Assume the following note appeared in the annual report of a company-.docx

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Two small retail customers filed lawsuits against the company in 2009 alleging misrepresentation, breach of contract, conspiracy to violate federal laws, and state antitrust violations related to their purchase of retail grocery stores through the company from a third party. The lawsuits seek actual and treble damages up to $10 million each, as well as punitive damages of $2 million in one suit and $10 million in the other. The company is vigorously defending the actions and believes there will be no adverse financial effect.

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Assume the following note appeared in the annual report of a company:
In 2009 , two small retail customers filed separate suits against the company alleging
misrepresentation, breach of contract, conspiracy to violate federal laws, and state antitrust
violations arising out of their purchase of retail grocery stores through the company from a third
party. Damages sought range up to USD 10 million in each suit for actual and treble damages
and punitive damages of USD 2 million in one suit and USD 10 million in the other. The
company is vigorously defending the actions and management believes there will be no adverse
financial effect.
What kind of liability is being reported? Why is it classified this way? Do you think it is possible
to calculate a dollar amount for this obligation? How much would the company have to pay if it
lost the suit and had to pay the full amount?
Solution
Such a liability is called "Contingent Liability"
Contingent liabilities are liabilities that may be incurred by an entity depending on the outcome
of a uncertain future event such as a court case. These liabilities are not recorded in a company's
accounts and shown as footnote to the balance sheet with the probable amount that company
might be liable to incase of unfavourable decision.
It is classified this way because of the lack of certainity of amount and the probability of the
event occuring. It do not impact the current financial position of the company. That is why it is
shown in the footnote.
Exact estimation of loss is not possible however an approximate value which is calculated
"being prudent" can be shown as contingent liability.
Company incase of loosing the suit will have to pay the actual damages ($10 mn each X 2 suits =
$20 million) + punitive damages of $2mn and $10mn. Total amount is $32mn.

Assume the following note appeared in the annual report of a company-.docx

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Astronomy 107: 1. Why does helium fusion require a higher temperature than hydrogen fusion? 2. What is degenerate matter? Why is it so difficult to compress? 3. Why canâ€™t a white dwarf continue to contract as it cools? What is its fate? 4. How can a star with as much as eight solar masses form a white dwarf when it dies? (Hint: A white dwarf can be no more massive than 1.4 solar masses.) 5. How does the inward collapse of a massive star produce an outward explosion? 6. Distinguish between a Type I and a Type II supernova. 7. What is the approximate density of a white dwarf? A neutron star? Why can the neutron star be a few miles in diameter, while a white dwarf is roughly the size of earth? 8. What is the last nuclei that appear in massive starâ€™s core? Why is it the last? Solution 1. helium fusion require higher temperature to overcome the greater repulsive force between the protons in helium. the repulsive force is greater because helium has two protons while the hydrogen has only one proton. at higher temperature , the protons collide efficiently and can get close enough to fuse together. .

Astronomy 107- 1- Why does helium fusion require a higher temperature.docx

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Astronomers have found “dark matter” in a variety of environments. Name the places where dark matter has been found, and briefly describe how the discovery was made in each case. The question is: In what way is this similar to the construction of Hubble’s law? Solution The matter that we cannot observe directly \"dark matter,\". Many evidence are found shows that super massive black hole (dark matter) is located at the galactic centre. The large fraction of invisible matter is present in the universe because gravity produced by all luminous body is very less compared to amount of gravity required for the stars to orbit around galaxies and the galaxies to their galactic centre. According to Hubble\'s law all objects appear to be farther away from us.This is possible if the expansion of the universe is accelerating , not decelerating. In order for the universe to accelerate, there must be some force pushing all of the galaxies away from each other, and this force must be strong enough to counteract the deceleration by gravity. Today, we do not know the ectula caue of this. his new mysterious force provided by darks matter, dark energy . .

Astronomers have found dark matter in a variety of environments- Name.docx

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Assume that LO and HI have already been assigned as constants with LO < HI , and x has been declared as DWORD in the data segment. Also, Irvine\'s library is included, and Randomize has already been called. Which of the following code fragments will assign to x a \"random\" integer in the range [LO .. HI] ? Check all that apply. a push LO push HI call RandomRange pop x b mov eax,HI call RandomRange mov x,eax mov eax,LO call RandomRange sub x,eax c mov eax,HI sub eax,LO inc eax call RandomRange add eax,LO mov x, eax d mov eax,HI mov ebx,LO dec ebx sub eax,ebx call RandomRange add eax,LO mov x, eax Solution Generates an unsigned pseudo-random 32-bit integer in the range of 0 through (n-1). Hence we can see that Option C is the correct one as it first gets the num in range hi-lo+1 and then adds low to it Option D is also correct it is doing the same thing Do give a thumbs up .

Assume that LO and HI have already been assigned as constants with LO.docx

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AS1: Four Condition of Deadloc. show that the four conditions of deadlock apply to AS1: Four Condition of Deadloc. show that the four conditions of deadlock apply to AS1: Four Condition of Deadloc. show that the four conditions of deadlock apply to Solution Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-shareable mode, that is, only one process at a time claims exclusive control of the resource. If another process requests that resource, the requesting process must be delayed until the resource has been released. Hold and Wait: Requesting process holding a resource already, while waiting for requested resources held by other processes. No-Preemptive Condition: Resources already allocated to a process cannot be preempted. Circular Wait Condition: The processes in the system form a circular list or chain where each process in the list is waiting for a resource held by the next process in the list. .

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As we know, total ownership is not a requirement for consolidation. A parent need only gain control of another company to create a business combination. If less than 100% of a subsidiary\'s voting stock is obtained, how is the presence of the other owners reflected in consolidated financial statements? What accounting is appropriate for a noncontrolling interest? How are these figures computed and where are they reported on the consolidated statements? Solution When a parent acquires more than 50% but less than 100% of the voting stock of a subsidiary company, it is said to have controlling interest in that company. The remaining portion which is not acquired by the parent company is called non-controlling interest or minority interest. These are other owners whose interests are seperately reflected in the parent company\'s financial statements (balance sheet as non-controlling/minority interest). Non-controlling interest is reported on the liabilities and stockholder\'s equity side of the balance sheet of the parent company under the head \"Equity\". It is important to note, that minority interest is recorded independently of the equity of the parent company. Consolidated net income of the parent company and subsidiary company must be shown seperately for the parent company and minority interest in the consolidated income statement. In a similar way, the comprehensive income is also allocated between the controlling and non-controlling interest. .

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Asset Depreciation 2 2 unread replies. 2 2 replies. Answer each of the following questions What is the rationale for depreciating assets used in business? Do you agree with it? Does the rationale have any implications on capital formation Solution 1 ) Rationale for depreciating assets is that the depletion in the value of assets over the period of time due to the wear and tear of the asset . It is said to be the cost of assets allocated in the financial year according to the benefits generated by the use of the asset 2) Depreciation is a non cash expense and we traet as a expense that results in decline of profits due to which there is an accumulation of funds in the company and therefore helps in capital formation 3) Rules regarding depreciation are same for all the tax payers hence it does not favour any single group of taxpayers 4)Revenue implications : The method of depreciation adopted by the company can impact revenues . Depreciation amount will be different by any method .

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Ashley Wesley is the assistant controller at the Walitin Construction Company. Walitin is headquartered in Miami, Florida, and has a general contractor Solution Ashley should try to investigate the matter in detail because the tips that ashley received relating to the subcontractors was very relevant for the comapny as well as stakeholders because it can misguide the stakeholders in decision making whether to invest in the company or not, excess billing or ficticious billing is an unethical business practices that was been conducted by the subcontractors . Ashley should take the matter into consideration seriously and work to overcome the problem of overbilling being done by the subcontractors . Ashley should report the tip to Roberta and together work to resolve the problem B)Waltins hotline is the system introduced in the company where anyone either from inside or outside the company can give complaints and tips for improvement in the comapny through phones web and emails Recommendations for improvement A) All the tips received should be taken into consideration if there is any suspension regarding the tip received B) Meeting should be done with the person sending tip to get details about the matter if something wrong is going on in the comapny C) Ask the person sending tips for the supporting documents that can witness the fraudulent activity or misconduct being conducted in the company .

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Assembly language --- Area of a Polygon program Write a program to find the area of any polygon given its vertexes. Inputs:Â Â The input is the set of polygons. Outputs:Â Â Label and print the area value for each input. Restrictions:Â Â You are to use one-dimensional array(s) to hold vertex values. You are to use Functions/Procedures in your implementation. Place your input and output into a file. Consider:Â Â Area = Â½ ? ( Xi+1 Yi - Xi Yi+1 ) Repeat the first point in the polygon in setting up the list of points for the above loop. Loop through the points in a clockwise process form point to point. Solution fid = fopen(\'input.txt\'); tline = fgetl(fid); num=1; while ischar(tline) disp(tline) [x,rem]=strtok(tline,\':\') [y,rem]=strtok(rem,\':\') a=str2num(x); b=str2num(y); area = 1/2*sum(a.*b([2:end,1])-b.*a([2:end,1])); fprintf(\'Area of polygon is: %.2f\ \', area); fileID = fopen(\'output.txt\',\'a\'); fprintf(fileID,\'%d :\',num); fprintf(fileID,\'%f\ \',area); fclose(fileID); tline = fgetl(fid); num++; end fclose(fid); Note : input file should be like [0 1 2]:[1 2 3] where x=[0 1 2] y=[1 2 3] .

Assembly language --- Area of a Polygon program Write a program to fin.docx

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As a transportation planner/engineer, would you implement a bus service or a light rail service in a Completely Motorized Network Urban Structure? Provide 3 reasons for your choice. Solution As a transportation planner I want to improve bus service(BRT) modern communication systems, smartcard ticketing, GPS, intelligent transport technologies and computer optimisation techniques it has become possible to serve urban transport needs with modern bus rapid transit (or high capacity bus systems) very adequately. These bus systems have the following advantages: i) Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems can serve the needs of medium sized cities all the way up to mega cities. ii) BRT systems can easily reach capacities of 20,000 passengers per direction per hour. These capacities are very adequate for cities which have multiple business districts and medium rise buildings. In such cities higher capacity systems will never run at peak capacity. iii) BRT can be implemented at a fraction of the costs involved in building metro rail transit and light rail systems. BRT systems use existing right-of-way on urban corridors and so the modifications involved do not disrupt the city significantly. iv) A major advantage of BRT is its flexibility in meeting changes in the city development and in changes in demand in quality and quantity. V)Rail systems can only serve a very limited area of a city. Not one developing country city subway system serves more than 10% of population. BRT systems can achieve very high coverage at low investment costs. .

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explain why glass electrode is a good example of an ion selective electrode Solution Glass membranes are made from an ion-exchange type of glass (silicate or chalcogenide). This type of ISE has good selectivity, but only for several single-charged cations; mainly H + , Na + , and Ag + . Chalcogenide glass also has selectivity for double-charged metal ions, such as Pb 2+ , and Cd 2+ . The glass membrane has excellent chemical durability and can work in very aggressive media. A very common example of this type of electrode is the pH glass electrode. An ion-selective electrode ( ISE ), also known as a specific ion electrode ( SIE ), is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential. The voltage is theoretically dependent on the logarithm of the ionic activity, according to the Nernst equation. Ion-selective electrodes are used in analytical chemistry and biochemical/biophysical research, where measurements of ionic concentration in an aqueous solution are required. A glass electrode is a type of ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion. The most common application of ion-selective glass electrodes is for the measurement of pH. The pH electrode is an example of a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. Glass electrodes play an important part in the instrumentation for chemical analysis and physico-chemical studies. The voltage of the glass electrode, relative to some reference value, is sensitive to changes in the activity of certain type of ions. .

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explain why galvanize steel does not rust Chlorine is added to swimming pools because it acts an a(n)___to kill bacteria. Before Charles Hall developed a process of extracting it through a technique later called the Hall-Heroult process, ___ was considered more precious than gold. Any substance that, when dssolved in water, allows the resulting solution to conduct electricity is called ____. the electrode of an electrolytic cell from whch electrons flow back to the power source, giving it a positive charge, is called the___. In a zinc-carbon dry cell battery, the Zn isconverted to Zn2+. therefore Zn has been___. Solution Q.why galvanized steel does not rust ? Ans.galvanized Steel coated with zinc to make them corrosion resistant. Regular steel is made of iron which will rust when exposed to moisture, either in the form of rain or ambient humidiy. 2. Chlorine kills pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by breaking thechemical bonds in their molecules.its act as disinfectants. 3.Aluminum produced via the Hallâ€“HÃ©roult process, in combination with cheaper electric power, helped make aluminium (and incidentally magnesium) an inexpensive commodity rather than a precious gold 4.ny substance that, when dssolved in water, allows the resulting solution to conduct electricity is called an electrolyte. 5.the electrode of an electrolytic cell from whch electrons flow back to the power source, giving it a positive charge, is called the cathode. 6.In a zinc-carbon dry cell battery, the Zn isconverted to Zn2+. therefore Zn has been oxidized .

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Explain why in the DPCM structure, the input to the predictor P is the quantized version of the original input [n] instead of the actual original input x[n]. [please i need a detailed explanation] Solution we go for using DPCM instead of PCM system inorder to decrease the QUANTIZATION ERROR ....we know for multiplexing point of view channel bandwidth should be as high as possible and the signal bandwidth is as low as possible for more number of signals to be transmitted via the same channel ...in PCM system direct input is applied to sampler after encoder block and sampled values are given to quantizer those quantized values are given to decoder via regenerative repeaters and then to the receiver at the receiver input we have probability of error because of quantization distortion called the quantization error ( Q e ) quantization error varies between -(delta)/2 to +(delta)/2 here delta is called the step size delta= (signal amplitude (peak to peak)) /2 n and band width in PCM = 1/T b where as T b = T S /n as signal ammplitude increases quantization error increases , so for decresing the Q e either the value of n is increased or the signal amplitude should bd decreased if we increase n value the bandwidth of a signal will increases multiplexing point of view which is a drawback so we go for DPCM system in which we are applying difference amplitude means difference of present sample value - previous sample value so numerator of step size decreases the Qe value also decreases so for reducing of quantization error we are using DPCM insted of PCM .

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explain Westminster system? explain Westminster system? explain Westminster system? Solution Answer: The Westminster System is a democratic system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom, as used in the Palace of Westminster, the location of the UK parliament. The system is a series of conventions and procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once also used, in most Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth nations. There are other parliamentary systems, for example those of various European countries, whose procedures differ considerably from the Westminster system. Aspects of the Westminster system include: Most of the procedures of the Westminster system originated with the conventions, practices and precedents of the UK parliament, which are a part of what is known as the British constitution. Unlike the UK, most countries which use the Westminster system have codified the system in a written constitution. .

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Explain what an Solution An intervention is a deliberate process by which change is introduced into peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The overall objective of an intervention is to confront a person in a non-threatening way and allow them to see their self-destructive behavior, and how it affects themselves, family and friends. It usually involves several people who have prepared themselves to talk to a person who has been engaging in some sort of self-destructive behavior. In a clear and respectful way, they inform the person of factual information regarding his or her behavior and how it may have affected them. The immediate objective of an intervention is for the self-destructive person to listen and to accept help. Intervention can be used in various settings depending on the need of the organization. Survey feedback intervention provides data and information to all the managers. Information related to the attitude, structure, working conditions will be included in the survey. Managers analyze the data pertaining to each and every employee and takes appropriate action. They try to analyze the problem, evaluate the result and correct the problem. Key considerations include: 1) involvement of organizational decision makers, 2) development of a situation change model, and 3) use of evaluative methods and measures that corroborate evidence of outcomes. .

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Explain what is meant by the statement that a preferred stock is a hybrid between a common stock and a bond. What factors determine the value of a share of preferred stock? Solution Preferred stock is featured as its name that is preference . Preferred stock is always given preference over common stock that is they are the first one to claim their right on the income of the company either at the time of distribution of income or at the time of the liquidation of the company , this is the main difference between the preferred stock and the common stock . Preferred stock is also considered as a type of bond due to its feature of fixed income and repay characteristic at the time of maturity these are the reason ehy the preferred stock is considered as a hybrid between common stock and a bond Factors determining valuation of preferred stock 1) Fixed dividend: Holders of preferred stock treat it as a investment that gives them fixed income in the form of dividend like bond gives fixed interest 2) Market interest rates: Preferred stocks are also a type of bond hence market interest rates plays a important role in the valuation of preferred stock , if market interest rate is down then preference rate increases and it the market interest rate is high then the preference rate goes down 3) Structure: Whether the preferred stock is convertible or non convertible also plays a great role in the valuation of the preferred sock .

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Explain the weaknesses of the OOA/OOD focusing only on Use-cases and Class Diagram Design using CRC cards without using State Diagrams. Solution Object-oriented analysis (OOA) and design (OOD) are techniques which have evolved since 1988 to support the creation of object-oriented software targeted at languages like Smalltalk, C++ and Eiffel. A contrast is drawn between the older structured systems analysis and design and the newer OOA&D. The aims and goals of SSA&D are different from the aims and goals of OOA&D. A large number of OO methods for analysis and design have been put forward. These can roughly be categorised as: relationship and attribute centred approaches (Shlaer/Mellor, Coad/Yourdon) behaviour centred approaches (OBA, RDD) high industrial profile approaches (OMT, Booch) synthesized approaches (Objectory, Fusion) No one approach has all the best techniques Very few approaches cover all aspects in equal depth Complexity and Abstraction A look at the psychology behind human conceptual activity. Complexity Software is among the most complex of human artefacts. few material constraints, contrast bridge designs; arbitrary reconstructions, contrast building designs; Abstraction Abstraction is the tool we use to encapsulate complexity: higher abstractions introduced to reduce complexity; certain aspects of problem highlighted; certain aspects of problem suppressed. .

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Explain two Principle of locality used in Memory Hierarchy. Solution Hierarchical memory is a hardware optimization that takes the benefits of spatial and temporal locality and can be used on several levels of the memory hierarchy. Paging obviously benefits from temporal and spatial locality. A cache is a simple example of exploiting temporal locality, because it is a specially designed, faster but smaller memory area, generally used to keep recently referenced data and data near recently referenced data, which can lead to potential performance increases. Principle of Locality: Memory Hierarchies :- Temporal locality- Recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Temporal locality is found in instruction loops, data stacks and variable accesses. If at one point a particular memory location is referenced, then it is likely that the same location will be referenced again in the near future. There is a temporal proximity between the adjacent references to the same memory location. In this case it is common to make efforts to store a copy of the referenced data in special memory storage, which can be accessed faster. Temporal locality is a special case of spatial locality, namely when the prospective location is identical to the present location. Spatial locality - Items at addresses close to the addresses of recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Spatial locality describes the characteristic that programs access a number of distinct regions. If a particular storage location is referenced at a particular time, then it is likely that nearby memory locations will be referenced in the near future. In this case it is common to attempt to guess the size and shape of the area around the current reference for which it is worthwhile to prepare faster access .

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Explain the use of “directives” in configuration files. Provide an example of two directives found in an Apache configuration file and detail what each accomplishes. Solution The configuration files contain directives that can be applied to the entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular directories, files, hosts, or URLs. HTTP Server of Apache is configured by putting or placing directives in plain text configuration files. Configuration file httpd.conf is called main configuration file. During compile time its location is set, but command line flag -f is used if it\'s need to be overridden ever.Directive \"Include\" is used to add other configuration files ,likewise wildcards can also be used to add many configuration files.Any of these configuration files can be used to place any of the directives,httpd is used to recognised if any of the changes is made in main configuration file when it is started or restarted. The <If Define>directive encloses directives that will only be applied if an appropriate parameter is defined on the httpdcommand line. The < IfModule>directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will only be applied if a particular module is available in the server. The module must either be statically compiled in the server, or it must be dynamically compiled and its LoadModule line must be earlier in the configuration file. This directive should only be used if you need your configuration file to work whether or not certain modules are installed. It should not be used to enclose directives that you want to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages about missing modules. .

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Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. Solution Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. steps: 1) enable : in this it will ask you for your password 2) configur terminal: it will give access in internation configure mode 3) ROUTING : IT ENABLE ROUTING OF THE SPECIFIC DEVICE 4) vrf definition: it configures the routing and get into vrf configure mode 5) address :enter vrf address 6) exit :it will exit exit from vrf address 7) exit: it exit from vrf configure mode 8) mode enable: it give access to vrf 9) rip process: creates the routing process 10) EXIT: exit from rtr mode and get into gobal configure mode 11 )interface: here we will specify the interface type 12) vrf forwarding : it combine to specific interface routing object 13) enable : it will enable routing process 14) enable : it will start enabling routing process on interface 15) end: here it will exit form interface advantages: 1.it uses the updated information for best posiible routing 2.the size of the database can be minimized 3.there will clear vision for for evry router 4.about the network so its difficult to routing loops disadvantages: 1.there is a need of perfect netwrok design 2.there is aneed of higher memory 3.setup of link state protocol is expensive .

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Explain the motivation behind using a header file for a C program. Solution Motivation behind using header file in c Programming: Header files contain definitions of functions and variables which can be included into any c program by using #include. Compilation speed up and optimization :During compilation of some parts of the code it may be sufficient to load API interfaces from header files to check correctness of the code used while defining them. -2. The motivation for the introduction of header files is type safety. C allows function calls without forward declaration. Logically speaking using functions without forward declaration is as harmful as using Macros as compilers has no proper mechanism to validate the type of the arguments with the parameters. So chances of unresolved linkage errors and runtime failure is more prominent. 3. Header files are more like data abstraction, you just see the important components and you don\'t need to know the background process. 4. To reduce overhead of RAM....the functions or classes defined in these header files are already compiled so they can be directly used . 5.Including a header allows your code to call functions or methods which are written elsewhere and which may or may not be a part of your software project/build, but which can be found by the \'linker\' when you are building the software. 6. Header files are mainly used to declare and include the signatures (i.e. function name, return value and arguments) of your functions in other files. The compiler needs to know these signatures when compiling and linking your files together. .

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