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前面我們討論了“若p則q”形式的命題, 
其中有些是真命題,有些是假命題。 
“若p則q”為真,是指由p經過推理可以 
得出q,也就是說,如果p成立,則q一定 
成立,記為p⟹q,或者q⟸p。如果由p推 
不出q,命題為假,記為p⇏q。 
例如,若“若x>0,則풙ퟐ > ퟎ”是一個真命題, 
可寫成x>0 ⟹ 풙ퟐ > ퟎ,一般地,如果已知 
p⟹q,那麼,p是q的, 
充分條件 
必要條件 
q是p的。
例1:指出下列各組命題中,p是q的什麼 
條件,q是p的什麼條件: 
(1) p:풙 = 풚,q: 풙ퟐ = 풚ퟐ ; 
(2) p:三角形的三條邊相等, 
q:三角形的三個角相等; 
分析:根據p⟹q或q⟹p的真假進行判斷; 
解: 
(1)∵p⟹q,即 
풙 = 풚 ⟹ 풙ퟐ = 풚ퟐ 
(2) ∵p⟹q(等邊三角形),即 
三角形的三條邊相等⟹三角形的三個角相等 
又∵q⟹p (等邊三角形),即 
三角形的三個角相等⟹三角形的三條邊相等
在例1的第(2)小題中,“三角形的三條邊相等”既是 
“三角形的三個角相等”的充分條件,也是“三角形的 
三個角相等”的必要條件,我們就說“三角形的三條邊 
相等”是“三角形的三個角相等”的充分必要條件,簡 
稱充要條件。 
例如, 
“x是6的倍數”是“x是2的倍數”的充分但不必要條件; 
“x是2的倍數”是“x是6的倍數”的必要但不充分條件; 
“x既是3的倍數也是2的倍數”是“x是6的倍數”的充要條件; 
“x是3的倍數”是“x是4的倍數”的不充分也不必要條件;
例2:指出下列各組命題中,p是q的什麼條件(在“充 
分但不必要條件”、“必要但不充分條件”、“充要 
條件”、“不充分也不必要條件”中選出一種)? 
(1) p: 풙 − ퟐ 풙 − ퟑ = 0,q:풙 − ퟐ = 0; 
(2) p:同位角相等,q: 兩直線平行; 
(3) p:퐱 = ퟑ,q: 풙ퟐ = ퟗ; 
解:(1) ∵p⇏q,但퐪 ⟹ 퐩 
∴p是q的必要但不充分條件 
(2) ∵p⟹q,但퐪 ⟹ 퐩 
∴p是q的充要條件 
(3) ∵p⟹q,但퐪 ⇏ 퐩 
∴p是q的充分但不必要條件
總結: 
1. p⟹q且퐪 ⇏ 퐩,充分但不必要條件。 
2. p⇏q且퐪 ⟹ 퐩,必要但不充分條件。 
3. p⟹q且퐪 ⟹ 퐩,充要條件。 
4. p⇏q且퐪 ⇏ 퐩,不充分也不必要條件。 
堂課:P.38 練習1、2 (做在書上)

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