Critical Period Hypothesis

Critical Period Hypothesis
Lenneberg formed the Critical Period Hypothesis theory which contends that language is innate but has to be attained before the age of puberty or
else the ability to learn language ebbs (as a result of the lateralization of the brain). 1 At present, the Critical Period Hypothesis theory is widely
accepted by numerous linguists. Evidence has been presented that there is a limited time when the brain is malleable (in terms of language). Studies
such as, linguistically isolated children (a.k.a. feral children) support Lenneberg 's theory of the critical period because they are unable to fully acquire
language. 2 Moreover, there is a non–uniform success rate in adults who try to attain a second language yet children can obtain a new language a...
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Other cases of feral children include: Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron (who was found at age 11) and Kamala of Midnapore (who was found at age 8),
both never learned language correctly either.11 Therefore, although Lenneberg 's hypothesis is not proven, feral children forcefully support it. The
Critical Period Hypothesis is further supported by experiments about second language acquisition. Lenneberg believed that "the language acquisition
device, like other
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Genie : A Special Individual
In the video we initially meet a ten–year old girl named Genie in Los Angeles in 1970. Genie, as Susan Curtiss explains it, is an individual put into
the world with no prior engagement beforehand. This means that Genie has had little to no contact with other people. This also means that Genie
has never learned a specific language. Genie is a special individual put under a predicament that has altered her ability to learn and be social. As the
video progresses, it says that she was tied to a potty chair for the first ten years of her life. Genie 's parents had deprived her of physical contact by
isolating her. Authorities had found her in such a state that they referred to her as being like a baby bunny firstlearning how to walk. Genie 's parents
were later prosecuted for child abuse. The reasons given for her treatment by her father were that she was already retarded and he didn 't want to
let her out of the house for people to see. Almost as if having a mentally retarded child would be a shameful situation for her father to undergo. The
explanation for her lack of ability to speak is directly linked to the observation that she was beaten for making noise, or trying to talk at an early age.
So she affiliated speaking or noise making with beating, which disrupted her ability to further enhance her capacity to learn language. Also the lack of
human contact had a strong effect on the way she developed. As I discussed earlier about her inability to walk properly, this also

Sociology- Nature Versus Nurture
Nature versus Nurture The roles of nature (what we genetically inherit) and or nurture (what we learn) in making us what we are have long been
argued. The idea that humans are determined by these two influences dates back to the ancient Greek philosopher Protagorus who in the fifth century
BC compared physics (nature) and nomos (tradition). It is however difficult to unravel the separate influences of nature and nurture. If the children of
musically talented parents are themselves musically talent, is it because of genetic inheritance (nature) or because of a musical environment at home
where they grow up(nurture)? The nature versus nurture debate concentrates on the question of how far our behavior is determined by nature at birth or
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Jean Itard a physician tried to train the boy. After 3 months he seemed little more human. He more clothes learned to sit at a table, and eat wit6h
utensils. He started to show human emotions such as joy, gratitude and remorse. He lived for about 40 years but he never learned to speak nor
ever become a normal person. Similarly in one orphanage Spit found that infants who were about 18 months old were left lying on their backs in
small cubical most of the day without any human contact. Within a year all had become physically mentally, emotionally and socially retarded. Two
years later more than a third of the children had died. Those who survived could not speak, they could not walk, they could not dress up and they
could not use spoon. This shows that children who received little attention/socialization suffered very noticeable effects. Various cases of
unsocialized children also indicate that human behavior is something that has to be learned. Humans do not simply become able to do all things
instinctually. For example Anna, from Pennsylvania, USA was an illegitimate child. Anna was kept hidden from the public in the attic. She was just
fed enough to keep her alive, she was neither touched nor bathed, and she simply lay still in her own filth. She was discovered in 1938 at the age of
six. She looked like a skeleton. She was couldn't talk nor walk. She did nothing but lay quietly in the ground her eyes

The consensus belief is that the capacity for language is...
The consensus belief is that the capacity for language is innate, while others believe its environmental variables play a deciding role. In the end, it
boils down to the nature versus nurture debate. Does the environment we are exposed to or our genetics' play a larger role?
Savage Girls and Wild Boys by Michael Newton studies children that grew up in the wilderness with animals or who were cut–off from the civilized
world as we know it. Multiple 'wild child's' were examined from the early 1700's to the late 1900's (Ivan Mishukov). The children Newton went into
depth with were Peter the Wild Boy (1725), Memmie Le Blanc (1731), Victor of Aveyron (1797), Kaspar Hauser (early 1800s), and Genie (1970).
Newton engulfs the reader into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They both viewed the outside world with awe, consumed by its sheer beauty. They were both able to learn some language and could communicate to
others, but could not master grammar. In each case, there was a sense of hope at the beginning, before failure in the ability to rehabilitate each child.
The children had difficulties learning to fit into society. Consequently, they escaped the isolation of captivity or the woods to face isolation in society
due to their inability to communicate and be understood by others. Noam Chomsky proposed that the acquisition of language could not be fully
explained by learning alone. Instead, he suggested that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows the innate ability to understand
the principles of language. Children learn language much faster than adults after first being exposed to it.
On the other hand, linguist Eric Lenneberg explains that similar to other human behaviors, one's ability to learn and understand language relies on
critical periods. Acritical period is a limited span of time during which a person is capable of acquiring certain skills from external resources.
Lenneberg states that a person's main acquisition period for language lasts until the age of 12. He believes that after one goes through puberty, the
brain becomes fixed and it is more difficult to completely learn a language. This is a hotly disputed theory as it has been proven that "the brain can

Geniie The Wild Child Summary
Genie, the Wild Child
Question 1: The three children from the video endure radical abuse, negligence, and lack of social contact with their families and were isolated for
long periods of time. As a consequence the neural connections in their brain were very limited, causing the brain hemispheres to shrink; as indicated
by Doctor Bruce Perry in the video. In the process the centers of language were damaged and the children missed the time period where children
develop their vocabulary. After they were rescue there were serious attempts to teach them. In all, of the cases the progress was from limited to very
limited. For instance, Oxana Malaya, the Ukrainian child, was labeled as the feral child, because her dog–like behavior. She ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, being chained during her childhood certainly cause serious trauma and become mentally challenged.
Question 2: The three children missed the primary social skills, which we learn from our parents, relatives, and other social entities such as church,
friends, and neighbors. In addition, they had no opportunity to develop the looking glass self. The periods of socialization that they missed were the
learning period for language acquisition skills, learning how to receive and express love to others, getting in touch with the essential values of our
culture, and learning the ethical values of society., The main causes of their disabilities were parent negligence, social isolation, and abnormal
development of their brain as a consequence of these factors.
Question 3
One can infer that the situation endured by these children is called the forbidden experiment, considering that their experiences were against the normal
parental love influence. The conscious rejection, lack of parental love, negligence, and close contact with children definitely left children to the mercy
of nature. Nurture was denied to the children due to their parents' abnormal mentality and their social vices, which almost destroy any sign of humanity
from their offspring. Therefore, their ordeals are the forbidden experiment, because these irresponsible parents stole the opportunity from their children
to be the best they could

The Potential Positive And Negative Effects Of Day Care On...
With reference to at least two themes of Part 1 of the module, write an essay of no more than 2000 words discussing the potential positive and
negative effects of day care on young children. In the recent years where is become common that both parents work, there has been an increased
interest in whether day care is the best option for children. The main issues addressed in this paper are evaluating the advantages and disadvantages on
day care, based on different studies. The first section of this essay examines the potential positives effects of day care on the quality of childrenВґs
lives and their psychological development. According to the article titled "Day care centres" on the American website Babycenter.com, there are many
advantages on day care. For instance; children have more chance to socialise with other children than children who have cared at home. Also, day care
centres are regulated and inspected by law ensuring the proper functioning. Caregivers who work in the day care centre are usually well trained in
early childhood and they know exactly how to stimulate childrenВґs development. In addition, day care provides with a wide range of activities to
promote their different abilities, children learn while they are playing. The second part of the essay examines the negatives effects of day care. In
accordance with the article one of the most significant is that children will likely have less attention than at home. Babies, in particular, need a lot of
love

Case Study: The Wild Boy Of Aveyron
The Wild Boy of Aveyron1)The wild boy lacked mostly two domains of the human development (Cognitive and Psycho–social Development) As for
cognitive development, the child did not know how to speak any languages, therefore he only knew how to grunt, make meaningless cries, and
murmured to Itard to reveal what he wanted. The boy has some psychosocial development that he lacked as well. Due to being isolated from any
human contact at such a young age, he was unable to adapt to any social life, and also was unable to communicate because he didn't develop that
properly in that matter. 2)There was two domains present (Physical and Psychosocial development) that the boy showed. As physical development, that
the boy showed that his five senses worked. Also he was able to survive on his own in the wilderness.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was well on his own, and only fended for himself in the wilderness where he spent most of his time alone, and isolated from human contact.
4)Personally I would say cognitive in genetically determined. As if your parents are First Nations, and speak their language, you would pick up the
language as they teach you it in your early years after birth, and so forth. 5)Everyone has their own culture and in the early ages after whoever's birth,
the parents will teach them their culture. Fore say; if the parents were First Nations for example, they will teach their off springs their culture that
includes praying pow–wow dancing, round–dancing, sage picking and, many ceremonies. 6)Personally I thought it was a good idea for Itard to try
bring Victor into the world with socializing and, to be able to build relationships with people such as children, Itard and, people who cared for him.
Another thing that I personally liked about the idea of Itard's project on Victor to communicate so he would be able to know what exactly had
happened to Victor in the wilderness, and what or, who left him there on his

Hunnypot Day Nursery
Jenson's social needs are making new friends and meeting new family members. The social needs are playing and learning with others meaning
making friends, exploring different environments like going on trips to the farms or on holidays and also developing routines meaning extra
accomplishments. All these social needs can be met by your parents, friends and teachers. If your social needs are not met it could lead to not having
friends and then having the feeling of neglect. For example if a child's parents do not talk to him he will not develop his social needs. Also if a child is
being isolated to much he will lose the courage to develop short and long term memories. Also another example of social is sharing if a child does not
learn the idea ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jenson physical needs are all being met as I have observed and interviewed the service provider and his mother Selina Jones. Firstly, Jensons physical
needs are and how they are met are, for example a balanced diet, Jenson loves food he eats anything and everything. In pre–school they have a variety
of food and all the food is all fresh quality ingredients and also they guarantee a minimum of 4 fruit and veg a day, exercise Jenson love going out side
he loves running about. In the pre–school they provide many indoor and outdoor activities which give Jenson fresh air and also exercise. For exercise
they also provide swimming classes. Also another example is fresh Air. The pre–school provide Jenson with fresh air by letting him play outside, also
when there is an indoor activity they set up the same activity outside because some of the children prefer playing outside then inside like Jenson. They
spend an hour minimum a day and sometime as long as they want outside. Furthermore, another example of a physical need which is being met is
hygiene. The hygiene rate of the pre–school is excellent. In the pre–school what they do is they let the kids go toilet on their own if they haven't wash
their hands they teach them how to if they had an accident they would clean it and also for example if a person had a bug they would disinfect all the
toys before and after pre–school. An additional example is protection; Jenson in the pre–school is very protected by the staff members. They have
security cameras everywhere and also if for example Jenson mum couldn't pick him up from pre–school nor could his dad then they would have a
passcode. The staff would tell the parents the passcode the parents would tell the passcode to whoever is going pick them up and the guardian who is
going to pick them up will have to say to a staff the passcode and then they will be able to take Jenson home. Shelter is

Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Analysis
The provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act will help me know how to properly incorporate students with disabilities into my
general education classroom in multiple ways. In 2013, "more than 60 percent of students ages 6 through 21 served under IDEA were educated inside
the regular class 80% or more of the day;" therefore it is essential that I understand how to positively and effectively include students with disabilities in
my classroom (US Department of Education, 2015). IDEA helps me to understand how and why all children need to be included in the classroom. It
helps me understand that all children are entitled to a free appropriate public education and that instruction should be delivered in the best way possible
A student of his, Edouard Seguin, continued this work with the belief "that children who were blind, intellectually disabled, or emotionally disabled
could be trained to become productive members of society [and] his method included creating a structured learning environment with attention to
developing the senses, learning basic academic skills, and engaging in regular physical activity" (Friend, 2014). Society began to change and schools
became a mirror image to that of production assembly lines. "Just as cars and other products were created using piece–by–piece assembly in a standard
way, so too, were American citizens to be created by moving all children, the 'raw material,' from grade to grade as they received a standardized
education. Not surprisingly, it soon became apparent that student needs defied standardization" (Friend, 2014). The first public school special class in
the United States came about in 1875 and, although it closed shortly thereafter, other schools opened and continued the development of special
education as we know it today (Friend, 2014). In addition to early physicians' open–minded work, court cases, and the IDEA Act, other events added to
the structure of special education as we know it today. The passing of the Elementary and Secondary

Study Of Humanity : Feral And Neglected Children
Studies in Humanity: Feral and Neglected Children The question of what makes man human has been asked for as long as man has been able to
record his thoughts in writing. Many people believe that humans are superior to all other beings due to their ability to communicate thoughts through
speech and on paper, or because of their capacity for empathy. In any case, we as humans are sure it is obvious that we exist in a plane far beyond that
of any non–human. So what happens when the line between these planes becomes blurred and human is almost indistinguishable from animal in every
way except appearance? Scientists have documented cases of human children behaving as animals – with no knowledge of human care, language, or
civilization – and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was very short and appeared young – around 11 years of age, walked upright, and was unable to speak (Shattuck 15). The boy responded positively
to human affection, such as hugs and smiles, and seemed to know that fire was used for cooking food, suggesting he was not entirely unfamiliar with
other humans (Shattuck 16). After being discovered in Aveyron, the boy was taken to the Saint–Affrique orphanage where he stayed for a month.
Initially, he did not like to wear clothing and hated sleeping in a bed, but eventually got used to the bed and even seemed to enjoy when his sheets
were changed. He rejected most foods, and ate almost nothing besides potatoes (Shattuck 19). Experts later postulated that the boy had lived for
around five years in the wild. It is unknown what he had lived like before this, but it is thought that until approximately six years of age, "He was
probably normal, though he may have been severely deprived or disturbed" (Shattuck 143–144). After the orphanage, the so–called Wild Boy was cared
for by a priest named Pierre–Joseph Bonnaterre and a man named Clair (Shattuck 22, 24). After five months, the boy was taken to the Institute for
Deaf–Mutes in Paris. After those months of familiarity, the boy's transition to the institute did not go well, and the employees could not handle him.
Experienced doctors did not believe that the boy could be helped, and only one doctor wanted to continue working with the boy. Jean–Marc Gaspard

The Forbidden Experiment by Roger Shattuck Essay
The Forbidden Experiment by Roger Shattuck
It is one of the oldest unanswered questions in all of science. Though slightly more grounded in empirical science than the likes of "Where did we
come from?" or "Why are we here?" the impossible Nature/Nurture dichotomy has tormented truth–bound scientists for years. Recent advances in
genetics have brought forward new possibilities for those who would study the pure effects of environmental variables on animals, but we are far from
allowing ourselves to manipulate other human beings in such ways for the sake of collecting data. This strong moral stance does not diminish our
curiosity and so the question must be asked: What would we do if a case in which the human had already been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The duration of his immediate interest to the scientific community in Paris was far shorter. (1)
To an intellectually enlightened community the contradiction should have been apparent: They detained Victor and forced him to learn how to live
as a proper human being in civilized society; he was treated every step of the way as if he were an animal. The inconsistencies were nowhere more
apparent than they were in the often times tortured mind of the main scientist overseeing the progress of Victor, the young and gifted Dr. Itard. It was
Itard who subjected Victor to inhumane treatment from keeping him on a leash during walks around the grounds, to using violence to arrive at a
desired level of obedience. While popular opinion had Victor as some kind of savage creature, which justified the type of treatment he received, Itard
disagreed. His own radical beliefs that Victor was more than animal had already condemned his own methods. (1)
The span of Shattuck's narrative falls within the five years Itard spent attempting to give back to Victor human qualities we all grow up with, but which
Itard believed had lain dormant for the years that Victor spent in the wild. The author's treatment of Itard makes for most of the interesting reading of
the book. Shattuck admires in Itard his determination, his passionate curiosity and his faith in the innate goodness of the almost altogether
unresponsive being in front of him. It is through much of Itard's own pen that

Sociology- Nature Versus Nurture
Nature versus Nurture
The roles of nature (what we genetically inherit) and or nurture (what we learn) in making us what we are have long been argued. The idea that humans
are determined by these two influences dates back to the ancient Greek philosopher Protagorus who in the fifth century BC compared physics (nature)
and nomos (tradition). It is however difficult to unravel the separate influences of nature and nurture. If the children of musically talented parents are
themselves musically talent, is it because of genetic inheritance (nature) or because of a musical environment at home where they grow up(nurture)? The
nature versus nurture debate concentrates on the question of how far our behavior is determined by nature at birth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both drove a blue Chevrolet. Both built white benches round the trunk of a tree in their gardens. Both had a habit of biting their fingernails. Both were
chain smokers of same brand of cigarettes Their temperaments, voice patterns and nervous habits were also similar. Thus the case of Jim Twins might
lead us towards the idea that nature determines our human behavior. Sociobiology (the systematic study of the biological basis of all social
behavior) was developed by E.O. Wilson in 1980 s. According to sociobiology's human behavior is determined naturally just like animal behavior.
According to sociobiologist Steven Gavlin and Alice Schlegel (1980) individuals act in order to maximize their genes in future generations. Thus the
tendency of man to have sexual relationship with beautiful women is to maximize his genes. Similarly behavior of both men and women is thus
guided by genetic factors. These above mentioned evidences shows that human behavior is determined by nature or genetic influences. Our race
(color of the skin and other bodily features (sex, certain diseases, flood groups, are no doubt inherited. Human beings are directly influenced by nature.
For example, hunger, thirst, physical fatigue, gradual but in exorable degeneration human body all constrain our human life, shaping what we can do
and can be. For example vigorous physical exercise is beyond the capacities of virtually all

Genie : A Scientific Tragedy
Genie: A Scientific Tragedy, by Russ Rymer follows the life and progress of a Young girl by the name of Genie. Genie was a young girl that grew
up in complete isolation with virtually no human contact. Genies father had kept her locked in her room and had kept her tied to a potty chair
because he had believed Genie to have some type of mental retardation, this isolation continued until Genie had reached the age of thirteen. In
November of 1970 Genie was finally rescued from her home and taken to the Children's Hospital In Los Angeles California.Genies father, Clark
and her mother Irene met at her work in Hollywood, California. After the couple married they had four children, despite the fact that Clark did not
want to have children. Of the four only the second and the fourth child survived infancy, however both Genie and her brother experienced
developmental delays while growing up. Shortly after, Clarks mother passed away leading Clark to become protective of the family. After Clark had
found out about Genies apparent retardation he kept her isolation in order to protect her, during this time Genie was in complete isolation, she was
left hungry and forgotten for years on end. Clarks Overbearing protectiveness over the family finally came to an end in November of 2014 when
Irene, who had lost most of her eyesight, had accidentally stumbled into the Los Angeles County welfare office. One of the workers saw Genie and
believed it was nothing more than an unreported case

Wild Child Essay
From the diaries of Jean–Marc–Gaspard Itard, The Wild Child is a movie made in 1970, with a setting in France from the18th century, and based on a
child who had lived in nature his whole life without any human contact. Itard, a well known French doctor for working with deaf–mutes, had taken in
this feral child under his care for the purposes of his studies on the child's intellectual and social education. Given the time period of the movie Itard
had taken the "wild–child" in under his own care, and helped teach the child to be more civilized, even though he went against the beliefs of how
mentally retarded children were to be taken care of during the 18th century. Although most of the medical doctors who had been in contact with the feral
"In the early 1800's education was primarily given to the wealthy Anglo–Saxon children, and
educators were not exposed to the diversity of children that they were soon going to be faced with." (2) Children were mainly taught in the home or
in a single room schoolhouse; therefore, children of limited mental capability were not likely to be schooled. "In 1852 the start of mandatory
education had evolved, and also the increasing number of immigrants who had had diverse social and cultural backgrounds, as well as something the
educators of the previous, homogenous schools had not been forced to deal with." (3) Many of these children showed signs of various learning,
developmental, physical, and an emotional/behavioral problem, which is what Itard had to deal with trying to help civilize the "wild–child". Although
Itard had succeeded at many tasks with the "wild–child" his reputation had begun to disappear due to the fact that he had not succeeded in helping the
child speak. Not being exposed to language at an early age in life is one of the main factors that contribute to the wild–child not being able to speak.
According to it crucial that children are exposed to language at the early stages of life. It is thought to believe that if a child is not exposed to
language during these early critical times then the child will never be able to develop

The, Ideas, Interactions And Institutions By Lisa Wade And...
For many years psychologist, sociologists, novelist, students, people in general have debated over which side, nature or nurture makes us who we
are. Each side of the debate has compelling arguments and facts to support their claims, however it is foolish to say one has a greater impact than the
other. I believe that humans are the product of society and biology, and that they come hand in hand. That both nature and nurture make us human
because there are too many facts from each side of the argument to say that one is more influential than the other. Our biology is what differentiates
males and females, and our sense of self develops from the interaction with other humans and society. To start off I am going to break down each side
of the argument. On the nature side of the debate many people will argue that it is our biology that differentiates us from animals and makes us who
we are. In the book "Gender, Ideas, Interactions and Institutions" written by Lisa Wade and Myra Marx Ferree he talks about our genes, genotypes,
and phenotypes and how males and females are biologically different. Which is absolutely correct, men are formed from different chromosomes, XY
than females, who are XX and that is a fact, however that is only one piece of information. Many people will argue that male and female brains are quite
different and that we process certain things much differently. In an article titled "Matters of the Brain: Why Men and Women Are So Different" written
by Robin

Language Acquisition
CONTENT
Introduction В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…......В…В…..В… 3
Main body
1. Language acquisition В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….В….В….......В…4
2. The stages of language acquisition В…В…В…В…В…....В…......В….. 5
2.1. The prelinguistic stage В…В…В….В….........В…...........В…7
2.2. Babbling В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…........В…...........В…В… 7
2.3. One–word utterances В…В…В…В…В…..В…....В…...........В…9
2.4. Two–word utterances В…В…В…В…В…..............В…..В….... 10
2.5. Telegraphic speech В…В…В…В…В…В…В…........В…...В…В…13
2.6. Language learning during the pre–school period В…..16
3. The critical period В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….......В… 17
4. The summary of behaviours to expect of children with normally developing speech and language В…В…19
5. The language acquisition cannot be sped up В…В…В…В….В…В…. 20 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

He argued that the neonate arrives equipped with a LAD (Language Acquisition Device). This contains a set of rules common to all languages and
allows children to learn any language which they are exposed to. Slobin (1985) suggested a similar innate device the LMC (Language–Making
Capacity). The interactionist perspective suggests that a combination of biological and cognitive factors plus the linguistic environment are all
necessary for the acquisition of language. (11, 17–28) There are many distinctions between the processes of learning and acquisition. For instance, the
terms are generally used to separate first language acquisition from second language learning, and implied within this distinction is the gap between
children of 0–5 years learning their mother tongue, and those beyond puberty who may begin at this stage to learn a second language, or more. The
process is a conscious one in learning whereas it is subconscious in acquisition and in language acquisition the focus is on communication or reception
of a message as opposed to syntax and grammar as is the case in language learning. Moreover, the context is usually crucial and meaningful in language
acquisition, but need not be important to the same extent in language learning. Motivation, too, is a factor that may broaden the gulf between learning
and acquisition, but need not be factor that may broaden the gulf between learning and acquisition, as for the latter the

Feral Children Case Study
Wild children cases are as interesting to scientists as a new ice cream flavor is to children. Feral children are often abandoned or mistreated and are
forced to extremes to survive. When they are discovered, they are afraid and frail. These children did not meet certain important milestones in their
early childhood due to their abandonment. In order to fully comprehend feral children, one must look at how they are defined and created, are treated,
and affect society. The first category a one should examine in order to fully comprehend feral children is the definition and creation. This section will
discuss the definition of wild children, what makes them feral, and how feral children relate to the topic of nature vs. nurture. The definition... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was declared 'unable to receive instruction', despite the attentions of 'the ablest masters'.He could say nothing beyond his own name and a
garbled form of 'King George'. By 1728, his tutor had given up his efforts and Peter was retired to the country. Though still only an adolescent,
Peter faded into provincial obscurity and thereafter rarely troubled thegossip columns. He developed a taste for gin and loved music, reportedly
swaying and clapping with glee and dancing until he was exhausted. But he never learned to speak and his lack of any sense of direction gave cause
for concern. As a result he was fitted with a heavy leather collar bearing the inscription:'Peter, the Wild Man of Hanover. Whoever will bring him to
Mr Fenn at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire,shall be paid for their trouble.' He finally died, aged around 72, in 1785. (Moorhouse 19) Moorhouse means
that once the observation that the child could not learn or be taught that he must be sent away. The tutor gave up on teaching Peter because Peter had
become slower in his learning process. Not many feral children could easily rejoin society, even after extensive tutoring and

Feral Children & Harlow's Monkeys: Psychological Experiments
In the middle of the twentieth century, Harry and Margaret Harlow began to study the effects of body contact in terms of developmental attachment.
Their breakthrough experiments involved infant monkeys separated from their mother near birth and raised in cages with two surrogate mothers: one
a wire cylinder and the other wrapped in terry cloth. After varying such details as location of the feeding bottle, rocking, and warmth, the Harlows
were startled to find that the monkeys bonded much more closely to the cloth mother, regardless of whether or not "she" provided the food. (Myers,
2011, pp. 149–151). In parallel to Harlow's monkeys was Victor, found in the forests of France in 1800, when he became the first feral child to be
successfully restored to society as well as scientifically studied by Parisian doctor Jean Marc Itard. Followed by children of many ages hailing from
the abandoned flats of the Ukraine to the urbanized and bustling streets of Los Angeles, CA, feral children were defined by their lack of human care,
usually because of abusive or irresponsible parents. Such isolation from their own society often resulted in resorting to animals, especially dogs, for
love and warmth, and to wild, abnormal behavior. None were able to completely and certainly bounce back from their cruel circumstances, a fact
shown in their lack of humanity, as Itard defined it, in one of two areas: emotional empathy or liguistic communication. ("Wild Child The Story Of
Feral Children

The Importance Of Early Childhood Special Education
In the last several centuries there have been many scholars and researchers who took it upon themselves to discover child development and childhood
education. These intellectuals formulated ideas and theories based on their discoveries, and they each contributed to different elements in the realm of
early childhood special education; such as early childhood education, special education, or compensatory education programs.
One such scholar, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi is well known for initiating early childhood education as a specific discipline. He believed that there was
great value in education found through nature and children's natural development and therefore he advocated in establishing activities in the classroom
that focused on what the students were interested in. Pestalozzi continued to enhance early childhood education by contributing several different
values. Pestalozzi thought that it was vital that education should be in terms of the whole child. Additionally, he firmly believed that each parent
should be involved in his or her child's early education. One final opinion that he had was that there are beneficial aspects to have a system of multiage
groups where students can help younger children in their academic studies.
When considering early childhood special education, childhood education and special education go 'hand in hand'. Just as in the establishment of early
education, there are many contributors to special education. Itard, Sequin, and Howe are

Bleuler And Autism
Autism has through history, and will continue to cause widespread debate over many aspects, terminology, associated co–morbid conditions, diagnostic
criterion, interventions, therapies and treatments to name just a few. It has been faced with both negative and positive media attention, those affected
with Autism have been misunderstood, parents of those with Autism have been subject to criticism about their parenting skills or lack of. Since the
1940's research has continued to develop, it is clear to see that the understanding of Autism has radically changed our understanding of it, the treatments
available and care of people with Autism. This research continues to develop providing many discussion points and will more than likely continue...
John Haslam in 1807 published "Observations on Madness and Melancholy" in the chapter titled "cases of insane children" His account names some
traits we now associate with Autism – Obsessive preoccupations, poor grasp of distance, speaking in the third person; and referenced associations to
Asperger syndrome. Henry Maudsley in the 1879 edition of The Pathology of Mind, made reference in some detail of a 13–year–old boy who may
have has Asperger Syndrome. However, most notably it was Leo Kanner, an Austrian–American psychiatrist and physician known for his work related
to autism, who borrowed Bleuler's word to first define

The Critical Period Hypothesis For Language Acquisition
The Critical Period Hypothesis for language acquisition was popularised by Eric Lenneberg (1967) upon the foundations laid by neurologist
Wilder Penfield and colleague and Lamar Roberts (1959). It is the subject of a linguistic debate over the extent to which language acquisition is
biologically linked to age. As defined by Reber and Reber (2001), the critical period is, 'a period of time during which an organism is optimally
ready for the acquisition of specific responses'. This essay will consider the evidence, both supporting and contesting the Critical Period Hypothesis
as well as how the findings of these studies implicate language learning. It shall also endeavour to engage with alternative suggestions and
ultimately argue for the existence of a form of the critical period hypothesis, perhaps better called a sensitive period. The Basis of the Critical Period
Hypothesis: The notion of a Critical Period originated in the study of neurological science. A notable study was conducted which looks at orientation
specificity in the visual cortex for cats (Baxter, 1966). Baxter exposed cats to only horizontal striped patterns during the first weeks of their lives, and
as a result found that they would never have the ability to perceive other patterns such as vertical stripes.Further studies of a Critical Period for vision
and environment include Hubel and Wiesel (1963) who also used cats to determine the effects of monocular deprivation. Hubel and Wiesel used
monocular

Genie Wild Child
In the documentary, "Secret of the Wild Child," it reveals the important case of Genie, a young girl who suffered severe abuse and was deprived of
linguistic stimulation. She was discovered by a case worker at the age of 13 and was noted to be extremely underdeveloped for her age. Once
physicians and psychologists discovered she had not been able to learn a language, research underwent to test whether or not there is a critical period
for language acquisition. However, ethical and moral issues arose of how the psychologists treated her, claiming they were using her as a test subject
for experimental results and not treating her as a human being. Regardless of the endless disputes, Genie's case has benefited the world of psychology
in understanding human development. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her father's treatment was caused by a doctor declaring Genie mentally retarded at birth. She was not allowed to move and was tied to a potty chair
the entirety of her upbringing, leading to undeveloped muscles causing her to walk in a peculiar way. Her father forced the family to not speak in range
of her. Any noise she uttered, he either physically abused her or would growl at her for reasons unknown. The complete deprivation from social
interactions and severe treatment at the hands of her father caused Genie's abnormal development and missing the critical period of language
acquisition. Her father's actions were obviously inhumane as no child, mentally retarded or not, deserves to be treated that way. The mother, on the
other hand, was inactive for much of Genie's childhood and seemed oblivious to Genie's mood and unusual behavior. Overall, Genie did not receive the
proper care a child needs, resulting in her delayed

Feral Children : Feral Children And Children In The World
From time to time there have been many instances of wild man/children brought up in conversation. There have been many cases in the past about
feral children raised by wolves, surviving in the wild by themselves, and more. Many such as Oxana Malaya, Shamdeo, Marina Chapman, John
Ssebunya, Madina, Sujit Kumar, and many more. All these children raised by monkeys, chickens, dogs, wolves, and so on. Feral children, also known
as wild children, were accidentally or intentionally shut out or had little interaction with the human world. Most of the time these children were seen
living between the human and animal world. Most people believe that wild children only show up in myths, but in the modern era people intend to
study them. They study any of there human like qualities such as language use. During the 20th century psychologists wanted to distinguish the
behaviorism and biological nature of wild children. They focused on the children in complete isolation and ones raised by animals. In the 17th
century, outside of myth and legend, there were only few stories of feral children in Europe. Then in the 1600s, more cases started to appear. There
were stories and tales of a wolf boy in Germany and kids getting abducted by polar bears in Poland. In 1644 a story emerges of a boy known by John of
Liege. He was lost in the woods by his parents, he then acquired animal–like behaviors to survive for years. Most children in this time were detailed by
there non–human qualities, such as running on all fours, hunting for their food, exceptional since of hearing and smell, and absence of language. As
many of these children were rescued and brought back into human society, there animal behavior coupled and they were unable to master any sort of
language. This fascinated many philosophers, who began to wonder if these children really belonged to another species besides the human race. The
question "do they really belong to another species", was taken with great seriousness. In the 18th and 19th century scientist began to name, classify, and
understand the natural world and human development. The most known child in the 18th century was Peter the Wolf Boy. He was found near Hanover
in 1725. He was named by the famous

The Heartbreaking Story Of Alienation In Mary Shelley's...
Every year we have people being treated like dirt just because they may look different, are a different race, and many other ridiculous reasons. In
Mary Shelley's gothic horror Frankenstein Shelley tells the heartbreaking story of Frankenstein's Creature that desire's acceptance into society.
Shelley uses Frankenstein's Creature's depressing story of alienation to depict society's bias against people of different origin and how this affects
the individuals themselves. Society does not take kindly to new and different people, and especially those that appear dangerous. The looks of new
characters in society heavily influence the way we view them and their intentions. For example when, "a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have
spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me," Victor assumes his Creature is trying to detain him because of the
Creature's grotesque appearance gets instinctively associate with that of a monster's appearance (Shelley 44). Although Victor does this it is not like
any other normal person would not have done the same thing. In fact most people would probably react the same way, because, we as a society have
created these stereotypes of appearances and actions. In this case the Creature even though he basically is a child he does not look it at all, and that's
when society pushes reasoning aside and tells one's mind that this Creature looks like a monster and by that logic it must want to hurt people. The
Creature is not human he is something between human and Creature. Mr. Cottom agrees that, "for in addition to upsetting the exemplary coherence of
the body, the concept of man as a species, the foundation of society in the family, individual identity, and the rule of consciousness in the individual, the
monster overturns the power of science," (Cottom). Since society approves the denouncing of others that are different, whether it be race, religion, or
etc. the Creature's body is an unfortunate piece of him. It's interesting though because supposedly Frankenstein had chosen the best parts for the
Creature to make him a beautiful and elegant Creature. However, once brought to life his body is actually hideous and revolts anybody that lays eyes
on him

Examples Of Ecological Perspectives
Theoretical Perspectives
Queen College
Kimberley F. Alkins, Ph.D.
Gregory Perrin
EECE 711–03 (42753): Ecological Perspectives on Development – The Childhood Years
September 15, 2016
A child's development occurs when various factors such the environment, physical health, mental, social and emotional levels and parents are all in
sync. Understanding in what ways psychodynamic, social learning, constructivist, sociocultural are essential to a childs development. As Victor of
Aveyron, Wild Boy, was a young boy who noticeably lived his whole childhood lonely in the woods before being found in France. He was captured
but kept running back to the wilderness. However, in early 1800, he was found, nonetheless his inadequacy regarding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
21–22). Victor was abandoned in the wild during his early childhood hence his association was with the animals. Due to this association, Victor acted
like an animal at the time he was captured. Biological approach rejects the view that human beings possess a free will, and it considers that the
environment is the determinant of all behaviors observed. Victor did not have the free will; his environment dictated to him on what behavior he
adopted. His association with the wild shaped his behavior and relation to the human

Development of Human Language, Neurolinguistics and...
Most people take it for granted that children will develop cognition, language and communication skills when they reach a certain stage in their life. In
fact, various studies have been conducted regarding these aspects of human development. A common topic for debate is the issue of nature versus
nurture, wherein some groups support the idea that language and cognitive development is as natural as breathing while other groups contend that
external factors influence these characteristics of human progress. Researchers are given the opportunity to dig deeper into this issue through cases
involving feral, isolated and confined children.
A normal child develops in a variety of domains that are closely linked with each other. They influence... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language development among humans normally occurs rapidly from the time the child is born to around the age of five. There are generally accepted
language learning milestones that every child has to achieve even though the pace and age at which these are achieved may vary from child to child
("Language Development"). There are several theories regarding language acquisition and development. Chomsky theorized that people have an inborn
ability to learn language through a special biological mechanism, a species–specific biological endowment, which he referred to as a Language
Acquisition Device that is found in the brain. He likened this to a "universal grammar" that is recognized by all humans. His theories were also
considered as Nativist in comparison to the Behaviorist theories which stipulate that language acquisition is achieved as a result of providing rewards
for imitations (Rieber ; "Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language"). Piaget contends that cognition precedes language
development and children simply use language to represent what they are thinking. Vygotsky argued that language is primarily a form of social
communication, which eventually leads to language and cognition. More recent theorists claim that the child is an active part of their holistic
development with language acquisition being the result of cognitive, emotional and social interactions ("Theories About How Young Children Acquire
and Develop Language").
All

Summary Of The Strange Case Of Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde
Since childhood, we are taught to supress our violent tendencies and to be kind beings towards ourselves and other people. In The Strange Case of Dr
Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a potion is used to unleash those supressed feelings. Stevenson uses characterization, Imagery, and the theme of Id to bring to life
this phenomenon. No matter how hard you try to hide your inner primal instinct, Hyde's Id is still present and awaiting the opportunity to be released.
The Id is a part of the mind which we all possess. It delivers impulses fueled by instinct that have been in people since the beginning of man. Over
time we have learned to supress our Id from our psyche to better function in society. In The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the reader is
introduced to Mr Hyde who is in a constant battle with his Id. Stevenson uses characterization to describe his impulses and reactions within his
primal state. His first impulse the reader encounters is when Enfield describes Hyde as he, "trampled calmly over the child's body and left her
screaming on the ground (Stevenson, 1.8). Hyde is clearly in a primal state of mind as he would carelessly run over a young girl walking in the
street. He released his Id and created violence without batting an eye. Hyde's animalistic tendencies is furthermore shown when he viciously beats a
man to death. Hyde shows this when "he was trampling his victim under foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which the bones were audibly
shattered and the body

Essay special education
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF DISABILITY The contemporary conception of disability proposed in the WHO International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) views disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions.
Disability is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome or depression) and personal and
environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation, or limited social supports). Long ago there was great confusion over the
meaning of terms such as impairment, handicap, or disability. Then, in 1980, the WHO provided great service by offering a clear way of thinking
about it all in a little book... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Measurements of quality of life extend the disability focus beyond the ability to perform "activities of daily living" to include a broad range of
functioning (work, home, play) and also the person's feelings of satisfaction and well–being. This is necessarily a qualitative and subjective concept,
judged by the patient in terms of the extent to which they are able to do the things they wish to do. In this medical context, quality of life is distinct
from wealth or possessions, and to amke this clear you may see the term "health–related quality of life." Reflecting these evolving ideas, the WHO
revised its Impairment, Disability and Handicap triad in 2001, re–naming it the International Classification of Function (ICF). This classification
system provides codes for the complete range of functional states; codes cover body structures and functions, impairments, activities and participation
in society. The ICF also considers contextual factors that may influence activity levels, so function is viewed as an interaction between health
conditions (a disease or injury) and the context in which the person lives (both physical environment and cultural norms relevant to the disease). It
establishes a common language for describing functional states that can be used in comparing across diseases and countries. The ICF therefore uses
positive language, so that "activity" and "participation"

AspergerвЂ™s Syndrome: Madness, Savantism, or Genius
. Asperger's Syndrome: Madness, Savantism, or Genius? Marilou Bauer Ottawa University Physiological Psychology PSY 31354 Dr. John
Papazafiropoulos June 11, 2012 Asperger's Syndrome: Madness, Savantism or Genius? Everyone knows, or has known, a person that could be
described as a little "off", "quirky", or "eccentric". That was the person who was socially inept, shy, studious, and may have had a stutter. They might
have had an artistic talent, or may have seemed almost a "genius" in mathematics or science. More than likely, that person was considered a "geek" or
"nerd". That person may have had a mild form of high functioning autism called Asperger's syndrome, and they might not have known it until recently.
Asperger's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However there is evidence that people are being diagnosed with this condition even though they have no problem with learning how to speak
fluently and/or they have a high verbal IQ. Recommendations for several revisions in the listing and diagnostic criteria have been made, for the fifth
revised issue of the DSM, that are causing quite a bit of controversy and could result in Asperger's syndrome either being "subsumed under the
category of 'autism spectrum disorder' or becoming a separate condition from autism (Chew, 2010). The Genius of Asperger's Syndrome People with
this disorder are affected in different ways. The strengths of Asperger's, according to James, include "the ability to think in unusual and enriching
ways, concentration for long periods of time on a single activity, sole attention to a task and persistence with it far beyond the point at which other
people would have given up" (2006, p. 11).

Feral Children: A Case Study
The future of our society relies on the accomplishments of the upcoming generations. Children are the precious gem that the family system presents to
society. After people pass away, it is the children that will inherit the world to live in and it is society's duty to provide the younger generations with
the resources and opportunity for self–growth. As children develop through society, they are born with the ability to adapt, and are nurtured and
shaped into citizens that help regulate and benefit human civilization. Unfortunately, not all children are provided with the care and resources
needed to be a part of the human culture, but rarely some are taught the essential need for survival based on environmental factors and learned
behavior. Many people are familiar with the story of Tarzan, a young boy who was raised in the African jungles by apes reaches human civilization
only to reject it and return to his home in the wild; or the Jungle Book, where a young orphan boy was adopted by the wildlife in... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Genie Wiley was a young girl who suffered from abuse and often restrained to a potty chair by her stepfather spending her first 13 years of life
isolated from human society having the lack of a childhood and it lacked the capability to express and understand speech. The case of Gene disproves
Linguist Eric Lenneberg's theory (Pines, 1997). At her rescue and exploitation, scientists hope to gain new insight into language acquisition and help
psychologists' link the idea of domestication and attachment to answer the central question for most scientists– nature vs. nurture argument. Feral
children have been studied to explore the nature vs. nurture theory for it provides a natural experiment that would be unethical to conduct in today's

Feral Children Case Study
I recall hearing an interesting story about a young child a while back, who was raised by wolves and behaved much like them. Feral children are the
result of years of neglect and isolation. They are children who have been raised away from society in harsh and solitary conditions. These children
are for the most part always mentally and socially underdeveloped. To understand feral children, one should examine how they respond to isolation,
how they react to integration, and if they are able to acquire the skills they lost while being deprived of social interaction. Before we can examine the
behavior of these children, we need to determine the root cause of this transgression. Growing up, these kids have very limited contact with other
people,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of children raised by animals, they at least do learn some skills that can be helpful towards their survival. A child raised in complete
isolation however, will lack drastically more social and physical skills. These children may not show any levels of intelligence. A case of this type
of isolation was that of a child named Anna, who was born in 1932 in Pennsylvania. Anna was raised in solitude ever since her mother was
unsuccessful in giving her away. For about 6 years, Anna was in total isolation and was barely given enough food to keep her alive. She was
completely alone, and did not get to interact with anybody else during the time she was being kept, locked away in a dark room. Considering the
fact that this was happening during an important stage in the developmental process, it had a great impact on Anna's cognitive ability. Once she was
found, she was in a very bad state both physically and mentally. "She was suffering from malnutrition as well as her muscles showed signs of atrophy.
She was immobile, expressionless and indifferent to everything," (Davis 1). Atrophy is a condition in which the muscle and tissue rot away, meaning
that Anna was very diseased and living in terrible conditions. She also didn't react to anything around her or any type of stimuli, revealing that her
cognition was very slow, and something was wrong with her mentally. She eventually began to learn how to speak, but still never fully became a
member of society, and died in

Nature Vs. Nurture: An Examination Of The Wild Boy Of Aveyron
Nature vs. Nurture: An Examination of the Wild Boy of Aveyron
In the world of psychology there has been a fascination in the argument of nature versus nurture: uncovering what aspects of human nature have been
biologically inherited, and which have been acquired through cultural influences. Many great philosophers and scientists have put much effort in
uncovering the truth behind human nature. Although, due to the insufficient amount of research on isolated infants, it has been difficult to prove many
existing theories on human nature. However, in the year 1800 science was given the virtue of a grand discovery– a feral child found living in the
woods of the French province Aveyron. After his discovery he was studied and given the name of Victor.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially Victor would flee human contact and did not respond to any attempts at communication. Many individuals have agreed that the Wild Boy
did survive many years on his own in the forest, some would say as many as eight (Cayea, 2006). However, it is quite unclear if Victor was
abandoned due to autism or if he developed autism as a result of living in isolation during critical periods of development.
Due to the lack of research on Victor's early life history, conclusions cannot be made about the origin of his disability. However, there are parallels
in Victor's behavior and that of a typical child with autism. One reason to believe he may be a victim of a developmental disorder is his
underdeveloped ability to communicate: verbally or through gestures. If Victor was abandoned early on childhood around age three or four, there is
reason to believe that he could have acquired some language. However, upon his discovery at age twelve his communication skills are minimal, this is
portrayed in the beginning of the film when Victor is taken to the Deaf–Mute Institution. A common aspect of individuals with autism is delayed
speech development (Wolff, 2004). Secondly, throughout the film Victor produces stereotypical movements such as rocking back and forth, especially
in the

Socialisation
Socialisation, according to the Collins dictionary of sociological terms, ' is a process of learning how to behave according to the expected norms of
your culture', it includes how one learns to live in the way that others expect of them, and helps social interaction by means of give and take of
common values, customs, traditions and languages. This is an ongoing process which not only leads to the all round development of an individual, but
also cultivates within a person a sense of belonging with regards to family, friends, people and society as a whole. This is emphasized by Parsons and
Bales (1955), 'socialisation, undertaken in the family and elsewhere, involves both integration into society and the differentiation of one individual...
Locke argued that all ideas came from experience. The debate over nature versus nurture could be spanned back to when philosophy was predominantly
the way of explaining the acquisition of knowledge and continues in more recent times with scientific evidence consisting of facts and numbers giving
support to one side or the other. Both the recent and historical back and forth between great scholars helps each one individually to come to their own
conclusions of whether nature or nurture is the more dominant factor contributing to a person's knowledge and intelligence.
Learned behaviour is the result of experiences through life, nurture rather than nature. An acquired behaviour is the type of attribute which cannot be
passed on genetically; the ability to read and write and language are all learnt behaviours. An instance where behaviour is learnt could be when pain
is experienced due to a particular course of action; for example, if someone puts their fingers over a small flame and gets burnt, this experience will
cause the victim in future to be cautious around fire and they will be much less likely to repeat the action. Throughout history there have been
instances, though rare, where children have spent a significant amount of their developmental years in the wild, devoid of human contact. These
children were called Feral (meaning wild or existing in a natural state). These cases goes some way in helping to establish what aspects of human

Genie Secret Of The Wild Child Summary
The documentary "Genie, Secret of the Wild Child" seeks to enlighten its audience on the many travesties and peculiar consequences which occur as a
direct result of the forbidden experiment. The main object of its queries being Genie, a thirteen–year–old girl deprived of society by the very people
who were meant to protect her from harm, her parents. The state in which she was found, was particularly unbecoming of her father, considering the
fact he had been the one so adamant in her isolation from society as he believed her to be retarded. During these first real human interactions was she
then described as possessing both the mannerisms and gait of a six–year–old autistic child, most likely in reference to her infamous bunny walk and
curious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was even a period of time in which it seemed as if Genie would eventually live as normal a life as possible for her, provided that she
continued the treatments. Unfortunately, this tale of woe was not and could not be afforded a happy ending. There was a snag in the plan, it seemed
that Genie had hit a roadblock. She was a master of memorization, but when asked to formulate coherent thoughts, she was rendered incapable. This in
part may have been caused by the scientists strict expectations of her, so it seemed as if Genie could no longer demonstrate much improvement under
such emotional strain. Perhaps an even greater cause of Genie's roadblock could be accredited to Mr. Rigler, however, a scientist who had been
charged with the task of both caring and observing

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