The And Drug Administration ( Fda )

The And Drug Administration ( Fda )
Background and Introduction:
Clinical trials evaluating the use of Yttrium–90 (Y–90) transarterial radioembolization for hepatic
tumors date back to the 1960s. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of
TheraSphere® (BTG, Ontario, Canada) particles for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via
humanitarian device exemption (HDE) in 1999 and SIR–Spheres® (SIRTex Technology Pty, Lane
Cove, Australia) particles for colorectal cancer metastases in 2002. Since then....[talk more about
recent vents in the field]. Transarterial radioembolization has been reported to improve overall
survival to 15.4–17.2 months (1). The burgeoning use of Y–90 radioembolization in the treatment of
liver tumors requires interventional radiologists to make clear documentation in procedure reports in
order to obtain authorization and maximize reimbursement.
Traditionally, interventional radiologists performed arterial embolization while radiation oncologists
brachytherapy. However, Y–90 radioembolization unites both these disciplines via Y–90
microspheres that are placed intra–arterially by an interventional radiologist. Over the past decade,
interventional radiologists have been performing increasing numbers of radioembolization
procedures in treatment of intermediate to advanced stage liver–only or liver–dominant hepatic
malignancy. [include statistic] However, unlike more traditional interventional oncologic
procedures, Y–90 radioembolization requires more comprehensive initial
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County Hospital Simulation
County Hospital Simulation Project
Abstract
The paper offers a simulation model describing the X–ray departments operations in the county
hospital. It can be used for testing various process scenarios, for allocation of resources and also
conduct activity based cost analysis. The simulation model is used for demonstrating a new
operational method that makes the operations at the X–ray department more effective. The
operational method is referred to as Triage team method. This method has been it is been studied
from two view points. The results showed that the method enhances the X–ray department if
properly implemented and it incorporates all the required tasks.
County hospital simulation project
Introduction
The department of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, a structural development was undertaken. The real design was used as the background. This
was because the entire operation of the x–ray department and the future alterations were easier to
show the staff. The areas of treatment as well as other operational areas, were defined in the layout
by use of graphical SimQuick graphical elements. Other graphical elements included counters for
waiting areas and utilization meters for areas of treatment. The counters were used for giving visual
information regarding the number of patients in the areas of waiting. On the other side, the
utilization meters were showing how much of the resources were been utilized.
After defining all the areas, it was time for defining the entities' paths and resources that are the
staff. The network of the path comprises of all the probable paths that all the entities, patients, and
members of staff could utilize in moving from place to place in the x–ray department. After creating
the paths, the structural definitions were made.
The needed information for the simulation model to be functional comprised of these particulars:
entities information, resources information, logic definitions and data use.
Definition of entities
The x–ray department of the County Hospital has various departments, which include: ultrasound,
computed tomography, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance imaging.
The five groups have partially their own processes

Damages to the Central Nervous System
Non accidental injuries in children
Non accidental injuries (NAIs) are any form of physical injury where there is definite knowledge or
reasonable suspicion that the injury was purposefully inflicted on the patient. In NAIs found in
children (NAICs), the first step of investigation is to check any person having custody, charge or
care of the child. More commonly known as physical child abuse, the most common injuries
suffered by NAIC patients are frequent unexplained cutaneous injuries such as bruises, burns or
contusions which they tend to be unwilling to show to others, the next most common are fractures.
Children suffering NAICs also tend to have psychological symptoms such as depression or outbursts
and are cautious around people, avoid touch, and flinching at sudden movements. Very few children
suffering NAICs will tell anyone about them and usually feel guilty, confused or humiliated. If a
health care professional notices these signs and suspects child abuse, they should refer the child to a
radiology clinic.
Although skeletal injuries are rarely viewed as a possible cause of death in abused children, they are
the strongest indicators of NAICs. In children younger than 1 year of age, certain radiological
anomalies are sufficiently unique to confirm a diagnosis of afflicted injury in the absence of other
information. In all cases of suspected NAICs in children younger than 2 years old, a skeletal survey
is critical. In children over 5 years old, a skeletal survey is of

What Is Interventional Radiology And Image-Guided Medicine?
Frequently Asked Questions What is interventional radiology and image–guided medicine?
Interventional radiology and image–guided medicine is a specialty of radiology in which
radiologists diagnose and treat diseases without surgery by placing tiny tubes through the body's
arteries and organs using X–rays and other imaging methods to guide them. This allows radiologists
to deliver medications directly to a disease site, open blocked blood vessels, obtain biopsies, and
perform a range of other procedures. Interventional radiologists specialize in the use of fluoroscopy,
computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound to guide passage of catheters and wires to various parts
of the body through small incisions in the skin. The instruments are used

Becoming A Radiologist
Research Paper: Radiologists Everyday scans help save millions of lives, but radiologists make sure
those scans are read correctly to ensure correct treatments are properly received. Radiologists are
medical physicians who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases and injuries using medical
imaging techniques. Radiologists use techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed
tomography, and x–ray. Radiologists interept medical scans in order to make a diagnosis so that the
patient can receive proper medical treatment. Radiologist can work in either hospitals or outpatient
centers. They look at scans such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and x–rays
to diagnose illnesses so the patient can receive proper treatment ... Show more content on
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Some of the downfalls are debt, scheduling, and stressfulness. The median debt, according to CBS
News, is $166,750 for medical school alone. The scheduling is also a downfall due to the fact that
radiologists work long, irregular hours. The radiologists work nights, weekends, and holidays
(Sapko). Being a radiologist is also very stressful because of the fact that radiologists are key to
diagnosing diseases and if they mess up diagnosing the illness or injury, a malpractice suit can be
taken into action. What is also stressful is how much paperwork a radiologist has to do. According
to CBS News, radiologists spend about twenty three percent of the time doing

Exposure Of Radiation Exposure On Medical Practitioners
Exposure to ionizing radiation is of concern to many medical practitioners. The risks of radiation
exposure are well documented within the scientific literature and include cataract formation, skin
cancer, thyroid disease and leukaemia.1 Medical staff who work in the operating theatre are a
sizable population potentially at risk for these complications.2 With advances in medical technology
in past decades and an ongoing trend towards minimally invasive techniques, there has been a
significant increase in the use of fluoroscopy.3–5 During fluoroscopic procedures staff are exposed
to both direct and scattered radiation. Procedures that require long fluoroscopic screening times,
such as interventional radiology, cardiology and orthopaedic surgery, place the proceduralist at high
risk of radiation exposure. Orthopaedic surgeons must often remain close to the x–ray beam during
procedures and cannot use distance to reduce radiation exposure.
In recent years, there is a rising alertness concerning the harmful effects of exposure of long–term
low–dose irradiation. In 2005 a report by Mastrangelo et al identified orthopaedic surgeons as
having an increased cancer risk.6 In 2010 Chou et al reported that the prevalence of cancer within
female orthopaedic surgeons was 1.9 fold greater than that of women in the general US
population.7,8 Specific orthopaedic procedures such as closed intramedullary nailing of the femur
are responsible for a high level of scattered radiation

California Hospital Medical Center ( Chmc )
California Hospital Medical Center (CHMC), has seen several changes over the past decades. Upon
its creation in 1887 as the very first hospital in Los Angeles (LA), CHMC remains a cornerstone of
LA and a recognized leader in excellence, innovation and community service. CHMC is a member
of the Dignity Health and is accredited by the Joint Commission. The hospital provides services to
patient populations ranging from pediatrics to geriatrics, emergency medicine to gynecology,
cardiology to obstetrics, transitional care unit to rehabilitation services, obstetrics to neonatal
intensive care units, surgical services and cancer center. CHMC internal strength, lies in the
hospital's reputation as a dynamic and forward thinking organization. The following functional areas
will be examine in light with the hospital's internal strengths: clinical operations, information
systems, marketing, clinical support, human resources and financial administration. When the
hospital was founded in 1887, California hospital was owned and operated by physicians. By 1902,
CHMC transformed into the largest and best–equipped physician–owned hospital West of Chicago.
In 1889, the first X–rays taken in LA were performed at California Hospital by Dr. Albert Soiland
with equipment he built himself at home. In 1944, the hospital became a supply depot for the new
miracle drug penicillin and in 1984, it began family medicine residency program in conjunction with
the University of Southern

Radiologic Technologist Duties
Radiology is a medical specialty that uses different imagaing technologies to diagnose and to treat
many different diseases and injuries that are inside the human body. Being a professional in the
health care environment today is a very important job. The American Registry of Radiologic
Technologist (ARRT) created a mandatory continuing education (CE) exam for all radiologic
technologist. The ARRT defines the continuing education requirements as "planned, organized and
administered to enhance the knowledge and skills underlying the professional performance that the
technologist uses to provide services to patients, the public or the medical profession. To qualify as a
CE activity, it must provide sufficient depth and scope of a subject area." ... Show more content on
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Only one of the three different ways to earn credits must be completed to reach the CE
requirements. All credits must come from one of the two categories known as A or A+ credit. The
first way to receive the credits needed is by completing educational activities that meet the proper
criteria accepted by the ARRT. Attending seminars, online programs, directed readings, or even
writing a scholarly article are some of the few educational activities that can be done to receive
credits. Another way to receive the required credits is for a technologist to pass a postprimary exam
for which they are permitted. Passing a postprimary exam will earn 24 credits in category A. Some
of the included postprimary exams for a technologist to complete are the ARRT exams in quality
managment, sonography, mammography, bone density, computed tomography, and cardiovascular–
interventional technology. The last way to earn credits is by passing an ARRT primary certification
exam in a regulation that has not already been passed and for which is permitted. Nuclear medicine
exams through the Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board are accepted, as well as exams
in medical dosimetry certification through the Medical Dosimetrist Certification Board and
certification in diagnostic medical sonography, diagnostic vascular technology and diagnostic
cardiac sonography through the American

Leadership Approaches For Problem Solving
Running head: LEADERSHIP APPROACHES FOR PROBLEM SOLVING 1
Leadership Approaches For Problem Solving
Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare is a Catholicbased healthcare organization. It has been operating in
Southeastern Wisconsin, as well as Iowa, Illinois, and Colorado for over 150 years. In Southeast
Wisconsin, Wheaton operates 8 hospital campuses, has 996 hospital beds, over 10,000 employees,
1,474 affiliated physicians, and 330 employed physicians. There were over 225,000 emergency
room visits, more than 1 million outpatient visits, and over 42,000 hospital admissions in the 2014
fiscal year.
(Southeast Wisconsin Statistics, 2014)
Currently, the Wheaton System in southeast Wisconsin is divided into the North,
Central, and South markets. Each market has its own management team that reports to the system as
a whole. Each market also has different department directors such as
Radiology, Emergency, Surgical, Nursing, etc.
My role in this organization is the coordinator for interventional radiology at one of the three
hospitals in the North market. I report to my supervisor at my hospital, who in turn reports to the
North market radiology director. In the last two years, radiology services in Southeast Wisconsin has
begun to standardize practices among the different interventional radiology departments. This
became necessary when the system hired a large group of radiologists that will work between sites.
Because we are now sharing the same physicians, standardizing our supplies has

Radiology Technician Essay
Radiology technicians work in the field of diagnostic medicine. X–ray Technologists have been
trained to do diagnostic tests by using different medical imaging devices such as: x–rays, CT scans
and MRI'S. They are trained to use doctor's orders to get the information to do the correct diagnostic
imaging best for the patient. Using the proper notes from the doctor you can get the correct angle of
the bone or place of origin to get a clear imaging for the proper diagnosis. With increasing
population comes a higher demand in the medical world. In the field of radiologist technologist you
have number of imagines to perform. One type of imaging is x–rays, in order to get a clear picture
you must position the bone in a correct position. You need to get the correct angle the physician
ordered so you can develop and come up with the correct diagnoses. A computer tomography better
known as a CT scans you used by injecting a radioactive solution into a ... Show more content on
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They make median wage according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Salaries range from
$37,570 to $78,440 hospitals and diagnostic laboratories tend to pay higher wages than physicians'
offices because in a hospital setting you have a higher set of demands then being in a doctor's office.
On a normal day as a radiographic technician or technologist you might be asked to perform many
different things such as explaining the procedure to your patient, make sure your patients has
removed jewelry and other accessories that might interfere with the X–rays or other equipment.
Position patients so that the relevant parts of their body can be radiographic, provided protest
patients by surrounding the body parts under the X–ray with radiation protection devices, like a lead
shields. Develop the X–ray film, Adjust and maintain the X–ray equipment, update the patient
records before and after the

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Papers
"There is a big camera that takes a picture of the inside of the body. How it works is you lay on the
table and the bad will move up and it will go in and it will take a pictures like you would with a
normal camera." This is the explanation of how magnetic resonance imaging work by Angie, in her
YouTube video. Yet the explanation seems to simple to fully understand the concept and the
applications of magnetic resonance imaging. So to better understand magnetic resonance imaging,
the principles of atomic and molecular structures in the process of MRI and the applications of MRI
were explored.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the body's natural magnetic properties to produce detailed
images from any part of the body. For imaging purposes the hydrogen nucleus (a single proton) is
used because of its abundance in water and fat. When the body is placed in a strong magnetic field,
such as an MRI scanner, the protons' aces all line up. This uniform alignment creates a magnetic
vector oriented along the axis of the MRI scanner. When additional energy in the form of a radio
wave is added to the magnetic field, the magnetic vector is deflected. The radio wave frequency that
causes the hydrogen nuclei to resonate is dependent on the hydrogen and the strength of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very important in detection, diagnosis, treatment planning and follow–up of many diseases. For
instance, the images can reveal the limits of a tumour of a cancer patient, allowing more precise
surgery and radiation therapy. There are no known biological hazards of MRI because it uses
radiation in the radiofrequency range unlike x ray and computed tomography. The radio waves being
used are similar to waves used for radios and cell phones which are found all around us. Due to its
long wavelengths, it does not damage tissue as it passes through. The use of harmless radiation
provide a safe, effect and accurate imaging of any parts of the

Nurse Technician Research Paper
Although some Physicians are knowledgeable about radiation safety, others have little or no
knowledge about radiation safety and does not consider this factor when ordering imaging
examinations. Furthermore, non–physician health care providers may be granted the authority to
order imaging studies, and their ordering patterns are likely to reflect the behavior of their
supervising Physicians (American College of Radiology). Examples of non–physician health care
providers include Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners. Today, radiography is widely used in
the operating rooms within hospitals. Physicians, Physician Assistants, and others will use a
manually operated foot switch, which is attached to the C–arm. This allows the Surgeon to ... Show
For example, intermittent fluoroscopy, last image hold and pulsed fluoroscopy. These principles that
are listed are involved with dose reduction. Intermittent fluoroscopy is known as keeping the x–rays
on for a few seconds, to only view what they are looking at. This can help reduce the total
fluoroscopy time used for a procedure. Last image hold is when the last image taken is held on the
monitor after the x–ray is terminated. According to Mahadevappa, Last image hold is a dose–saving
feature, since it allows physicians to contemplate the last image and plan the next move without
additional radiation exposure in an interventional procedure. Pulsed fluoroscopy is when the
fluoroscopy machine can emit x–rays in short pulses rather than

Essay On Why I Want To Be A Radiologic Technologist
I currently attend Baton Rouge General School of Radiologic Technology to pursue an Associates
degree through Northwestern State University. I chose this profession because I always want to help
others. I want to play a part in the healing process of patients. Being able to help people determine
things going on inside their body interest me and that is why I chose Radiology. The true definition
of a Radiologic Technologist is the "medical personnel who perform diagnostic imaging
examinations and administer radiation therapy treatments. They are educated in anatomy, patient
positioning, examination techniques, equipment protocols, radiation safety, radiation protection and
basic patient care". This definition makes this job seem easy but it is not an easy job at all. We do so
much pushing, pulling, and lifting of patients it is physically exhausting. When I first chose this
profession I did not think there would be this much to taking images of someone. It is more than just
placing a patient somewhere and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have learned a lot when it comes to patient care, radiation protection, safety precautions of
radiation, anatomy of the body, how to position patients for certain exams and soon to be much
more. I am glad I chose this profession to go into because without radiologic technologists we
would not be where we are today with diagnosing tumors, cancer, diseases, surgery and low
infection rates in surgery as well and much more. Radiologic Technologists are very important no
matter what people may think. Many think it is as simple as pushing a button but there is way more
to this job than that, that nobody knows about or understands. We are just as important as a nurse,
doctor, surgeon, and anyone else in the healthcare profession. I am glad I get to be the one behind
the scenes helping people figure out what is going on inside of their body. I cannot wait to graduate
in 2017 and become a registered radiologic

Interventional Radiography
Radiology is a very important step in the process of diagnosis in the health care field. If it were not
for x–rays, doctors would not even know where to begin. The radiology department is the eye of
medicine. There are special modalities one can go into after getting a degree in radiology. With that
being said, I'm going to elaborate on the importance of radiology in the steps of diagnosing and
treating a patient. The three modalities I would like to talk about are Mammography, Fluoroscopy,
and Interventional Radiography. Mammography is very important for several reasons. The most
important reason is that a mammogram can find breast cancer and save one's life if found early
enough. That is why it is very crucial that women have annual ... Show more content on
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The Seldinger needle is an 18 gauge hollow needle with a stylet." (p. 361) Interventional Radiology
has grown a lot since the mid 70's. With Interventional Radiography one uses catheters and other
guide wires to open up the blood vessels or go through a pathway in an organ to treat diseases. The
catheters are usually only a few millimeters in diameter. This is a minimally invasive procedure that
has less risk than surgery. Since it is a minimally invasive procedure, it is performed with only a
small nick in the skin. This means the recovery time is a lot shorter than going having surgery.
Interventional radiography only uses local anesthesia in the hospital. With this procedure, the patient
can usually leave the same day that the procedure is done. With interventional radiography one can
use different imaging techniques, for example: x–ray, CT, MRI, and ultrasound. To elaborate on the
different modalities that are used in interventional radiography and the importance of each, one can
examine the examples that follow. Angiogram is when one x–rays the veins and arteries while
injecting contrast into them and watching it highlight and show if there is any blockages or problems
in the vessels. With angiography, it is the primarily used for looking at the circulatory system. CT
shows a three dimensional cross section of the vessels to give the radiologist a better visualization.
CT out rules traditional angiography where one can know if the patient needs stent placement in the
vein or artery. MRI is a powerful vascular imaging modality with interventional radiography. One
cannot use MRI if the patient has metal internally because of the magnetic field. Ultrasound is used
to show the interventional radiography procedures, for instance: biopsies, abscess drainage, and
tumor ablation. Treatment for interventional radiography is if

Radiologic Technologist Research Paper
According to the World Health Organization, "Annually, worldwide, more than 3,600 million X–ray
examinations are performed" ("Medical"). The life of radiologic technologist is not an easy job.
These technologists are responsible for accurately positioning a patient to produce a well quality,
diagnostic image. In other words, they help produce the best x–ray image possible. Although this
career has its perks of diagnosing different conditions, working with physicians, and benefitting
from the many specialty programs associated with radiology (Alan), there are also downfalls to the
job. Professor in Radiologic Technology, Alan Schiska of MSSU stated, "Some disadvantages of this
career would be the lifting of the patients, the stress of the job, ... Show more content on
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According to Schiska, these include time, distance, and shielding. One must accurately take the x–
ray in a timely manner. The patient should not be exposed to the radiation for more than what is
recommended. Next, one must use protective shielding to protect themselves and the patient from
the radiation. According to the book, Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography, "Protective
shielding is a structure or device made of certain materials such as concrete, lead, or lead–
impregnated material that will adequately attenuate ionizing radiation." It is vital that the lens of the
eye, reproductive organs, and the breast should be shielded from the radiation (Sherer 166). Lastly,
one must also be at the correct and recommended distance from the equipment to ensure safety. This
is the most important safety procedure because if one is standing too close to the equipment while in
use, serious medical issues will arise. Radiologic technicians wear lead aprons, thyroid shields, and
special goggles to protect themselves from the radiation, but distance is the number one procedure to
carry out accurately. Effective communication is also a useful safety procedure for both the
technician and the patient. The technician must treat the whole patient rather than just the area of
concern. The radiologic technician should behave as compassionate professional to increase the
chance

Digital Imaging Technologies Have Become Indispensable...
ABSTRACT
Digital imaging technologies have become indispensable components for clinical procedures. Major
advances in the field of medical imaging and computer technology have created opportunity for
quantitative analyses of medical images and provided powerful techniques to probe the structure,
pathology and function of the human body . In medical applications, skilled operators usually
extract the desired regions that may be anatomically separate but statistically indistinguishable. It is
subjected to manual errors and biases, which is time consuming, and has poor reproducibility. The
problem faced in clustering is the identification of clusters in given data. A widely used method for
clustering is based on K–means in which the data is partitioned into K number of clusters. In this
method, clusters are predefined which is highly dependent on the initial identification of elements
representing the clusters well. Several researchers in clustering has focused on improving the
clustering process such that the clusters are not dependent on the initial identification of cluster
representation.
keywords : Segmentation, Clustering, Adaptive K means, digital image processing.
INTRODUCTION Diagnostic imaging is an invaluable tool in medicine today. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography, Digital Mammography, and other imaging modalities
provide effective means for non–invasively mapping the an atomy of a subject. These technologies
have greatly increased knowledge

Interventional Radiology Report
Interventional Radiology was running slow today during clinical. It first started off by the nurses
explaining what the day was going to consist of. After that they explained, how to get everything
ready to start the day. We did not start procedures until around 0845. First patient was in for a cat
scan, an I.V. was placed. The first nurse was not the best person to explain a procedure, therefore I
just watched as she did the I.V. The second procedure was another cat scan, and I.V. placed too. This
nurse was more willing to explain as she did the procedure. However she did have a harder time
doing the I.V. because she was not having blood return. Another nurse helped her but she also had
trouble getting the I.V. placed. Later after that patient, another patient was in, but he was going to be
taken to catheterization lab. I did not get a chance to go with him because another patient was going
to have permanent catheter insertion. I got ready to see the permanent catheter insertion, and the
nurse explain what they were going to do. However I did not get to see the whole procedure because
in the middle of the procedure I felt dizzy, and dizzy. Finally I got to see a nephrostomy exchange
tube. The patient it's a regular patient that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were all over 50 years and older. Most of them, they knew what to expect because they had
been in the unit before. The nurses were very professional while they were with the patient, and
made ever client as comfortable as they could. What I liked about the nurses that I was with was that
they follow procedures very closely. Something that I may have done differently is the procedures
with permanent catheter insertion and the nephrostomy exchange tube. The patients were in pain
while the procedures was been done, but they don't get sedate or something. However the nurse did
mention that the client with the nephrostomy exchange tube usually tolerated the

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri) and Computed Tomography...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography Scan (CT)
Modern medical technology allows physicians to capture detailed images of the body for diagnosing
and treatment planning of various health issues. Radiologists use imaging technologies to diagnose
or treat diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of medical procedures with the
guidance of imaging technologies. Acquisition of medical imaging is usually performed by a
radiologic technologist and the results are interpreted by Radiologists, medical doctors that
specialize in radiology. While Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography
Scan (CT) are useful for diagnosing and treating illnesses, each has their own health risks and
benefits. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When radiological examination is recommended by a physician, the expected benefit received from
the test will outweigh the potential radiation risks involved. MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align
atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the
axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return
to their baseline states.MRI scans do not expose patients to radiation, but the high force magnetic
field used can cause significant problems if proper precautions are not met. Magnetic force used can
cause metallic devices or implants to malfunction or be dislocated with the body. Images can be
distorted by metal and electronic objects outside the body, due to interfere with the magnetic field of
the MRI unit. Over exposure and unnecessary use of these imaging modalities can cause health risk.
The expected benefits received from possible early and the ability to evaluate and properly treat
diseases outweighs the potential radiation risk. Discuss the risks versus benefits of radiology
treatment prior to having a CT or MRI with a physician, and explore whether possible alternative
imaging methods may be available to diagnose the condition. Although risks are involved with each
type of imaging the most important reason they are useful for diagnosing and treating illnesses is
because the detection and treatment of disease and illness can save

Job Aspests of Anesthesiologists, Radiologists, and...
What three jobs interest me? Personally I'm interested in being a Radiologist of course, but I'm also
intrigued with being an Anesthesiologist or a physician's assistant. During this mini research project
I will be discussing general core requirements, and just general aspects of the job itself. For instance
the salary for each of the profession and expected job prospects. The medical field is quite vast in its
selection of job careers even within the same job you can be many different titles while doing the
same thing. One of the careers I had chosen was to be a radiologist. Radiologists are physicians who
use cutting–edge imaging technology to examine organs and tissues inside the body in gentle,
noninvasive ways. Their expertise in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granted when you look for a career you also have to think about job outlook. For the field in
radiology there are plenty of job openings and even a shortage in specialist for this field. Now there
is training involved to become a radiologist you have to go to medical school, then apply for a
residency which can last between 1–3 years. Also state licensure is mandatory for all practicing
physicians including radiologists. In the year 2013 government mandated the requirement for
passage of a two part examination covering medicine, anatomy, imaging modalities and physics.
Another career I am interested in is the field of Anesthesiology. To become an anesthesiologist there
are several course that are required as prerequisites such as calculus, general chemistry, organic
chemistry, biology, and physics. As well as completing a bachelor's degree. Then after completing
the four year bachelor's degree medical school is required to further on in this career. After medical
school, a physician choosing anesthesiology as his or her specialty completes a year of internship
and then three years of residency. Some anesthesiologists choose to specialize in pain management,
as opposed to traditional surgical anesthesia. Pain management anesthesiologists generally run an
office–based practice, administering a variety of injections, pain blocks, and medications to help
patients manage chronic or

Waldo Reflection
Where is Waldo? This question has been occupying my mind for years. Sometimes, I would spot
him right away in those crowded pictures. For the times I couldn't, I wouldn't give up or get bored;
I'd turn the book to see the picture from a different angle. I would spend hours if I had to, ignoring
my sore muscles just to spot a red–and–white shirt. Over the years, this particular question has
changed numerous times and possessed a myriad of disparate forms, but my childhood attitude and
resilience towards a question, any type of question, would stay unchanged. In the end, Waldo was
always there... waiting to be found.
As I learned more about radiology, my troubling question of what I want to become was answered.
Finding a needle in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finding answers can be very fulfilling, and so can finding new questions. There are yet more
questions out there. The idea of incorporating the abstractness of radiology and its depth of
knowledge on the human body with an actual body needing intervention was something that
genuinely intrigued me. Consequently, after I graduated from medical school, I joined the research
team of the Interventional Radiology Section at the University of Wisconsin, Madison to study
intra–arterial therapies. My hard work as a volunteer was appreciated, and I was offered a paid
research position to investigate novel imaging modalities and thermal ablation treatments.
In the pursuit of my destination, I've learned a lot from my experiences through my competencies
and curiosity. However, good mentoring and teamwork have also been vital in my development as a
doctor and a scientist. Can Waldo still hide for long if I have extra eyes and know where to look at?
That is why I want to pursue my training in the US, where I can most resourcefully shape myself to
become a competent radiologist. To this end, I believe spending my preliminary year in surgery
would further enhance my motor skills and the patient care I provide while it would advance my
knowledge of anatomy and give me the opportunity to personally experience the dynamics of the
human body.
I understand that real life is a lot more

Definition Of Craniovertebral Junction
The craniovertebral junction(CVJ) is a collective term that is referring to the occiput, first cervical
vertebra (atlas), second cervical vertebra (axis) and the supporting ligaments.It is a transition zone
between a mobile cranium and relatively rigid spinal column.It encloses the soft tissue structures of
the cervico–medullary junction which includes the medulla oblongata, spinal cord, and lower cranial
nerves. This region is the most mobile part of the cervical spine and functions as a funnel that
provides the twin features of stability and motionThe stability and flexibility to this region is
provided by the bony as well as and ligamentous nature of atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints.
Craniovertebral junction abnormalities constitute

Interventional Radiology: A Case Study
Hello everyone, In 1964, interventional radiology (IR) was first introduced by Dr. Charles Dotter
when he percutaneously dilated a superficial femoral artery stenosis in an 82 year–old woman,
avoiding an amputation (Ahn & Jayaraman, 2009). Ahmed et al. (2010) referred to IR as an image–
guided surgery without a scalpel. The intention of IR is to diagnose and treat patients using the least
invasive techniques currently available while minimizing the risk of harming the patient and
improving the health outcomes (Kara & Akkurt, 2016). IR procedures are either diagnostic or
therapeutic and may be further subdivided into vascular and non–vascular (Kara & Akkurt, 2016).
IR using X–rays, such a fluoroscopy, is beneficial in guiding different kinds ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010). What does competence entail in interventional radiology?. Cardiovascular & Interventional
Radiology, 33(1), 3–10. doi:10.1007/s00270–009–9732–2
Ahn, S. H., & Jayaraman, M. V. (2009). What is interventional radiology?. Medicine & Health
Rhode Island, 92(12), 388. http://www.rimed.org/
Cheng, K., & Chair, S. (2010). Prolonged bed rest duration after percutaneous coronary
intervention. Connect: The World of Critical Care Nursing, 7(2), 111–114.
http://www.connectpublishing.com
Gibson, F., & Bodenham, A. (2013). Misplaced central venous catheters: Applied anatomy and
practical management. The British Journal of Anaesthesia, 110(3), 333–346.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes497
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2016). Percutaneous coronary intervention. Retrieved
from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health–topics/topics/angioplasty
Kara, U., & Akkurt, I. (2016). Radiation exposure of medical staff in interventional radiology. Acta
Physica Polonica, A, 130(1), 404–406. doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.130.404
Society of Interventional Radiology. (2017). Ground breaking medicine. Retrieved from

Specialties within Radiology
Modern medicine is capable of treating a tremendous range of human disease and injuries, but the
usefulness of all medical specialties depends on accurate diagnosis. Virtually every conceivable
medical specialty relies on radiological technologies to provide formal diagnoses, making radiology
one of the most important of all medical specialties. Radiologists enjoy some of the best working
conditions in modern medicine and typically experience very positive employment conditions.
Consequently, their services are generally in very high demand, with many starting out with six–
figure annual incomes immediately after completion of their professional training. Within the field
of radiology, there are: (1) radiologists who are physicians ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the words of my Radiology professor, Warren Hejny, "Radiology can take you anywhere; it can
be used as a starting block or stepping stone." Because of its tremendously wide applications within
modern medicine, radiology offers more than a dozen distinct areas of even greater specialization
within the field. Some of those specialty areas involve direct medical intervention, such as in the
case of radiation oncology and interventional radiology. Others focus more on diagnostics rather
than on direct medical treatment.
In that regard, breast imaging involves diagnosing diseases of the breast through mammography,
ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tissue biopsies. Cardiovascular radiology is the
radiology specialty that uses X–rays, computer axial tomography (CAT scans), MRIs, and
ultrasound to diagnose problems with the heart and circulatory system. Chest radiology employs
many of the same technologies and tools to diagnose and treat medical conditions of the heart and
lungs. Other radiology specialty practice areas include: gastrointestinal radiology, emergency
radiology, head and neck radiology, musculoskeletal radiology, and reproductive radiology. Finally,
radiology specialties can also intersect directly with other specialty areas of interest such as

The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Breast Cancer
3D Mammography The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and other non–cancerous diseases
are very important in improving the quality of life for many women. The early diagnosis of the non–
cancerous disease can reduce the incidence of breast cancer through effective treatment of
mastopathy (fibrocystic of the breasts tissue). In the area of study, a variety of imaging modalities is
implemented to assist with the diagnosis. These imaging modalities includes multi–frequency
electrical impedance mammography, ultrasonic investigation, X–ray mammography and puncture
biopsy. Various radiographic modalities are used in clinical settings to identify lesions that are
suspicious for breast cancer, mammography is still the modality of choice for breast cancer
screening. Breast sonogram is limited mainly to the diagnostic follow–up to clarify features of a
potential abnormal lesion detected by the mammographic study. Patients undergoing mammography
when any abnormalities detected patient often have the sonographic examination of the breast to
confirm the underlying conditions. Sonomammography is used to assess breast tissue such as cystic
versus solid structures seen on the mammogram (Bontrager & Lampignano, 2014). Magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) use is evolving in the field of breast cancer screening, currently, it is used
in combination with mammography for high–risk patients (Siddique, 2014). 3D mammography (or
tomosynthesis), is a new screening and diagnostic breast imaging

Becoming A Radiologic Technologist, Someone Who Performs...
Introduction If you have thought about becoming a Radiologic Technologist, someone who performs
imaging examinations, but do not know if it is the right choice for you. This paper will inform the
reader as to how to become a Radiologic Technologist, their job description, ranging from the work
settings to the kind of patients they deal with, some of the challenges and rewards, including their
salary as well. At the end of this paper you should be able to make up your mind on becoming one
or not.
Job Description Although Radiologic Technologist (R.T.'s) are most likely known as just someone
who takes X–rays they do much more than that. They are responsible for setting up the x–ray
equipment along with positioning a patient anatomically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Radiologic Technologist have a huge role when it comes to the diagnoses of a patient, it is because
of their work that doctors are able to have an accurate diagnoses (Institute for Career Research
2010) There are different places where R.T.'s can work. One would usually see an R.T in a hospital
setting. Whether it be a private, state, or local hospital. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
59% of R.T's work in a hospital setting. With 22% working in physician offices, 7% in laboratories
and 4% in outpatient care centers (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). Depending on the location of
their work those are the kind of patients they deal with.
Education
So you want to become a Radiologic Technologist but don't know how to get there? In order to
become a Radiologic Technologist one would have to go through a two–year program which are
offered in selected community colleges, universities, private school, and hospitals. Beforehand most
programs require one to have a GED or have a high school diploma, and some require to have pre–
requisites done before applying to the program. Not all programs require you to take pre–requisites
but most do. When you are looking for a program to enter one should make sure they are getting
into a program that is allowed to certify others in the program, for most states require you to have a

Symptoms And Treatment Of Infection Control
Infection Control
Since the manual handling task requires close contact with the patient, all handlers should follow
strict infection control protocols in ICU. A recent study showed that by strictly following infection
control protocols the incidence of hospital–acquired infections could be reduced (8). In addition, an
observational study concluded that better hospital–wide infection control would reduce the number
of MRSA–positive patients admitted to ICU and acquisition of MRSA within ICU (9). Therefore, it
is important to minimize the spread of the infection by performing the following aseptic techniques.
Hand washing is the most important methods of preventing the spread of infection (7).
Radiographers should wash their hands before ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is no universal approach and best practices must be adapted to fit the epidemiology
of specific ICUs and should also consider the available resources (10).
Radiation safety
Radiation safety of patients, radiographers and other individuals in ICU should be considered
according to the "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" (ALARA) principle. General radiation safety
principles include time, distance and shielding (7). Since the patient is male, no pregnancy check is
needed.
To protect the patient, the length of time that a patient remains in the path of the x–ray beam should
be minimized. Therefore, it is important for radiographers to avoid unnecessary repeats and thus
unnecessary exposure. Gonad shielding should be used on patients if possible, which is particularly
important for young patients. In addition, proper collimations and adjusted exposure factors should
be applied according to patient situations to minimize radiation dose (7).
Radiographers should protect themselves as well. The time spent in radiation fields should be
limited by taking shifts. Radiographers should stand as far away from source as possible to increase
distance between radiation source and themselves. They should stand behind appropriate radiation
shields or, more commonly, wear appropriate protection (7). According to a previous study, lead
apron is the most common method of radiation protection as it may

Imaging Modalities Essay
Introduction In the medical world, there are several imaging modalities that are being used in order
to diagnose various pathologies. This research paper will talk about some of these different imaging
ways, as well as how an MRI functions in detail. Nuclear medicine. Edward Williams, BS, AAS,
CNMT of McLaren Greater Lansing spoke to the class and described general details regarding
nuclear medicine. Nuclear medicine is an imaging modality that includes both anatomy and
physiology by delivering various radioactive materials to the patient. The materials react within the
patient and their activity is monitored by the technologist. The patient is injected with radioactive
isotopes such as Tc–99m, TI–201, I–123 and I–131. Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals are
not very common, although common safety protocols must be adhered to. After the injection, the
patient lays on the table that has imaging cameras placed above and below the table. (Williams,
2017). Mammography. Katrina Lynn Steinsultz, BS, RT(R)(M) of LCC spoke in the class regarding
this modality. Mammography includes the imaging of the breast tissue of women and even men.
There are four different breast tissues that exist within the breast: granular tissue, fatty tissue,
connective tissues, and ducts. Different compression paddles are used for different exams,
depending on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The powerful magnets are a great concern when it comes to anything metal that may be inside or
outside of the patient's body. "The magnetic field of the MRI scanner can also pull on any metal–
containing object in your body, such as medicine pumps and aneurysm clips. In other cases, (older–
style) medical implants may heat up during the scan as a result of the technology (radiofrequency
energy) that is used for the procedure" (Nps.org.au,

Interventional Radiology Research Paper
Interventional radiology is a less invasive way to perform surgery. IR involves the usage of tubes
needles, wires, and balloons that replace the need for an open surgery. This is important because it is
a faster form of surgery that lessens the risk of infection, less pain to the patient and less recovery
time. Usually, the patients can go home within a couple of hours of their visit. Interventional
radiology procedures are always sterile. As a technologist, we must assist the physicians with
anything they need; this includes gowning them up for the procedure and making sure all the
materials a sterile. Before entering the operating room or the imaging room, we must wear surgical
scrubs or a disposable coverall. The uniform includes airborne ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fluoroscopy uses real–time x–rays that create a dynamic image. The new fluoroscopy machines
give us quick and simple techniques that enhance the navigation throughout the tissue. The
physicians use the C– Arm to visualize and guide them throughout the procedure. Depending on the
age of C– Arm there are some that can take CT images "CT fluoroscopy has an Application for
biopsies and CT interventional procedures, such as abscess drainage when the availability of real–
time facilities accurate placement of needles." (Bontrager and Lampignano pg711 2014) . Other
fluoroscopy units can take three–dimensional images using x rays "CBCT is an advanced imaging
capability that uses C–arm flat–panel fluoroscopy systems to acquire and display 3D images"
(Lerardi and Duka pg111 2015) New technology have a smart handle that makes it easier to get
better positioning. According to the article Coming to a radiology department near you: the latest
and greatest in technology "A new double–sliding C–arm on Toshiba Medical's Infinix –I Sky+ will
allow clinicians to position the detectors for 210 degrees of anatomical coverage on both the right
and left side of the patient." (Massat and Jalkiewicz pg35

The Use Of X- Rays, Ultrasound, And Magnetic Resonance...
Alisha Beaumier
Botts 1st
English 4
October 29,2015
Radiologist
What is a Radiologist? A Radiologist is a specialized medical doctor who has had specific
postgraduate training in performing and interpreting diagnostic imaging test and treatments that
involve the use of X– Rays, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging equipment
(InsideRadiology)
A Radiologist has a very hard job. This essay will talk about the basic job responsibilities, required
steps necessary to secure employment, The average salary/ statistics, interesting facts, and
information of what a person in this field knows/ does.
The basic job responsibilities. Radiologists are trained to assist other doctors and specialists to treat
their patients by making a diagnosis and providing treatment using medical imaging. Radiologists
have the medical knowledge to understand and explain medical problems or symptoms through the
images or pictures that are taken of various parts of the inside of the body (InsideRadiology)
Radiologists have many career paths they can go down. The list being from Fluoroscopy,
Ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET, and Nuclear Imaging:
Fluoroscopy is the a study of moving body structures––similar to an X–ray "movie." A continuous
X–ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV–like
monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.
Ultrasound– is a medical ultrasonography used to visualize soft tissue structures in the body.

The Administration Of Contrast Media
ASRS Article Summary Delvi L. Bautista Introduction to CT Holy Family University Samantha
Cepparulo B.S.R.S., R.T. (R) (CT) The administration of contrast media to a patient with the
purpose to examine their internal organs could have dangerous side effects or reactions to the
patient. These effects can average from mild to severe, however, sometimes they can lead to instant
death. This article retrieved from the American Association for radiologic technologists, simnifically
describe in detail the history of the use of contrast media in the CT department and other modalities.
In addition, the article emphasizes and addresses important issues such as the osmolality or ion state
of the contrast media, the distribution and excretion, the adverse effects, the systemic or
idiosyncratic effects and non–categorized effects that the distribution of contrast media could have
in patients. Moreover, the author talks about who in a community is most likely to be a risk and
impacted from those procedures, also how these effects and reactions could be treated depending on
the severity of the reaction and the time period that it was detected after the contrast administration
to the patient. The history of the use of contrast media for radiographic procedures started back in
the 1920's. Radiologists and scientists started developing and practicing with different
concentrations of osmolality of this product for future examinations; this ended up

Spinal Stenosis Research Paper
Introduction
Today, in the United States back pain affects more than 80% of people in the U.S. at a cost of more
than $100 billion a year. Back pain can lead to many emotions from those suffering, chronic pain
leads to anger, immobility, depression, and other crippling effects. While the causes from back pain
range from far and between, the purpose of this research paper will tell the story of Spinal Stenosis
and its effect on many Americans today. Through this paper, the reader will learn Spinal Stenosis
background information, etiology, symptoms, how to properly be diagnosed, the clinical appearance,
treatments, outcomes, the economic impacts, and finally information on the quality of life for
someone who has been diagnosed with Spinal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A basic definition of etiology can be said as, "The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a
disease or condition" (...). Over time, Doctors have been able to pinpoint some simple causes, and
risks that increase a person's chances of suffering from stenosis. One of the biggest causes of Spinal
Stenosis is osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It is wearing down of
the protective tissue at the ends of bones (cartilage) occurs gradually and worsens over time (...).
The next question one might ask is, what does osteoarthritis have to do with spinal stenosis. The
answer is, osteoarthritis causes disk changes, the ligaments of the spine to thicken, and can lead to
bone spurs. Which in turn puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves (...). Another leading cause is
herniated disks. A herniated disk is a condition where the rubbery section between the spinal cord
begins to bulge or slip (...). Which in turns puts pressure on the spinal nerves and induces narrowing.
Injuries to the spine is another cause for spinal stenosis. Injuring the spine can lead to damages to
the vertebras. Another cause for spinal stenosis is Paget's Disease. More than two hundred thousand
people in the United States is diagnosed with this disease annually. Paget's Disease is a condition
where your bone grows abnormally large and brittle; which results in the narrowing of the spinal
canal and nerve problems (...). A few more causes of spinal stenosis that is not physical is age and
genetics. As a person age their bones change too. Also, if someone in a person's family has spinal
stenosis they can also pass it down to their children, depending upon

Essay On MRI
Instrumentation techniques are used for screening patients, diagnosis of patient illness and for
treatment of patients. Non–ionising radiation is used to describe the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum and it does not carry enough energy.
MRI
MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging and it is a scanner which uses magnetism to see the
position of hydrogen atoms in water molecules inside the body. This will allow it to build up an
image of the internal structures. Quality of information is very high and it does not require any
ionising radiation. Radiofrequency is not higher than normal radio, so no concerns about
electromagnetic waves. Magnetic field used is 100 times stronger than Earths'. The scan takes 45
minutes and it is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relaxation time for H nuclei in water are long (2 s), for brain tissues (200 ms). The main magnet
must produce a magnetic field strength of 1.4 T. It must be over whole patient and it is produced by
coils carrying huge current in wires kept at temperatures near absolute zero. Value of magnetic field
strength must be constant over 90 cm.
Procedure for MRI: MRI of the head is a painless, non–invasive test. It is different from CT scan
and an x–ray as it does not use radiation to produce images. The person will be given headphones to
wear during the scan. The person has to lie on a flat bed that is moved by the scanner and the
scanner is controlled by the radiographer. During the scan the scanner will make loud noises this is
when the electric current in the scanner coils being turned on and off. Protons are tiny magnets
which are very sensitive to magnetic fields. When the person
ASIFA GONSALVES
Learning aim A: Explore the principles, production, uses and benefits of non–ionising
instrumentation techniques in medical applications
lies under the powerful scanner magnets, the protons in your body line up in the same direction, in
the same way that a magnet can pull the needle of a compass. Radio waves are sent to the certain
parts of the body. When the radio waves are turned off and the protons realign. This will sent out
signals which are picked up the receivers.

Radiologists: Diagnostic, Interventional, And Radiation...
A radiologist is a medical specialist, who has had specific postgraduate training in performing and
interpreting diagnostic imaging tests and interventional procedures or treatments that involve the use
of X–ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging equipment. Radiologists are trained to assist
other doctors and specialists to treat their patients by making a diagnosis and providing treatment
using medical imaging. Radiologists have the medical knowledge to understand and explain your
medical problem or symptom through the images or pictures that are taken of various parts of the
inside of your body. The tree types of radiology are Diagnostic, Interventional, and Radiation
oncology. The Diagnostic imaging uses plain X–ray radiology, computed tomography (CT),
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound and nuclear medicine imaging techniques to obtain
images that are then interpreted to aid in the diagnosis of disease. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Interventional radiologists may sub–specialize further so that they only treat
abnormalities of the brain. And the Radiation oncology uses radiation to treat diseases such as
cancer, using radiation therapy. These specialists are not called radiologists, but radiation
oncologists, even though they belong to the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of
Radiologists. These three fields are alike in that they all use a form of imaging device in order to
help them to treat and interpret treatment for the patient. The biggest contrast between the fields of
Diagnostic Radiologist, Interventional Radiologist, and Radiation Radiologist is how they use the
tools of their trade. Each of the fields will use the imaging devices in a different manner for their
treatment of the

Should Nuclear Medicine Imaging Become PET Scan?
Should Nuclear medicine imaging (PET Scans) become the first option for diagnosing diseases of
patients?
Introduction
Medical imaging is one of the most beneficial discoveries made in this century since it has provided
medical professional with the visualisation of the internal structure of human body. This
visualisation is of great significants to the medical professionals in diagnostics and the treatment of
diseases. Imaging is obtained by using a source such as X–ray, ultrasound, gamma ray photons and
magnetic fields. Since these sources obtain radiations that can be harmful for the body, it is
important that the doses are being reduced. Each individual imaging technique provides the
professionals with specific set of information, however, the ability of them to illustrate the details
differs from each other significantly. As a result, a detailed picture would provide the most
beneficial information for diagnoses of patients. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the disadvantages are always considered according to the patient's situation and conditions.
Nevertheless, one of the disadvantages associated with this method of imaging is the extremely rare
and usually mild allergic reactions that may occur from the radiopharmaceutical. In addition, the
injection of the radiotracer may cause slight pain and redness which should rapidly resolve. (NPS
MEDICINEWISE, 2015)
Furthermore, the cost of Nuclear Imaging is relatively high and, as a result, is not being commonly
installed in hospitals. The reason is the necessity of having the PET facility close to a cyclotron
since the useful radioisotopes have small half–lives; thus the time between its production and the
final injection must be small. In this way, the optimal use of high levels of radioactivity during the
first few half–lives can be utilised to produce high–quality images (Andrew Olesnicky, Neville
Lawrence,

How has Technology Changed the field of Radiology? Essay
What would Wilhelm Roentgen, the father of X–ray, say about the technological discoveries in
radiology today? Since the start of X–rays in 1895 significant advancements have revolutionized the
field of radiology. One illustrates how different scanners have improved, in addition how picture
archiving communication system can assist doctors, and finally the outlook on the future of
radiology.
To begin with, how has technology changed the field of radiology? Since the discovery of X–
radiation there has been a need and desire for studying the human body and the diseases without
actually any intervention. Over the past fifty years there has been a revolution in the field of
radiology affecting medicine profoundly. "The ability to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This permitted continuous rotation of the X–ray tube around the patient as the couch slides the
patient through the gantry. This advancement enables the radiographer to acquire entire anatomic
regions in twenty to thirty seconds. The reason for the speed of image acquisition is because the
computers can acquire sixteen, thirty–two, or 126 slices at a time. Spiral computed tomography is
now the primary choice of testing for chest, lungs, and abdomen because of its quick acquisition
reducing respiratory motion. The advancements of spiral computed tomography has led to a broader
range of non–invasive imaging where acquisition is less with greater patient comfort. Such
technique as virtual reality and advanced 3D computed tomography has brought non–invasive
medicine into the twenty–first century. The 3D technology has helped develop a technique known as
virtual endoscopy to assist the physician in diagnosing colon abnormalities. Conventionally,
endoscopy uses a thin tube with a camera at the end to visualize the inside of certain organs, such as
the colon. Virtual endoscopy using spiral computed tomography allows the visualization of the
colon without placing a tube into the body. Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the physics of
radio frequency, atoms and magnetic fields. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell discovered (NMR)
nuclear magnetic resonance. Their scientific investigation

Pediatric Implications of Diagnostic, Interventional, and...
Since the beginning of the propitious world, the core aspect that keeps it thriving is the propensity
for people to discover innovations; however, progress of the past is, systematically, detrimental to
the future. Not long after the revolutionary invention of the X–ray in the late 19th Century, an
unprecedented number of medical examiners noticed (unknown to the time) radiation burns all over
their body; decades later, an extraordinary surge in cancer cases had arisen. Perhaps, during the
course of these years, scientists and researchers desired to further progress the x–ray (into the
immense subsidiaries that are here today), and disregarded any flaws in the apparatus. This
systematic inclination continues into the present time as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnostic radiology has evolved into being the foundation of medical institutions across the nation;
yet, with more and more pediatric patients needing a radiographic image, there are greater risks of
calamities. Shortly after the 20th century X–ray scare was resolved, hospitals nation–wide used the
state–of–the–art machine to diagnose broken bones, teeth snags, infections, and even certain
cancers. Along with new medical standards and safety measures, followers of Wilhelm Röntgen (the
inventor of the X–ray) discovered the properties of X–radiation (Hart 48–50). Being close to gamma
rays on the electromagnetic spectrum, X–radiation fully penetrates the human body, and since they
are produced from a changing nucleus, they are able to affect and change the nucleus (cells) of the
absorbing matter (Cancer 1–4; Burrill (2) 59–62). Oftentimes, the radiographer will not line up the
machine correctly with the organ, tissue, or bone in question and, therefore, will tell the patient they
must retake the image. One X–ray of the midsection is equal to three full days of background
radiation (Hart 50). Radiologic technologists do not keep records of patients' prior radiation
exposure so it is up to them to discuss (with a general practitioner) and know their limits (Choy 88).
A

Essay On Dxa
In DXA the production of photons, based on the use of an X–ray tube (18), leads to shorter imaging
times (less than 5 min) with enhanced resolution and improved accuracy than in DPA using a
radionuclide source. Like DPA, this technique determines BMD in two dimen¬sions (from an
anterior–posterior image). A DXA scanner consists of a mobile X–ray source, an examination table
for the patient, and a de¬tection system that detects radiation emerging from the bones being
examined. The X–ray source is under the examination table and moves together with the detection
system, which is located opposite the X–ray source and over the patient's body (18).
through bones and soft tissue. The attenuation values of soft tissues are subtracted by an ... Show
It has been shown that the reproducibility of BMD measurements, expressed as coefficient of
variation (CV), is quite good: 1.12% for vertebrae, 2.21% for femoral neck and 1.32% for total hip
(21).
The central skeleton (spine and femur) is the most relevant measurement site, since this is the site
suffer¬ing the most severe fractures. In particular lumbar spine (for L1 to L4) and proximal femur
(total hip, femoral neck, trochanter and WARD area) (F are mea¬sured by axial DXA devices (21).
The DXA–method has also been applied for mea¬surements of peripheral locations, such as the heel
and distal radius. The choice to investigate the forearm can give an information on the possibility to
have a wrist fracture and can be performed when evaluation of other sites is unfeasible; similarly,
calcaneus measurements are particularly predictive of spine fractures (22) even if the WHO criterion
for osteoporosis diagnosis (T score ≤ –2.5) is not applicable to the calcaneus. Anyway, since there is
only a moderate correlation between the periph¬eral and axial BMD (r = 0.5–0.6), it has been
estimated that over 40% of the patients investigated at peripheral bone sites would need an
additional referral to the axial DXA measurement (23). It has been shown that the most reliable
prediction of future

Dialectic Journal Notes: A Career As A Radiologist
Dialectic Journal Notes: Radiology Technicians/Radiologists/Radiation Oncology
Source: http://www.acr.org/Quality–Safety/Radiology–Safety/Patient–Resources/About–Radiology
http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=professions–diagnostic–radiology
http://pubs.rsna.org/journal/radiology http://www.theabr.org/abr–radiology–specialties–and–
subspecialties https://www.asrt.org/main/careers/radiologist–assistant
Notetaking:
Page
Notemaking
As you read sources, take notes in the left–hand column of passages of interest to you.
Put the page #
As soon as you take a note, move to the right–hand column and write freely what your mind says
about that note.
Radiologists: a physician who has specialized training in medical imaging.
I think ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiation Oncology Nurses:
Must understand radiation process
M–F
Low turnover
Works well with intense doctors
Manage 30–40 patients
Works well with Team
I hope that someday I can be the girl that everyone looks up too. Also to try and find a cure to
cancer.
Follow–Ups: (appointment)
15–30 Minutes
After one month and as needed
CAT in Radiation Oncology
Music Visual Therapy
Radiation appointments are just like any other kinds of appointments. I think this is very important
for the nurses and doctors to know when they are going to see the patient.

Steps of Radiation Treatment:
Consult
1.5 hours
Nurses gather information before this appointment
Nurse interviews patient
Head–to–toe assessment
Physician discusses treatment with patient
This note is very important, because radiation is a very dangerous thing and you have to make sure
you know the steps and for what you're doing. Never take a risk.
Planning:
7–10 days dose is calculated
Doctor, Dosimetrist and Physicist
I think for when you are helping a cancer patient it is very important to help that person do it's
planning and to set up their

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