and what else cna result from the
malfunctioning of cilia in PCD.

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